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Tanase CP, Codrici E, Popescu ID, Mihai S, Enciu AM, Necula LG, Preda A, Ismail G, Albulescu R. Prostate cancer proteomics: Current trends and future perspectives for biomarker discovery. Oncotarget 2017; 8:18497-18512. [PMID: 28061466 PMCID: PMC5392345 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.14501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The clinical and fundamental research in prostate cancer - the most common urological cancer in men - is currently entering the proteomic and genomic era. The focus has switched from one single marker (PSA) to panels of biomarkers (including proteins involved in ribosomal function and heat shock proteins). Novel genetic markers (such as Transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2)-ERG fusion gene mRNA) or prostate cancer gene 3 (PCA3) had already entered the clinical practice, raising the question whether subsequent protein changes impact the evolution of the disease and the response to treatment. Proteomic technologies such as MALDI-MS, SELDI-MS, i-TRAQ allow a qualitative/quantitative analysis of the proteome variations, in both serum and tumor tissue. A new trend in prostate cancer research is proteomic analysis of prostasomes (prostate-specific exosomes), for the discovery of new biomarkers. This paper provides an update of novel clinical tests used in research and clinical diagnostic, as well as of potential tissue or fluid biomarkers provided by extensive proteomic research data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiana Pistol Tanase
- Department of Biochemistry-Proteomics, Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, Bucharest, Romania
- Titu Maiorescu University, Faculty of Medicine, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Elena Codrici
- Department of Biochemistry-Proteomics, Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ionela Daniela Popescu
- Department of Biochemistry-Proteomics, Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Simona Mihai
- Department of Biochemistry-Proteomics, Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ana-Maria Enciu
- Department of Biochemistry-Proteomics, Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Laura Georgiana Necula
- Department of Biochemistry-Proteomics, Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, Bucharest, Romania
- Stefan S Nicolau Institute of Virology, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Adrian Preda
- Center for Uronephrology and Renal Transplantation, Fundeni Clinical Institute, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Gener Ismail
- Center of Internal Medicine-Nephrology, Fundeni Clinical Institute, Bucharest, Romania
- Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Radu Albulescu
- Department of Biochemistry-Proteomics, Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, Bucharest, Romania
- National Institute for Chemical Pharmaceutical R&D, Bucharest, Romania
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Panderi I, Yakirevich E, Papagerakis S, Noble L, Lombardo K, Pantazatos D. Differentiating tumor heterogeneity in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) prostate adenocarcinoma tissues using principal component analysis of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization imaging mass spectral data. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2017; 31:160-170. [PMID: 27791282 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Revised: 09/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Many patients with adenocarcinoma of the prostate present with advanced and metastatic cancer at the time of diagnosis. There is an urgent need to detect biomarkers that will improve the diagnosis and prognosis of this disease. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization imaging mass spectrometry (MALDI-IMS) is playing a key role in cancer research and it can be useful to unravel the molecular profile of prostate cancer biopsies. METHODS MALDI imaging data sets are highly complex and their interpretation requires the use of multivariate statistical methods. In this study, MALDI-IMS technology, sequential principal component analysis (PCA) and two-dimensional (2-D) peak distribution tests were employed to investigate tumor heterogeneity in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) prostate cancer biopsies. RESULTS Multivariate statistics revealed a number of mass ion peaks obtained from different tumor regions that were distinguishable from the adjacent normal regions within a given specimen. These ion peaks have been used to generate ion images and visualize the difference between tumor and normal regions. Mass peaks at m/z 3370, 3441, 3447 and 3707 exhibited stronger ion signals in the tumor regions. CONCLUSIONS This study reports statistically significant mass ion peaks unique to tumor regions in adenocarcinoma of the prostate and adds to the clinical utility of MALDI-IMS for analysis of FFPE tissue at a molecular level that supersedes all other standard histopathologic techniques for diagnostic purposes used in the current clinical practice. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Panderi
- Brown University, Warren Alpert Medical School, COBRE Center for Cancer Research, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Department of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Athens, Greece
