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Saahene RO, Agbo E, Barnes P, Yahaya ES, Amoani B, Nuvor SV, Okyere P. A Review: Mechanism of Phyllanthus urinaria in Cancers-NF- κB, P13K/AKT, and MAPKs Signaling Activation. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2021; 2021:4514342. [PMID: 34484390 PMCID: PMC8413045 DOI: 10.1155/2021/4514342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Phyllanthus urinaria has been characterized for its several biological and medicinal effects such as antiviral, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and immunoregulation. In recent years, Phyllanthus urinaria has demonstrated potential to modulate the activation of critical pathways such as NF-κB, P13K/AKT, and ERK/JNK/P38/MAPKs associated with cell growth, proliferation, metastasis, and apoptotic cell death. To date, there is much evidence indicating that modulation of cellular signaling pathways is a promising approach to consider in drug development and discovery. Thus, therapies that can regulate cancer-related pathways are longed-for in anticancer drug discovery. This review's focus is to provide comprehensive knowledge on the anticancer mechanisms of Phyllanthus urinaria through the regulation of NF-κB, P13K/AKT, and ERK/JNK/P38/MAPKs signaling pathways. Thus, the review summarizes both in vitro and in vivo effects of Phyllanthus urinaria extracts or bioactive constituents with emphasis on tumor cell apoptosis. The literature information was obtained from publications on Google Scholar, PubMed, Web of Science, and EBSCOhost. The key words used in the search were "Phyllanthus" or "Phyllanthus urinaria" and cancer. P. urinaria inhibits cancer cell proliferation via inhibition of NF-κB, P13K/AKT, and MAPKs (ERK, JNK, P38) pathways to induce apoptosis and prevents angiogenesis. It is expected that understanding these fundamental mechanisms may help stimulate additional research to exploit Phyllanthus urinaria and other natural products for the development of novel anticancer therapies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Osei. Saahene
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medical Sciences, College of Health and Allied Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Elvis Agbo
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, College of Medicine, Jinggangshan University, Ji'an City, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Precious Barnes
- Department of Physician Assistant Studies, School of Allied Health Sciences, College of Health and Allied Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Ewura Seidu Yahaya
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, College of Health and Allied Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Benjamin Amoani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Allied Health Sciences, College of Health and Allied Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Samuel Victor Nuvor
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medical Sciences, College of Health and Allied Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Perditer Okyere
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
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The role of Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1alpha and its signaling in melanoma. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 141:111873. [PMID: 34225012 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Adaptation to the loss of O2 is regulated via the activity of hypoxia-inducible factors such as Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1 (HIF-1). HIF-1 acts as a main transcriptional mediator in the tissue hypoxia response that regulates over 1000 genes related to low oxygen tension. The role of HIF-1α in oncogenic processes includes angiogenesis, tumor metabolism, cell proliferation, and metastasis, which has been examined in various malignancies, such as melanoma. Melanoma is accompanied by a high death rate and a cancer type whose incidence has risen over the last decades. The linkage between O2 loss and melanogenesis had extensively studied over decades. Recent studies revealed that HIF-1α contributes to melanoma progression via different signaling pathways such as PI3K/Akt/mTOR, RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK, JAK/STAT, Wnt/β-catenin, Notch, and NF-κB. Also, various microRNAs (miRs) are known to mediate the HIF-1α role in melanoma. Therefore, HIF-1α offers a diagnostic/prognostic biomarker and a candidate for targeted therapy in melanoma.
