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Gunn K, Losman JA. Isocitrate Dehydrogenase Mutations in Cancer: Mechanisms of Transformation and Metabolic Liability. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2024; 14:a041537. [PMID: 38191174 PMCID: PMC11065172 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a041537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
Isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 and 2 (IDH1 and IDH2) are metabolic enzymes that interconvert isocitrate and 2-oxoglutarate (2OG). Gain-of-function mutations in IDH1 and IDH2 occur in a number of cancers, including acute myeloid leukemia, glioma, cholangiocarcinoma, and chondrosarcoma. These mutations cripple the wild-type activity of IDH and cause the enzymes to catalyze a partial reverse reaction in which 2OG is reduced but not carboxylated, resulting in production of the (R)-enantiomer of 2-hydroxyglutarate ((R)-2HG). (R)-2HG accumulation in IDH-mutant tumors results in profound dysregulation of cellular metabolism. The most well-characterized oncogenic effects of (R)-2HG involve the dysregulation of 2OG-dependent epigenetic tumor-suppressor enzymes. However, (R)-2HG has many other effects in IDH-mutant cells, some that promote transformation and others that induce metabolic dependencies. Herein, we review how cancer-associated IDH mutations impact epigenetic regulation and cellular metabolism and discuss how these effects can potentially be leveraged to therapeutically target IDH-mutant tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Gunn
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Julie-Aurore Losman
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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2
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Sox2 induces glioblastoma cell stemness and tumor propagation by repressing TET2 and deregulating 5hmC and 5mC DNA modifications. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2022; 7:37. [PMID: 35136034 PMCID: PMC8826438 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-021-00857-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA methylation is a reversible process catalyzed by the ten–eleven translocation (TET) family of enzymes (TET1, TET2, TET3) that convert 5-methylcytosine (5mC) to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC). Altered patterns of 5hmC and 5mC are widely reported in human cancers and loss of 5hmC correlates with poor prognosis. Understanding the mechanisms leading to 5hmC loss and its role in oncogenesis will advance the development of epigenetic-based therapeutics. We show that TET2 loss associates with glioblastoma (GBM) stem cells and correlates with poor survival of GBM patients. We further identify a SOX2:miR-10b-5p:TET2 axis that represses TET2 expression, represses 5hmC, increases 5mC levels, and induces GBM cell stemness and tumor-propagating potential. In vivo delivery of a miR-10b-5p inhibitor that normalizes TET2 expression and 5hmC levels inhibits tumor growth and prolongs survival of animals bearing pre-established orthotopic GBM xenografts. These findings highlight the importance of TET2 and 5hmC loss in Sox2-driven oncogenesis and their potential for therapeutic targeting.
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3
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Chou FJ, Liu Y, Lang F, Yang C. D-2-Hydroxyglutarate in Glioma Biology. Cells 2021; 10:cells10092345. [PMID: 34571995 PMCID: PMC8464856 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) mutations are common genetic abnormalities in glioma, which result in the accumulation of an "oncometabolite", D-2-hydroxyglutarate (D-2-HG). Abnormally elevated D-2-HG levels result in a distinctive pattern in cancer biology, through competitively inhibiting α-ketoglutarate (α-KG)/Fe(II)-dependent dioxgenases (α-KGDDs). Recent studies have revealed that D-2-HG affects DNA/histone methylation, hypoxia signaling, DNA repair, and redox homeostasis, which impacts the oncogenesis of IDH-mutated cancers. In this review, we will discuss the current understanding of D-2-HG in cancer biology, as well as the emerging opportunities in therapeutics in IDH-mutated glioma.