| | - Evgeny Yakirevich
- Brown University, Warren Alpert Medical School, Department of Pathology, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Silvana Papagerakis
- University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, Division of Oral Pathology/Medicine/Radiology, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Lelia Noble
- Brown University, Warren Alpert Medical School, COBRE Center for Cancer Research, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Kara Lombardo
- Brown University, Warren Alpert Medical School, Department of Pathology, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Dionysios Pantazatos
- Brown University, Warren Alpert Medical School, COBRE Center for Cancer Research, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA
- Weill Cornell Medical College, Division of Infectious Diseases, Transplantation-Oncology Infectious Disease Program, New York, NY, USA
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Khamis ZI, Iczkowski KA, Man YG, Bou-Dargham MJ, Sang QXA. Evidence for a Proapoptotic Role of Matrix Metalloproteinase-26 in Human Prostate Cancer Cells and Tissues. J Cancer 2016; 7:80-7. [PMID: 26722363 PMCID: PMC4679384 DOI: 10.7150/jca.13067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) play intricate roles in cancer progression; some promote invasion and angiogenesis while others suppress tumor growth. For example, human MMP-26/endometase/matrilysin-2 was reported to be either protective or pro-tumorigenic. Our previous reports suggested pro-invasion and anti-inflammation properties in prostate cancer. Here, we provide evidence for a protective role of MMP-26 in the prostate. MMP-26 expression levels in androgen-repressed human prostate cancer (ARCaP) cells, transfected with sense or anti-sense MMP-26 cDNA, are directly correlated with those of the pro-apoptotic marker Bax. Immunohistochemical staining of prostate cancer tissue samples shows similar protein expression patterns, correlating the expression levels of MMP-26 and Bax in benign, neoplastic, and invasive prostate cancer tissues. The MMP-26 protein levels were upregulated in high grade prostate intraepithelial neoplasia (HGPIN) and decreased during the course of disease progression. Further analysis using an indirect terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay showed that many tumor cells expressing MMP-26 were undergoing apoptosis. This study showed that the high level of MMP-26 expression is positively correlated with the presence of apoptotic cells. This pro-apoptotic role of MMP-26 in human prostate cancer cells and tissues may enhance our understanding of the paradoxical roles of MMP-26 in tumor invasion and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahraa I Khamis
- 1. Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Institute of Molecular Biophysics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Kenneth A Iczkowski
- 2. Department of Pathology and Laboratory of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Yan-Gao Man
- 3. The Research Laboratory and International Collaboration, Bon Secours Cancer Institute, Bon Secours Health System, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Mayassa J Bou-Dargham
- 1. Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Institute of Molecular Biophysics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Qing-Xiang Amy Sang
- 1. Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Institute of Molecular Biophysics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
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Flatley B, Malone P, Cramer R. MALDI mass spectrometry in prostate cancer biomarker discovery. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2013; 1844:940-9. [PMID: 23831156 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2013.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Revised: 05/23/2013] [Accepted: 06/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation (MALDI) mass spectrometry (MS) is a highly versatile and sensitive analytical technique, which is known for its soft ionisation of biomolecules such as peptides and proteins. Generally, MALDI MS analysis requires little sample preparation, and in some cases like MS profiling it can be automated through the use of robotic liquid-handling systems. For more than a decade now, MALDI MS has been extensively utilised in the search for biomarkers that could aid clinicians in diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment decision making. This review examines the various MALDI-based MS techniques like MS imaging, MS profiling and proteomics in-depth analysis where MALDI MS follows fractionation and separation methods such as gel electrophoresis, and how these have contributed to prostate cancer biomarker research. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Biomarkers: A Proteomic Challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Flatley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Reading, Reading, UK; Urology Research Department, Royal Berkshire Hospital, Reading, UK
| | - Peter Malone
- Urology Research Department, Royal Berkshire Hospital, Reading, UK
| | - Rainer Cramer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Reading, Reading, UK.