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Guo M, Sun Y, Ding J, Li Y, Yang S, Zhao Y, Jin X, Li SS. Circular RNA profiling reveals a potential role of hsa_circ_IPCEF1 in papillary thyroid carcinoma. Mol Med Rep 2021; 24:603. [PMID: 34165176 PMCID: PMC8240180 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2021.12241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a novel type of non‑coding RNAs that are expressed across species and are implicated in cellular biological processes, displaying dysregulated expression in various tumorigeneses. Therefore, circRNA deregulation could be a crucial event in thyroid carcinoma. The present study identified circRNA signatures in several patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) to complement the understanding of PTC pathogenesis. Using microarray technology, the circRNA profiles in three pairs of PTC tumors and matching adjacent normal tissues were screened. Differentially expressed circRNAs were further validated by reverse transcription‑quantitative PCR in whole blood from 57 pairs of subjects. Bioinformatics data analyses including miRNA response element prediction, Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway, competing endogenous RNA and KEGG Orthology‑Based Annotation System analyses were performed to predict circRNA associations with cancer‑related putative downstream miRNAs and target genes. Receiver operating characteristic curves and the area under the curve (AUC) values were acquired to assess the performance of validated circRNAs in predicting potential associations with PTC. In total, 158 dysregulated circRNAs were identified in PTC tumors relative to adjacent normal tissues. Notably, one downregulated circRNA (hsa_circ_IPCEF1) showed the preferable predictive power (AUC=0.8010, P<0.0001) and interactions with four cancer‑related genes (CASR, CDC25B, NFκB1 and SHOC2). From these analyses, one PTC‑related miRNA (hsa‑miR‑3619‑5p) was identified as a potential target for hsa_circ_IPCEF1 sponging, indicating the hsa_circ_IPCEF1/hsa‑miR‑3619‑5p axis in pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Guo
- Department of Endocrinology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P.R. China
| | - Yushuang Sun
- College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, P.R. China
| | - Junzhu Ding
- College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, P.R. China
| | - Yong Li
- Department of Endocrinology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P.R. China
| | - Sihan Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P.R. China
| | - Yanna Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P.R. China
| | - Xin Jin
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P.R. China
| | - Shan-Shan Li
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P.R. China
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4
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Ramadhani AH, Ahkam AH, Suharto AR, Jatmiko YD, Tsuboi H, Rifa'i M. Suppression of hypoxia and inflammatory pathways by Phyllanthus niruri extract inhibits angiogenesis in DMBA-induced breast cancer mice. Res Pharm Sci 2021; 16:217-226. [PMID: 34084208 PMCID: PMC8102930 DOI: 10.4103/1735-5362.310528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and purpose: Angiogenesis has been one of the hallmarks of cancer. In recent years, Phyllanthus niruri extract (PNE) was reported to inhibit angiogenesis by decreasing the levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) in breast cancer. However, the experimental results were confirmed in cancer cell lines only, whereas the anti-angiogenic activity in animal models has not been demonstrated. In this study, we tried to examine the anti-angiogenic activity of PNE on BALB/c strain mice models that were induced for breast cancer using the carcinogenic substance 7,12- dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA). Experimental approach: Experimental animals were divided into five different groups; vehicle, DMBA, PNE 500 mg/kg, PNE 1000 mg/kg; and PNE 2000 mg/kg. Mammary carcinogenesis was induced using a subcutaneous injection of 15 mg/kg of DMBA for 12 weeks. Afterward, oral PNE treatment was given for the following 5 weeks. VEGFA and HIF-1α were observed using immunohistochemistry. Endothelial cell markers CD31, CD146, and CD34 were observed using the fluorescent immunohistochemistry method. The levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-17, and C-X-C motif chemokine (CXCL12) were measured using flow cytometry. Findings/Results: The survival analysis indicated that PNE increased the survival rate of mice (P = 0.043, log-rank test) at all doses. The PNE treatment decreased the immunoreactive score of angiogenic factors (VEGF and HIF-1α), as well as the endothelial cell markers (CD31, CD146, and CD34). The PNE- treated groups also decreased the levels of inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-17, and CXCL12) at all doses. Conclusion and implications: This finding suggests that PNE may inhibit the progression of angiogenesis in breast cancer mice by targeting the hypoxia and inflammatory pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abu Hanifah Ramadhani
- Biology Department, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Brawijaya, Jl. Veteran Malang 65145, Malang, Indonesia
| | - Ahmad Hafidul Ahkam
- Biology Department, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Brawijaya, Jl. Veteran Malang 65145, Malang, Indonesia
| | - Aditya Ragil Suharto
- Department of Natural Resources Management, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, 126 Pracha Uthit Road, Bangkok 10140, Thailand
| | - Yoga Dwi Jatmiko