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4
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Hölzl D, Hutarew G, Zellinger B, Schlicker HU, Schwartz C, Winkler PA, Sotlar K, Kraus TFJ. Integrated analysis of programmed cell death ligand 1 expression reveals increased levels in high-grade glioma. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2021; 147:2271-2280. [PMID: 33963441 PMCID: PMC8236471 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-021-03656-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Gliomas are the most frequent primary brain tumors of adults. Despite intensive research, there are still no targeted therapies available. Here, we performed an integrated analysis of glioma and programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) in 90 samples including 58 glioma and 32 control brain tissues. Methods To identify PD-L1 expression in glioma, we performed immunohistochemical analysis of PD-L1 tumor proportion score (TPS) using the clinically valid PD-L1 22C3 antibody on 90 samples including controls and WHO grade I–IV gliomas. Results We found that PD-L1 is highly expressed in a subfraction of glioma cells. Analysis of PD-L1 levels in different glioma subtypes revealed a strong intertumoral variation of PD-L1 protein. Furthermore, we correlated PD-L1 expression with molecular glioma hallmarks such as MGMT-promoter methylation, IDH1/2 mutations, TERT promoter mutations and LOH1p/19q. Conclusion In summary, we found that PD-L1 is highly expressed in a subfraction of glioma, indicating PD-L1 as a potential new marker in glioma assessment opening up novel therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothee Hölzl
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Müllner Hauptstr. 48, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Georg Hutarew
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Müllner Hauptstr. 48, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Barbara Zellinger
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Müllner Hauptstr. 48, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Hans U Schlicker
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Müllner Hauptstr. 48, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Christoph Schwartz
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Ignatz-Harrer-Str. 79, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Peter A Winkler
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Ignatz-Harrer-Str. 79, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Karl Sotlar
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Müllner Hauptstr. 48, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Theo F J Kraus
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Müllner Hauptstr. 48, 5020, Salzburg, Austria.
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5
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Crake RLI, Burgess ER, Royds JA, Phillips E, Vissers MCM, Dachs GU. The Role of 2-Oxoglutarate Dependent Dioxygenases in Gliomas and Glioblastomas: A Review of Epigenetic Reprogramming and Hypoxic Response. Front Oncol 2021; 11:619300. [PMID: 33842321 PMCID: PMC8027507 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.619300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Gliomas are a heterogeneous group of cancers that predominantly arise from glial cells in the brain, but may also arise from neural stem cells, encompassing low-grade glioma and high-grade glioblastoma. Whereas better diagnosis and new treatments have improved patient survival for many cancers, glioblastomas remain challenging with a highly unfavorable prognosis. This review discusses a super-family of enzymes, the 2-oxoglutarate dependent dioxygenase enzymes (2-OGDD) that control numerous processes including epigenetic modifications and oxygen sensing, and considers their many roles in the pathology of gliomas. We specifically describe in more detail the DNA and histone demethylases, and the hypoxia-inducible factor hydroxylases in the context of glioma, and discuss the substrate and cofactor requirements of the 2-OGDD enzymes. Better understanding of how these enzymes contribute to gliomas could lead to the development of new treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebekah L. I. Crake
- Mackenzie Cancer Research Group, Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Eleanor R. Burgess
- Mackenzie Cancer Research Group, Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Janice A. Royds
- Department of Pathology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Elisabeth Phillips
- Mackenzie Cancer Research Group, Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Margreet C. M. Vissers
- Centre for Free Radical Research, Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Gabi U. Dachs
- Mackenzie Cancer Research Group, Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand
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6