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Khamis ZI, Zorio DAR, Chung LWK, Sang QXA. The Anti-inflammatory Role of Endometase/Matrilysin-2 in Human Prostate Cancer Cells. J Cancer 2013; 4:296-303. [PMID: 23569462 PMCID: PMC3619090 DOI: 10.7150/jca.5788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2013] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Human endometase/matrilysin-2/matrix metalloproteinase-26 (MMP-26) is an endopeptidase mostly produced by human carcinoma cells. While MMPs are thought to regulate the dynamics of extracellular matrix turnover, new evidence shows that these enzymes may play a critical regulatory role in inflammation. To investigate the role of MMP-26 in inflammation, three different variants of androgen repressed human prostate cancer (ARCaP) cells were investigated in the study: parental, MMP-26 sense cDNA-transfected, and MMP-26 antisense cDNA-transfected ARCaP cells. Protein lysates and RNA from control and genetically modified cells were analyzed by Western blotting and real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction on arrays of genes critical to the inflammatory response. In comparison to parental controls, up-regulation of MMP-26 expression in MMP-26 sense cDNA-transfected cells resulted in a decrease in inflammatory genes expression. Conversely, inflammatory genes were up-regulated in MMP-26 antisense cDNA-transfected cells. Therefore, modulation of MMP-26 levels significantly affects the expression of inflammatory genes, suggesting an anti-inflammatory role of MMP-26. To determine a possible mechanism of action, further analysis, at both transcript and protein levels, revealed a dramatic down-regulation of interleukin-10 receptor B (IL10RB) in MMP-26 antisense cDNA-transfected cells. The low level of IL10RB was inversely correlated with matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) expression. Collectively, our data suggest that the deficiency of MMP-26 may promote inflammation via inhibition of IL10RB-mediated signaling. These results propose a novel anti-inflammation function of MMP-26 and could provide novel molecular insight of therapeutic targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahraa I Khamis
- 1. Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
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Pin E, Fredolini C, Petricoin EF. The role of proteomics in prostate cancer research: biomarker discovery and validation. Clin Biochem 2012; 46:524-38. [PMID: 23266295 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2012.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2012] [Revised: 12/10/2012] [Accepted: 12/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Prostate Cancer (PCa) represents the second most frequent type of tumor in men worldwide. Incidence increases with patient age and represents the most important risk factor. PCa is mostly characterized by indolence, however in a small percentage of cases (3%) the disease progresses to a metastatic state. To date, the most important issue concerning PCa research is the difficulty in distinguishing indolent from aggressive disease. This problem frequently results in low-grade PCa patient overtreatment and, in parallel; an effective treatment for distant and aggressive disease is not yet available. RESULT Proteomics represents a promising approach for the discovery of new biomarkers able to improve the management of PCa patients. Markers more specific and sensitive than PSA are needed for PCa diagnosis, prognosis and response to treatment. Moreover, proteomics could represent an important tool to identify new molecular targets for PCa tailored therapy. Several possible PCa biomarkers sources, each with advantages and limitations, are under investigation, including tissues, urine, serum, plasma and prostatic fluids. Innovative high-throughput proteomic platforms are now identifying and quantifying new specific and sensitive biomarkers for PCa detection, stratification and treatment. Nevertheless, many putative biomarkers are still far from being applied in clinical practice. CONCLUSIONS This review aims to discuss the recent advances in PCa proteomics, emphasizing biomarker discovery and their application to clinical utility for diagnosis and patient stratification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Pin
- George Mason University, Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA
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Sahab ZJ, Kirilyuk A, Zhang L, Khamis ZI, Pompach P, Sung Y, Byers SW. Analysis of tubulin alpha-1A/1B C-terminal tail post-translational poly-glutamylation reveals novel modification sites. J Proteome Res 2012; 11:1913-23. [PMID: 22296162 PMCID: PMC3292626 DOI: 10.1021/pr2011044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Tubulin-α(1A/1B) C-terminal tail (CTT) has seven glutamic acid residues among the last 11 amino acids of its sequence that are potential sites for glutamylation. Cleavage of C-terminal tyrosine resulting in the detyrosinated form of tubulin-α(1A/1B) is another major modification. These modifications among others bring about highly heterogeneous tubulin samples in brain cells and microtubules, play a major role in directing intracellular trafficking, microtubule dynamics, and mitotic events, and can vary depending on the cell and disease state, such as cancer and neurodegenerative disorders. Identified previously using primary mass spectrometry (MS) ions and partial Edman sequencing, tubulin-α(1A/1B) glutamylation was found exclusively on the E(445) residue. We here describe the analysis of tubulin-α(1A/1B) glutamylation and detyrosination after 2-DE separation, trypsin and proteinase K in-gel digestion, and nanoUPLC-ESI-QqTOF-MS/MS of mouse brain and bovine microtubules. Tyrosinated, detyrosinated, and Δ2-tubulin-α(1A/1B) CTTs were identified on the basis of a comparison of fragmentation patterns and retention times between endogenous and synthetic peptides. Stringent acceptance criteria were adapted for the identification of novel glutamylation sites. In addition to the previously identified site at E(445), glutamylation on mouse and bovine tubulin-α(1A/1B) CTTs was identified on E(441) and E(443) with MASCOT Expect values below 0.01. O-Methylation of glutamates was also observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziad J Sahab
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University , Washington, DC 20007, United States.