- Biology Department, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Brawijaya, Jl. Veteran Malang 65145, Malang, Indonesia
| | - Hideo Tsuboi
- Department of Immunology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Muhaimin Rifa'i
- Biology Department, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Brawijaya, Jl. Veteran Malang 65145, Malang, Indonesia
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Resistance to Molecularly Targeted Therapies in Melanoma. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13051115. [PMID: 33807778 PMCID: PMC7961479 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13051115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant melanoma is the most aggressive type of skin cancer with invasive growth patterns. In 2021, 106,110 patients are projected to be diagnosed with melanoma, out of which 7180 are expected to die. Traditional methods like surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy are not effective in the treatment of metastatic and advanced melanoma. Recent approaches to treat melanoma have focused on biomarkers that play significant roles in cell growth, proliferation, migration, and survival. Several FDA-approved molecular targeted therapies such as tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) have been developed against genetic biomarkers whose overexpression is implicated in tumorigenesis. The use of targeted therapies as an alternative or supplement to immunotherapy has revolutionized the management of metastatic melanoma. Although this treatment strategy is more efficacious and less toxic in comparison to traditional therapies, targeted therapies are less effective after prolonged treatment due to acquired resistance caused by mutations and activation of alternative mechanisms in melanoma tumors. Recent studies focus on understanding the mechanisms of acquired resistance to these current therapies. Further research is needed for the development of better approaches to improve prognosis in melanoma patients. In this article, various melanoma biomarkers including BRAF, MEK, RAS, c-KIT, VEGFR, c-MET and PI3K are described, and their potential mechanisms for drug resistance are discussed.
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Geethangili M, Ding ST. A Review of the Phytochemistry and Pharmacology of Phyllanthus urinaria L. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:1109. [PMID: 30327602 PMCID: PMC6174540 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.01109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Phyllanthus (L.) is one of the most important groups of plants belonging to the Phyllantaceae family. Phyllanthus urinaria (L.) is an annual perennial herbal species found in tropical Asia, America, China, and the Indian Ocean islands. P. urinaria is used in folk medicine as a cure to treat jaundice, diabetes, malaria, and liver diseases. This review provides traditional knowledge, phytochemistry, and biological activities of P. urinaria. The literature reviewed for this article was obtained from the Web of Science, SciFinder, PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar journal papers published prior to December 2017. Phytochemical investigations reveal that the plant is a rich source of lignans, tannins, flavonoids, phenolics, terpenoids, and other secondary metabolites. Pharmacological activities include anticancer, hepatoprotective, antidiabetic, antimicrobial, and cardioprotective effects. Thus, this present review summarizes the phytochemical constituents and their biological activities including biological studies on various crude extracts and fractions both in vitro and in vivo, and on clinical trial information about P. urinaria. This review compiles 93 naturally occurring compounds from P. urinaria along with their structures and pharmacological activities. The review is expected to stimulate further research on P. urinaria, and its pharmacological potential to yield novel therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shih-Torng Ding
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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p53 and glucose metabolism: an orchestra to be directed in cancer therapy. Pharmacol Res 2018; 131:75-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2018.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Revised: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Zhao Y, Wu C, Li L. MicroRNA-33b inhibits cell proliferation and glycolysis by targeting hypoxia-inducible factor-1α in malignant melanoma. Exp Ther Med 2017; 14:1299-1306. [PMID: 28781622 PMCID: PMC5526185 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.4702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant melanoma (MM) is the most aggressive type of skin cancer. MicroRNA (miR) has been implicated in the development and progression of MM; however, their underlying mechanism of action remains largely unknown. The present study aimed to investigate the role of miR-33b in MM. Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction data indicated that the expression of miR-33b was significantly reduced (P<0.01) in MM cell lines, including WM35, WM451 and SK-MEL-1, when compared with human melanocyte cells. Subsequently, WM451 and SK-MEL-1 cells were transfected with an miR-33b mimic or inhibitor. MTT assay data demonstrated that the viability of MM cells markedly decreased following miR-33b overexpression; however, viability was markedly upregulated following miR-33b knockdown. Additionally, the glycolysis level was examined. Results demonstrated that glucose consumption and lactic acid production were significantly downregulated (P<0.01) after miR-33b upregulation, whereas these levels significantly increased in MM cells transfected with miR-33b inhibitor (P<0.01), suggesting that miR-33b negatively mediates the glycolysis level in MM cells. Bioinformatics indicated that hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α was a putative target gene of miR-33b, and this was confirmed by a luciferase reporter assay, which demonstrated that miR-33b was able to directly bind to the 3′ untranslated region of HIF-1α mRNA. Furthermore, the expression of HIF-1α was negatively regulated by miR-33b at the post-transcriptional level in MM cells. Overexpression of HIF-1α reversed the inhibitory effect of miR-33b on the proliferation and glycolysis in MM cells. Finally, the results of the present study demonstrated that hexokinase 2 and lactate dehydrogenase-A may be involved in miR-33b/HIF-1α mediated glycolysis in MM cells. In conclusion, these results suggest that miR-33b inhibits cell proliferation and glycolysis by targeting HIF-1α in MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhao
- Department of Dermatology, Heping Hospital of Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi, Shanxi 046000, P.R. China
| | - Cuiling Wu
- Department of Biochemistry, Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi, Shanxi 046000, P.R. China
| | - Lina Li
- Department of Pathology, Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi, Shanxi 046000, P.R. China
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9
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Dutra RC, Campos MM, Santos AR, Calixto JB. Medicinal plants in Brazil: Pharmacological studies, drug discovery, challenges and perspectives. Pharmacol Res 2016; 112:4-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Abstract
Although the emergence of proteomics as an independent branch of science is fairly recent, within a short period of time it has contributed substantially in various disciplines. The tool of mass spectrometry has become indispensable in the analysis of complex biological samples. Clinical applications of proteomics include detection of predictive and diagnostic markers, understanding mechanism of action of drugs as well as resistance mechanisms against them and assessment of therapeutic efficacy and toxicity of drugs in patients. Here, we have summarized the major contributions of proteomics towards the study of melanoma, which is a deadly variety of skin cancer with a high mortality rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepanwita Sengupta
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 West Markham Street, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205, USA
| | - Alan J Tackett
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 West Markham Street, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 West Markham Street, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205, USA
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Chung CY, Liu CH, Burnouf T, Wang GH, Chang SP, Jassey A, Tai CJ, Tai CJ, Huang CJ, Richardson CD, Yen MH, Lin CC, Lin LT. Activity-based and fraction-guided analysis of Phyllanthus urinaria identifies loliolide as a potent inhibitor of hepatitis C virus entry. Antiviral Res 2016; 130:58-68. [PMID: 27012176 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2016.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Revised: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Without a vaccine, hepatitis C virus (HCV) remains a global medical and socio-economic burden, predisposing about 170 million carriers worldwide to end-stage liver diseases including cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Although the recently developed direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) have revolutionized hepatitis C treatment, most of them are unsuitable for monotherapy due to risks of resistance, thus necessitating combination with interferon (IFN)-alpha, ribavirin, or additional DAAs. More importantly, the high cost associated with the DAAs restricts their accessibility to most parts of the world. Developing novel cost-effective anti-HCV therapeutics may help expand the scope of antivirals and treatment strategies against hepatitis C. Herein, we applied an activity-based and fraction-guided analysis of extracts from the medicinal plant Phyllanthus urinaria (P. urinaria), which yielded fraction 13 (F13) as possessing the most potent inhibitory activity against early viral entry of cell-culture HCV infection. Chemical analysis (silica gel chromatography followed by ESI LC-MS plus (1)H and (13)C NMR) of F13 identified loliolide (LOD), a monoterpenoid lactone, as a novel inhibitor of HCV entry. Specifically, LOD could efficiently inactivate HCV free virus particles, abrogate viral attachment, and impede viral entry/fusion, with minimal effect on viral replication/translation, particle production, and induction of type I IFN host antiviral immune response. ELISA-based binding analysis confirmed the monoterpenoid's ability in efficiently blocking HCV particle attachment to the host cell surface. Furthermore, LOD could inhibit infection by several genotypic strains of HCV. This is the first report characterizing P. urinaria and its bioactive compound LOD as potent HCV entry inhibitors, which merit further evaluation for development as candidate antiviral agents against hepatitis C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chueh-Yao Chung
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Hsuan Liu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Thierry Burnouf
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Guey-Horng Wang
- Research Center of Natural Cosmeceuticals Engineering, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen City, China
| | - Shun-Pang Chang
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Alagie Jassey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Jei Tai