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Zhu G, Song J, Chen W, Yuan D, Wang W, Chen X, Liu H, Su H, Zhu J. Expression and Role of Dickkopf-1 (Dkk1) in Tumors: From the Cells to the Patients. Cancer Manag Res 2021; 13:659-675. [PMID: 33536782 PMCID: PMC7847771 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s275172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Dickkopf-1 (Dkk1) is a secretory antagonist of the classical Wnt signaling pathway. Many studies have reported that Dkk1 is abnormally expressed in tumor cells, and abnormal expression of Dkk1 can inhibit cell proliferation or induce apoptosis through pro-apoptotic factors, However, due to the differences in tumor environment and the complex regulatory mechanisms in different tumors, Dkk1 has different effects on the progression of different tumors. In many tumors, high expression of Dkk1 may promote tumor metastasis. However, Dkk1, which is highly expressed in other tumors, can inhibit tumor invasion and metastasis. More and more evidence shows that Dkk1 plays a complex and different role in tumor occurrence, development and metastasis in different tumor environments and through a variety of complex regulatory mechanisms. Therefore, Dkk1 may not only be a useful biomarker of metastasis, but also a target for studying the metabolic mechanism of tumor cells and treating tumors in many tumor types. Therefore, this article reviews the research progress on the expression, mechanism and function of Dkk1 in different tumors, and at the same time, based on the public database data, we made a further analysis of the expression of Dkk1 in different tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guohua Zhu
- Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou Province 550002, People's Republic of China.,Department of Urology, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, Guizhou Province 550002, People's Republic of China
| | - Jukun Song
- Department of Urology, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, Guizhou Province 550002, People's Republic of China.,Guizhou University School of Medicine, Guiyang, Guizhou Province 550025, People's Republic of China
| | - Weimin Chen
- Guizhou University School of Medicine, Guiyang, Guizhou Province 550025, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongbo Yuan
- Department of Urology, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, Guizhou Province 550002, People's Republic of China.,Guizhou University School of Medicine, Guiyang, Guizhou Province 550025, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Urology, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, Guizhou Province 550002, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyue Chen
- Guizhou University School of Medicine, Guiyang, Guizhou Province 550025, People's Republic of China
| | - Hen Liu
- Department of Urology, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, Guizhou Province 550002, People's Republic of China.,Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou Province 563000, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Su
- Department of Urology, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, Guizhou Province 550002, People's Republic of China.,Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou Province 563000, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianguo Zhu
- Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou Province 550002, People's Republic of China.,Department of Urology, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, Guizhou Province 550002, People's Republic of China.,Guizhou University School of Medicine, Guiyang, Guizhou Province 550025, People's Republic of China.,Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou Province 563000, People's Republic of China
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7
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FGFR3 △7-9 promotes tumor progression via the phosphorylation and destabilization of ten-eleven translocation-2 in human hepatocellular carcinoma. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:903. [PMID: 33097695 PMCID: PMC7584635 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-03089-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Overexpression of fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3) correlates with more severe clinical features of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Our previous study has shown that FGFR3∆7–9, a novel splicing mutation of FGFR3, contributes significantly to HCC malignant character, but the epigenetic mechanism is still elusive. In this study, through mass spectrometry and co-immunoprecipitation studies, we discover a close association between FGFR3∆7–9 and the DNA demethylase Ten-Eleven Translocation-2 (TET2). Unlike other certain types of cancer, mutation of TET2 is rare in HCC. However, activation of FGFR3∆7–9 by FGF1 dramatically shortens TET2 half-life. FGFR3∆7–9, but not wild-type FGFR3, directly interacts with TET2 and phosphorylates TET2 at Y1902 site, leading to the ubiquitination and proteasome-mediated degradation of TET2. Overexpression of a phospho-deficient mutant TET2 (Y1902F) significantly reduces the oncogenic potential of FGFR3∆7–9 in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, FGFR3∆7–9 significantly enhances HCC cell proliferation through the TET2-PTEN-AKT pathway. Specifically, TET2 offsets the elevation of p-AKT level induced by FGFR3∆7–9 through directly binding to PTEN promoter and increasing 5-hmC. Therefore, through phosphorylation and inhibition of TET2, FGFR3∆7–9 reduces PTEN expression and substantiates AKT activation to stimulate HCC proliferation. Together, this study identifies TET2 as a key regulator of the oncogenic role of FGFR3∆7–9 in HCC carcinogenesis and sheds light on new therapeutic strategies for HCC treatment.