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Novel stromal biomarkers in human breast cancer tissues provide evidence for the more malignant phenotype of estrogen receptor-negative tumors. J Biomed Biotechnol 2011; 2011:723650. [PMID: 21976967 PMCID: PMC3185288 DOI: 10.1155/2011/723650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2011] [Accepted: 07/19/2011] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Research efforts were focused on genetic alterations in epithelial cancer cells. Epithelial-stromal interactions play a crucial role in cancer initiation, progression, invasion, angiogenesis, and metastasis; however, the active role of stroma in human breast tumorigenesis in relation to estrogen receptor (ER) status of epithelial cells has not been explored. Using proteomics and biochemical approaches, we identified two stromal proteins in ER-positive and ER-negative human breast cancer tissues that may affect malignant transformation in breast cancer. Two putative biomarkers, T-cell receptor alpha (TCR-α) and zinc finger and BRCA1-interacting protein with a KRAB domain (ZBRK1), were detected in leukocytes of ER-positive and endothelial cells of ER-negative tissues, respectively. Our data suggest an immunosuppressive role of leukocytes in invasive breast tumors, propose a multifunctional nature of ZBRK1 in estrogen receptor regulation and angiogenesis, and demonstrate the aggressiveness of ER-negative human breast carcinomas. This research project may identify new stromal drug targets for the treatment of breast cancer patients.
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Sun C, Song C, Ma Z, Xu K, Zhang Y, Jin H, Tong S, Ding W, Xia G, Ding Q. Periostin identified as a potential biomarker of prostate cancer by iTRAQ-proteomics analysis of prostate biopsy. Proteome Sci 2011; 9:22. [PMID: 21504578 PMCID: PMC3100237 DOI: 10.1186/1477-5956-9-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2011] [Accepted: 04/19/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Proteomics may help us better understand the changes of multiple proteins involved in oncogenesis and progression of prostate cancer(PCa) and identify more diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers. The aim of this study was to screen biomarkers of PCa by the proteomics analysis using isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification(iTRAQ). METHODS The patients undergoing prostate biopsies were classified into 3 groups according to pathological results: benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH, n = 20), PCa(n = 20) and BPH with local prostatic intraepithelial neoplasm(PIN, n = 10). Then, all the specimens from these patients were analyzed by iTRAQ and two-dimensional liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (2DLC-MS/MS). The Gene Ontology(GO) function and the transcription regulation networks of the differentially expressed were analyzed by MetaCore software. Western blotting and Immunohistochemical staining were used to analyze the interesting proteins. RESULT A total of 760 proteins were identified from 13787 distinct peptides, including two common proteins that enjoy clinical application: prostate specific antigen (PSA) and prostatic acid phosphatase(PAP). Proteins that expressed differentially between PCa and BPH group were further analyzed. Compared with BPH, 20 proteins were significantly differentially up-regulated (>1.5-fold) while 26 were significantly down-regulated in PCa(<0.66-fold). In term of GO database, the differentially expressed proteins were divided into 3 categories: cellular component(CC), molecular function (MF) and biological process(BP). The top 5 transcription regulation networks of the differentially expressed proteins were initiated through activation of SP1, p53, YY1, androgen receptor(AR) and c-Myc The overexpression of periostin in PCa was verified by western blotting and immunohistochemical staining. CONCLUSION Our study indicates that the iTRAQ technology is a new strategy for global proteomics analysis of the tissues of PCa. A significant up-regulation of periostin in PCa compared to BPH may provide clues for not only a promising biomarker for the prognosis of PCa but also a potential target for therapeutical intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanyu Sun
- Department of Urology, Huashan Hospital, FudanUniversity, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Chao Song
- Institute of Psychology, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Zhicheng Ma
- Department of Urology, Huashan Hospital, FudanUniversity, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Ke Xu
- Department of Urology, Huashan Hospital, FudanUniversity, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, FudanUniversity, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Hong Jin
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, FudanUniversity, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Shijun Tong
- Department of Urology, Huashan Hospital, FudanUniversity, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Weihong Ding
- Department of Urology, Huashan Hospital, FudanUniversity, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Guowei Xia
- Department of Urology, Huashan Hospital, FudanUniversity, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Qiang Ding
- Department of Urology, Huashan Hospital, FudanUniversity, Shanghai, 200040, China
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