- Department of Chinese Medicine, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Jeng Tai
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Jang Huang
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Christopher D Richardson
- Department of Pediatrics and Canadian Center for Vaccinology, Izaak Walton Killam Health Centre, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Ming-Hong Yen
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Ching Lin
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
| | - Liang-Tzung Lin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Fei Z, Gao Y, Qiu M, Qi X, Dai Y, Wang S, Quan Z, Liu Y, Ou J. Down-regulation of dihydrofolate reductase inhibits the growth of endothelial EA.hy926 cell through induction of G1 cell cycle arrest via up-regulating p53 and p21(waf1/cip1) expression. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2016; 58:105-13. [PMID: 27013776 PMCID: PMC4788405 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.15-64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Folic acid supplementation may meliorate cardiovascular disease risk by improving vascular endothelial structure and function. However, the underlying mechanisms are still lack of a global understanding. To be used, folic acid must be converted to 7,8-dihydrofolate by dihydrofolate reductase to generate one-carbon derivatives serving as important cellular cofactors in the synthesis of nucleotides and amino acids required for cell growth. Therefore, this study explored the effect of dihydrofolate reductase knockdown on endothelial EA.hy926 cell growth and the mechanism involved. We found that down-regulation of dihydrofolate reductase inhibited EA.hy926 cell proliferation, and induced G1 phase arrest. Meanwhile, the expression of regulators necessary for G1/S phase transition, such as cyclin-dependent kinases CDK2, CDK4 and CDK6, were remarkably down-regulated; by contrast, the cell cycle inhibitors p21waf/cip1, p27Kip1 and p53 were significantly up-regulated after dihydrofolate reductase knockdown. Furthermore, supplementation of 5-methyltetrahydrofolate to the dihydrofolate reductase knockdown cells could weaken the inhibitory effect of dihydrofolate reductase knockdown on cell proliferation, simultaneously, inducing the expression of p53 and p21waf/cip1 falling back moderately. Our findings suggest that attenuating dihydrofolate reductase may cause imbalanced expression of cell cycle regulators, especially up-regulation of p53-p21waf/cip1 pathway, leading to G1 cell cycle arrest, thereby inhibiting the growth of endothelial EA.hy926 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhewei Fei
- Department of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital (Chong Ming) affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 202150, China
| | - Yong Gao
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, An Hui Province 233003, China
| | - Mingke Qiu
- Department of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Xianqin Qi
- Department of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yuxin Dai
- Department of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Shuqing Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Zhiwei Quan
- Department of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yingbin Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Jingmin Ou
- Department of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
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El-Khattouti A, Selimovic D, Hannig M, Taylor EB, Abd Elmageed ZY, Hassan SY, Haikel Y, Kandil E, Leverkus M, Brodell RT, Megahed M, Hassan M. Imiquimod-induced apoptosis of melanoma cells is mediated by ER stress-dependent Noxa induction and enhanced by NF-κB inhibition. J Cell Mol Med 2015; 20:266-86. [PMID: 26578344 PMCID: PMC4727561 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is characterized by dysregulated intracellular signalling pathways including an impairment of the cell death machinery, ultimately resulting in melanoma resistance, survival and progression. This explains the tumour's extraordinary resistance to the standard treatment. Imiquimod is a topical immune response modifier (imidazoquinoline) with both antiviral and antitumour activities. The mechanism by which imiquimod triggers the apoptosis of melanoma cells has now been carefully elucidated. Imiquimod‐induced apoptosis is associated with the activation of apoptosis signalling regulating kinase1/c‐Jun‐N‐terminal kinase/p38 pathways and the induction of endoplasmic stress characterized by the activation of the protein kinase RNA‐like endoplasmic reticulum kinase signalling pathway, increase in intracellular Ca2+ release, degradation of calpain and subsequent cleavage of caspase‐4. Moreover, imiquimod triggers the activation of NF‐κB and the expression of the inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAPs) such as, X‐linked IAP (XIAP) together with the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Also, imiquimod triggers mitochondrial dysregulation characterized by the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψm), the increase in cytochrome c release, and cleavage of caspase‐9, caspase‐3 and poly(ADP‐ribose) polymerase (PARP). Inhibitors of specific pathways, permit the elucidation of possible mechanisms of imiquimod‐induced apoptosis. They demonstrate that inhibition of NF‐kB by the inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa‐B kinase (IKK) inhibitor Bay 11‐782 or knockdown of XIAP induces melanoma apoptosis in cells exposed to imiquimod. These findings support the use of either IKK inhibitors or IAP antagonists as adjuvant therapies to improve the effectiveness topical imiquimod in the treatment of melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Denis Selimovic