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8
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Blanquart C, Linot C, Cartron PF, Tomaselli D, Mai A, Bertrand P. Epigenetic Metalloenzymes. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:2748-2785. [PMID: 29984644 DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666180706105903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetics controls the expression of genes and is responsible for cellular phenotypes. The fundamental basis of these mechanisms involves in part the post-translational modifications (PTMs) of DNA and proteins, in particular, the nuclear histones. DNA can be methylated or demethylated on cytosine. Histones are marked by several modifications including acetylation and/or methylation, and of particular importance are the covalent modifications of lysine. There exists a balance between addition and removal of these PTMs, leading to three groups of enzymes involved in these processes: the writers adding marks, the erasers removing them, and the readers able to detect these marks and participating in the recruitment of transcription factors. The stimulation or the repression in the expression of genes is thus the result of a subtle equilibrium between all the possibilities coming from the combinations of these PTMs. Indeed, these mechanisms can be deregulated and then participate in the appearance, development and maintenance of various human diseases, including cancers, neurological and metabolic disorders. Some of the key players in epigenetics are metalloenzymes, belonging mostly to the group of erasers: the zinc-dependent histone deacetylases (HDACs), the iron-dependent lysine demethylases of the Jumonji family (JMJ or KDM) and for DNA the iron-dependent ten-eleven-translocation enzymes (TET) responsible for the oxidation of methylcytosine prior to the demethylation of DNA. This review presents these metalloenzymes, their importance in human disease and their inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Blanquart
- CRCINA, INSERM, Universite d'Angers, Universite de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Réseau Epigénétique du Cancéropôle Grand Ouest, France
| | - Camille Linot
- CRCINA, INSERM, Universite d'Angers, Universite de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Pierre-François Cartron
- CRCINA, INSERM, Universite d'Angers, Universite de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Réseau Epigénétique du Cancéropôle Grand Ouest, France
| | - Daniela Tomaselli
- Department of Chemistry and Technologies of Drugs, Sapienza University of Rome, P. le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Antonello Mai
- Department of Chemistry and Technologies of Drugs, Sapienza University of Rome, P. le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.,Pasteur Institute - Cenci Bolognetti Foundation, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Philippe Bertrand
- Réseau Epigénétique du Cancéropôle Grand Ouest, France.,Institut de Chimie des Milieux et Matériaux de Poitiers, UMR CNRS 7285, 4 rue Michel Brunet, TSA 51106, B27, 86073, Poitiers cedex 09, France
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9
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Ismail JN, Badini S, Frey F, Abou-Kheir W, Shirinian M. Drosophila Tet Is Expressed in Midline Glia and Is Required for Proper Axonal Development. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:252. [PMID: 31213988 PMCID: PMC6558204 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Ten-Eleven Translocation (TET) proteins are important epigenetic regulators that play a key role in development and are frequently deregulated in cancer. Drosophila melanogaster has a single homologous Tet gene (dTet) that is highly expressed in the central nervous system during development. Here, we examined the expression pattern of dTet in the third instar larval CNS and discovered its presence in a specific set of glia cells: midline glia (MG). Moreover, dTet knockdown resulted in significant lethality, locomotor dysfunction, and alterations in axon patterning in the larval ventral nerve cord. Molecular analyses on dTet knockdown larvae showed a downregulation in genes involved in axon guidance and reduced expression of the axon guidance cue Slit. Our findings point toward a potential role for dTet in midline glial function, specifically the regulation of axon patterning during neurodevelopment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joy N Ismail
- Department of Experimental Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.,Center for Infectious Diseases Research, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Shireen Badini
- Department of Experimental Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.,Center for Infectious Diseases Research, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Felice Frey
- Department of Experimental Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.,Center for Infectious Diseases Research, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Wassim Abou-Kheir
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology, and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Margret Shirinian
- Department of Experimental Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.,Center for Infectious Diseases Research, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
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10
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García MG, Carella A, Urdinguio RG, Bayón GF, Lopez V, Tejedor JR, Sierra MI, García-Toraño E, Santamarina P, Perez RF, Mangas C, Astudillo A, Corte-Torres MD, Sáenz-de-Santa-María I, Chiara MD, Fernández AF, Fraga MF. Epigenetic dysregulation of TET2 in human glioblastoma. Oncotarget 2018; 9:25922-25934. [PMID: 29899831 PMCID: PMC5995234 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.25406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ten-eleven translocation (TET) enzymes are frequently deregulated in cancer, but the underlying molecular mechanisms are still poorly understood. Here we report that TET2 shows frequent epigenetic alterations in human glioblastoma including DNA hypermethylation and hypo-hydroxymethylation, as well as loss of histone acetylation. Ectopic overexpression of TET2 regulated neural differentiation in glioblastoma cell lines and impaired tumor growth. Our results suggest that epigenetic dysregulation of TET2 plays a role in human glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- María G García
- Institute of Oncology of Asturias (IUOPA), HUCA, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain.,Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology Research Center (CINN-CSIC), Universidad de Oviedo, El Entrego, Asturias, Spain
| | - Antonella Carella
- Institute of Oncology of Asturias (IUOPA), HUCA, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain.,Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology Research Center (CINN-CSIC), Universidad de Oviedo, El Entrego, Asturias, Spain
| | - Rocío G Urdinguio
- Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology Research Center (CINN-CSIC), Universidad de Oviedo, El Entrego, Asturias, Spain
| | - Gustavo F Bayón
- Institute of Oncology of Asturias (IUOPA), HUCA, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Virginia Lopez
- Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology Research Center (CINN-CSIC), Universidad de Oviedo, El Entrego, Asturias, Spain
| | - Juan Ramón Tejedor
- Institute of Oncology of Asturias (IUOPA), HUCA, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain.,Fundación para la Investigación Biosanitaria de Asturias (FINBA), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | - Marta I Sierra
- Institute of Oncology of Asturias (IUOPA), HUCA, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Estela García-Toraño
- Institute of Oncology of Asturias (IUOPA), HUCA, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Pablo Santamarina
- Institute of Oncology of Asturias (IUOPA), HUCA, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Raúl F Perez
- Institute of Oncology of Asturias (IUOPA), HUCA, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Cristina Mangas
- Institute of Oncology of Asturias (IUOPA), HUCA, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Aurora Astudillo
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias (HUCA), Oviedo, Spain
| | - M Daniela Corte-Torres
- Biobanco del Principado de Asturias, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias (HUCA), Oviedo, Spain
| | - Inés Sáenz-de-Santa-María
- Otorhinolaryngology Service, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias, Universidad de Oviedo, CIBERONC, Oviedo, Spain
| | - María-Dolores Chiara
- Otorhinolaryngology Service, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias, Universidad de Oviedo, CIBERONC, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Agustín F Fernández
- Institute of Oncology of Asturias (IUOPA), HUCA, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain.,Fundación para la Investigación Biosanitaria de Asturias (FINBA), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | - Mario F Fraga
- Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology Research Center (CINN-CSIC), Universidad de Oviedo, El Entrego, Asturias, Spain
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11
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Du X, Tian M, Wang X, Zhang J, Huang Q, Liu L, Shen H. Cortex and hippocampus DNA epigenetic response to a long-term arsenic exposure via drinking water. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 234:590-600. [PMID: 29223816 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.11.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Revised: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/25/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The neurotoxicity of arsenic is a serious health problem, especially for children. DNA epigenetic change may be an important pathogenic mechanism, but the molecular pathway remains obscure. In this study, the weaned male Sprague-Dawly (SD) rats were treated with arsenic trioxide via drinking water for 6 months, simulating real developmental exposure situation of children. Arsenic exposure impaired the cognitive abilities, and altered the expression of neuronal activity-regulated genes. Total arsenic concentrations of cortex and hippocampus tissues were significantly increased in a dose-dependent manner. The reduction in 5-methylcytosine (5 mC) and 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) levels as well as the down-regulation of DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) and ten-eleven translocations (TETs) expression suggested that DNA methylation/demethylation processes were significantly suppressed in brain tissues. S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) level wasn't changed, but the expression of the important indicators of oxidative/anti-oxidative balance and tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle was significantly deregulated. Overall, arsenic can disrupt oxidative/anti-oxidative balance, further inhibit TETs expression through TCA cycle and alpha-ketoglutarate (α-KG) pathway, and consequently cause DNA methylation/demethylation disruption. The present study implies oxidative stress but not SAM depletion may lead to DNA epigenetic alteration and arsenic neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Du
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Meiping Tian
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Xiaoxue Wang
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, China.
| | - Qingyu Huang
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Liangpo Liu
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Heqing Shen
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China.