- Clinic of Operative Dentistry, Periodontology and Preventive Dentistry, University Hospital of Saarland, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Matthias Hannig
- Clinic of Operative Dentistry, Periodontology and Preventive Dentistry, University Hospital of Saarland, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Erin B Taylor
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | | | - Sofie Y Hassan
- Clinic of Dermatology, University Hospital of Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Youssef Haikel
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.,Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Dental Faculty, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Emad Kandil
- Department of Surgery, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Martin Leverkus
- Clinic of Dermatology, University Hospital of Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Robert T Brodell
- Department of Dermatology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Mosaad Megahed
- Clinic of Dermatology, University Hospital of Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Mohamed Hassan
- Cancer Institute, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA.,Clinic of Operative Dentistry, Periodontology and Preventive Dentistry, University Hospital of Saarland, Homburg/Saar, Germany.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.,Department of Pathology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
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14
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Wang S, Cao W, Xing H, Chen YL, Li Q, Shen T, Jiang C, Zhu D. Activation of ERK pathway is required for 15-HETE-induced angiogenesis in human umbilical vascular endothelial cells. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2015; 36:225-32. [PMID: 26460784 DOI: 10.3109/10799893.2015.1077865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Angiogenesis plays a critical role in the progression of cardiovascular disease, retinal ischemia, or tumorigenesis. The imbalance of endothelial cell proliferation and apoptosis disturbs the establishment of the vasculogenesis, which is affected by several arachidonic acid metabolites. 15-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (15-HETE) is one of the metabolites. However, the underlying mechanisms of angiogenesis induced by 15-HETE in human umbilical vascular endothelial cells (HUVECs) are still poorly understood. Since extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) is a critical regulator of cell proliferation, there may be a crosstalk between 15-HETE-regulating angiogenic process and ERK-proliferative effect in HUVECs. To test this hypothesis, we study the effect of 15-HETE on cell proliferation, angiogenesis, and apoptosis using cell viability measurement, cell cycle analysis, western blot, scratch-wound, tube formation assay, and nuclear morphology determination. We found that 15-HETE promoted HUVEC angiogenesis, which were mediated by ERK. Moreover, 15-HETE-induced proliferation and cell cycle transition from the G(0)/G(1) phase to the G(2)/M + S phase. All these effects were reversed after blocking ERK with PD98059 (an ERK inhibitor). In addition, HUVEC apoptosis was relieved by 15-HETE through the ERK pathway. Thus, ERK is necessary for the effects of 15-HETE in the regulation of HUVEC angiogenesis, which may be a novel potential target for the treatment of angiogenesis-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Wang
- a Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences , College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University , Nangang District , Harbin, Heilongjiang , People's Republic of China
| | - Weiwei Cao
- a Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences , College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University , Nangang District , Harbin, Heilongjiang , People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Xing
- a Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences , College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University , Nangang District , Harbin, Heilongjiang , People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Li Chen
- b Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences , College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University - Daqing , Daqing, Heilongjiang Province , People's Republic of China , and
| | - Qian Li
- a Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences , College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University , Nangang District , Harbin, Heilongjiang , People's Republic of China
| | - Tingting Shen
- a Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences , College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University , Nangang District , Harbin, Heilongjiang , People's Republic of China
| | - Chun Jiang
- a Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences , College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University , Nangang District , Harbin, Heilongjiang , People's Republic of China .,c Department of Biology , Georgia State University , Atlanta , GA , USA
| | - Daling Zhu
- a Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences , College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University , Nangang District , Harbin, Heilongjiang , People's Republic of China .,b Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences , College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University - Daqing , Daqing, Heilongjiang Province , People's Republic of China , and
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