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12
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Liang J, Yang F, Zhao L, Bi C, Cai B. Physiological and pathological implications of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine in diseases. Oncotarget 2018; 7:48813-48831. [PMID: 27183914 PMCID: PMC5217052 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene expression is the prerequisite of proteins. Diverse stimuli result in alteration of gene expression profile by base substitution for quite a long time. However, during the past decades, accumulating studies proved that bases modification is involved in this process. CpG islands (CGIs) are DNA fragments enriched in CpG repeats which mostly locate in promoters. They are frequently modified, methylated in most conditions, thereby suggesting a role of methylation in profiling gene expression. DNA methylation occurs in many conditions, such as cancer, embryogenesis, nervous system diseases etc. Recently, 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC), the product of 5-methylcytosine (5mC) demethylation, is emerging as a novel demethylation marker in many disorders. Consistently, conversion of 5mC to 5hmC has been proved in many studies. Here, we reviewed recent studies concerning demethylation via 5hmC conversion in several conditions and progress of therapeutics-associated with it in clinic. We aimed to unveil its physiological and pathological significance in diseases and to provide insight into its clinical application potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Liang
- Department of Pharmacology, Harbin Medical University (The State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China), Harbin, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Harbin Medical University (The State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China), Harbin, China
| | - Liang Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology, Harbin Medical University (The State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China), Harbin, China
| | - Chongwei Bi
- Department of Pharmacology, Harbin Medical University (The State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China), Harbin, China
| | - Benzhi Cai
- Department of Pharmacology, Harbin Medical University (The State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China), Harbin, China.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacy and Medicine, Academics of Medical Sciences of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, China
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13
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Duan H, Yan Z, Chen W, Wu Y, Han J, Guo H, Qiao J. TET1 inhibits EMT of ovarian cancer cells through activating Wnt/β-catenin signaling inhibitors DKK1 and SFRP2. Gynecol Oncol 2017; 147:408-417. [PMID: 28851501 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2017.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 08/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is the deadliest type of ovarian cancer, but the mechanisms contributing to its tumorigenesis are not well understood. Herein, we will elucidate the role of Ten-eleven translocation 1 (TET1) in EOC development. METHODS The expression of TET1 in EOC cell lines and primary samples was examined by western blot and immunohistochemistry. The biological role of ectopic TET1 overexpression was revealed by a series of in vitro functional studies. Its downstream signaling pathway was predicted by Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis of microarray data. The methylation level and expression of Wnt/β-catenin signaling inhibitors Dikkopf 1 (DKK1) and secreted Fzd receptor protein 2 (SFRP2) were examined by Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay, Epimark™ 5hmC and 5mC level analysis and quantitative RT-PCR. Small interference RNA (siRNA) technology was used to investigate the biological roles of DKK1 and SFRP2. RESULTS TET1 expression was inversely correlated with clinical stage in patients with EOC by tissue microarray (TMA). TET1 expression was undetected in 6 types of EOC cell lines. Ectopic expression of TET1 inhibited colony formation, cell migration and invasion in SKOV3 and OVCAR3 cells. Furthermore, TET1 overexpression reversed the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process of SKOV3 cells. Mechanistically, TET1 potently inhibited canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling by demethylating and upregulating two upstream antagonists of this pathway, SFRP2 and DKK1, which was associated with inhibition of EMT and cancer cell metastasis. CONCLUSION This study uncovers that TET1 has potent tumor-suppressive effects in EOC by activating Wnt/β-catenin signaling inhibitors DKK1 and SFRP2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongying Duan
- Key Laboratory of Assisted Reproduction, Ministry of Education, Center of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Zhiqiang Yan
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China
| | - Wei Chen
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China
| | - Yu Wu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Jinsong Han
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Hongyan Guo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Jie Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Assisted Reproduction, Ministry of Education, Center of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, PR China; Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, PR China.
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14
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Bowman RL, Levine RL. TET2 in Normal and Malignant Hematopoiesis. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2017; 7:cshperspect.a026518. [PMID: 28242787 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a026518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The ten-eleven translocation (TET) family of enzymes were originally cloned from the translocation breakpoint of t(10;11) in infant acute myeloid leukemia (AML) with subsequent genomic analyses revealing somatic mutations and suppressed expression of TET family members across a range of malignancies, particularly enriched in hematological neoplasms. The TET family of enzymes is responsible for the hydroxylation of 5-methylcytosines (5-mC) to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5-hmC), followed by active and passive mechanisms leading to DNA demethylation. Given the complexity and importance of DNA methylation events in cellular proliferation and differentiation, it comes as no surprise that the TET family of enzymes is intricately regulated by both small molecules and regulatory cooperating proteins. Here, we review the structure and function of TET2, its interactions with cooperating mutations and small molecules, and its role in aberrant hematopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert L Bowman
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10021
| | - Ross L Levine
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10021.,Leukemia Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10021
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15
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O-GlcNAcylation and chromatin remodeling in mammals: an up-to-date overview. Biochem Soc Trans 2017; 45:323-338. [PMID: 28408473 DOI: 10.1042/bst20160388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Revised: 12/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Post-translational modifications of histones and the dynamic DNA methylation cycle are finely regulated by a myriad of chromatin-binding factors and chromatin-modifying enzymes. Epigenetic modifications ensure local changes in the architecture of chromatin, thus controlling in fine the accessibility of the machinery of transcription, replication or DNA repair to the chromatin. Over the past decade, the nutrient-sensor enzyme O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) has emerged as a modulator of chromatin remodeling. In mammals, OGT acts either directly through dynamic and reversible O-GlcNAcylation of histones and chromatin effectors, or in an indirect manner through its recruitment into chromatin-bound multiprotein complexes. In particular, there is an increasing amount of evidence of a cross-talk between OGT and the DNA dioxygenase ten-eleven translocation proteins that catalyze active DNA demethylation. Conversely, the stability of OGT itself can be controlled by the histone lysine-specific demethylase 2 (LSD2). Finally, a few studies have explored the role of O-GlcNAcase (OGA) in chromatin remodeling. In this review, we summarize the recent findings on the link between OGT, OGA and chromatin regulators in mammalian cellular models, and discuss their relevance in physiological and pathological conditions.
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Chen B, Lei Y, Wang H, Dang Y, Fang P, Wang J, Yang J, Liu L. Repression of the expression of TET2 by ZEB1 contributes to invasion and growth in glioma cells. Mol Med Rep 2017; 15:2625-2632. [PMID: 28260066 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.6288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant gliomas are the most common and aggressive type of brain tumor. The suppressive role of ten-eleven translocation 2 (TET2) has been implicated in certain types of cancer, however, its role in gliomas remains to be elucidated. The present study aimed to determine the expression pattern and biological role of TET2 in glioma, using RT-qPCR and immunohistochemistry, and its results indicated that the expression of TET2 was frequently decreased in gliomas and that repression of the expression of TET2 correlated with the progression of glioma. The ectopic expression of TET2 inhibited the invasive potential of glioma cells, and inhibited glioma cell proliferation in vitro and growth in vivo. Additionally, the expression of Zinc finger E‑box‑binding homeobox 1 (ZEB1) was increased in gliomas and was positively correlated with progression, but inversely correlated with the expression of TET2. ZEB1 was also confirmed to physically bind to the TET2 promoter. ZEB1 knockdown resulted in an increase in the expression of TET2 and elevation of TET2 promoter activity in glioma cells. These findings indicated that the downregulation of TET2 by ZEB1 is a critical oncogenic event in gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangyang No. 1 People's Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Xiangyang, Hubei 441000, P.R. China
| | - Yanqing Lei
- Department of Emergency, Xiangyang No. 1 People's Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Xiangyang, Hubei 441000, P.R. China
| | - Hongquan Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangyang No. 1 People's Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Xiangyang, Hubei 441000, P.R. China
| | - Yanwei Dang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangyang No. 1 People's Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Xiangyang, Hubei 441000, P.R. China
| | - Peihai Fang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangyang No. 1 People's Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Xiangyang, Hubei 441000, P.R. China
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangyang No. 1 People's Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Xiangyang, Hubei 441000, P.R. China
| | - Jinbo Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangyang No. 1 People's Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Xiangyang, Hubei 441000, P.R. China
| | - Lijun Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangyang No. 1 People's Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Xiangyang, Hubei 441000, P.R. China
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Ramsawhook A, Lewis L, Coyle B, Ruzov A. Medulloblastoma and ependymoma cells display increased levels of 5-carboxylcytosine and elevated TET1 expression. Clin Epigenetics 2017; 9:18. [PMID: 28228863 PMCID: PMC5307644 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-016-0306-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Alteration of DNA methylation (5-methylcytosine, 5mC) patterns represents one of the causes of tumorigenesis and cancer progression. Tet proteins can oxidise 5mC to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC), 5-formylcytosine and 5-carboxylcytosine (5caC). Although the roles of these oxidised forms of 5mC (oxi-mCs) in cancer pathogenesis are still largely unknown, there are indications that they may be involved in the mechanisms of malignant transformation. Thus, reduction of 5hmC content represents an epigenetic hallmark of human tumours, and according to our recent report, 5caC is enriched in a proportion of breast cancers and gliomas. Nevertheless, the distribution of oxi-mCs in paediatric brain tumours has not been assessed. Findings Here, we analyse the global levels and spatial distribution of 5hmC and 5caC in four brain tumour cell lines derived from paediatric sonic hedgehog (SHH) pathway-activated medulloblastomas (Daoy and UW228-3) and ependymomas (BXD-1425EPN and DKFZ-EP1NS). We show that, unlike HeLa cells, the paediatric tumour cell lines possess both 5hmC and 5caC at immunochemically detectable levels and demonstrate that both modifications display high degrees of spatial overlap in the nuclei of medulloblastomas and ependymomas. Moreover, although 5hmC levels are comparable in the four brain tumour cell lines, 5caC staining intensities differ dramatically between them with highest levels of this mark in a subpopulation of DKFZ-EP1NS cells. Remarkably, the 5caC enrichment does not correlate with 5hmC levels and is not associated with alterations in thymine DNA glycosylase (TDG) expression in SHH medulloblastoma and ependymoma cell lines but corresponds to elevated levels of TET1 transcript in UW228-3 and DKFZ-EP1NS cells. Conclusions We demonstrate that both 5caC enrichment and elevated TET1 expression are observed in SHH medulloblastomas and ependymomas. Our results suggest that increased Tet-dependent 5mC oxidation may represent one of the epigenetic signatures of cancers with neural stem cell origin and, thus, may contribute to development of novel approaches for diagnosis and therapy of the brain tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Ramsawhook
- Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD UK
| | - Lara Lewis
- Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD UK
| | - Beth Coyle
- Children's Brain Tumour Research Centre, School of Medicine, QMC, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH UK
| | - Alexey Ruzov
- Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD UK
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Kraus TFJ, Kilinc S, Steinmaurer M, Stieglitz M, Guibourt V, Kretzschmar HA. Profiling of methylation and demethylation pathways during brain development and ageing. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2015; 123:189-203. [PMID: 26497022 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-015-1469-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Numerous signal pathways are epigenetically controlled during brain development and ageing. Thereby, both 5-methylcytosine (5mC) and the newly described 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) are highly exhibited in the brain. As there is an uneven distribution of 5hmC in the brain depending on age and region, there is the need to investigate the underlying mechanisms being responsible for 5hmC generation and decline. The aim of this study was to quantify expression levels of genes that are associated with DNA methylation/demethylation in different brain regions and at different ages. Therefore, we investigated frontal cortex and cerebellum of 40 mice (strain C57BL/6), each eight mice sacrificed at day 0, 7, 15, 30 and 120 after birth. We performed expression profiling of methylation/demethylation genes depending on age and brain region. Interestingly, we see significant expression differences of genes being responsible for methylation/demethylation with a significant reduction of expression levels during ageing. Validating selected expression data on protein level using immunohistochemistry verified the expression data. In conclusion, our findings demonstrate that the regulation of methylation/demethylation pathways is highly controlled depending on brain region and age. Thus our data will help to better understand the complexity and plasticity of the brain epigenome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theo F J Kraus
- Center for Neuropathology and Prion Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 23, 81377, Munich, Germany.
| | - Selma Kilinc
- Center for Neuropathology and Prion Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 23, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Martina Steinmaurer
- Center for Neuropathology and Prion Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 23, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Marc Stieglitz
- Center for Neuropathology and Prion Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 23, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Virginie Guibourt
- Center for Neuropathology and Prion Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 23, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Hans A Kretzschmar
- Center for Neuropathology and Prion Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 23, 81377, Munich, Germany
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