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Patil BR, Bhadane KV, Ahmad I, Agrawal YJ, Shimpi AA, Dhangar MS, Patel HM. Exploring the structural activity relationship of the Osimertinib: A covalent inhibitor of double mutant EGFR L858R/T790M tyrosine kinase for the treatment of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC). Bioorg Med Chem 2024; 109:117796. [PMID: 38879996 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2024.117796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
The USFDA granted regular approval to Osimertinib (AZD9291) on March 2017, for treating individuals with metastatic Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer having EGFR T790M mutation. Clinically, Osimertinib stands at the forefront for the treatment of patients with Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. Osimertinib forms a covalent bond with the Cys797 residue and predominantly spares binding to WT-EGFR, thereby reducing toxicity and enabling the administration of doses that effectively inhibit T790M. However, a high percentage of patients treated with Osimertinib (AZD9291) developed a tertiary cysteine797 to serine797 (C797S) mutation in the EGFR kinase domain, rendering resistance to it. This comprehensive review sheds light on the chemistry, computational aspects, structural features, and expansive spectrum of biological activities of Osimertinib and its analogues. The in-depth exploration of these facets serves as a valuable resource for medicinal chemists, empowering them to design better Osimertinib analogues. This exhaustive study not only provides insights into improving potency but also emphasizes considerations for mutant selectivity and optimizing pharmacokinetic properties. This review acts as a guiding beacon for the strategic design and development of next-generation Osimertinib analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhatu R Patil
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, R. C. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Shirpur, Maharashtra 4254, India
| | - Kunal V Bhadane
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, R. C. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Shirpur, Maharashtra 4254, India
| | - Iqrar Ahmad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, R. C. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Shirpur, Maharashtra 4254, India
| | - Yogesh J Agrawal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, R. C. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Shirpur, Maharashtra 4254, India
| | - Amit A Shimpi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, R. C. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Shirpur, Maharashtra 4254, India
| | - Mayur S Dhangar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, R. C. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Shirpur, Maharashtra 4254, India
| | - Harun M Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, R. C. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Shirpur, Maharashtra 4254, India.
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Brazel D, Nagasaka M. The APPLE trial in the evolving landscape of ctDNA monitoring. Transl Lung Cancer Res 2024; 13:1432-1437. [PMID: 38973953 PMCID: PMC11225046 DOI: 10.21037/tlcr-24-185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Brazel
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Scripps Green Hospital, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Misako Nagasaka
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, UCI Health Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, Orange, CA, USA
- St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan
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XIONG B, KE W, JIANG W. [Advances of Molecular Targeted Therapy in EGFR-mutated Squamous Cell Lung Cancer]. ZHONGGUO FEI AI ZA ZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF LUNG CANCER 2024; 27:283-290. [PMID: 38769831 PMCID: PMC11110274 DOI: 10.3779/j.issn.1009-3419.2024.101.07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is a prevalent tumour type in our country, with lung squamous carcinoma being a commonly observed NSCLC subtype besides lung adenocarcinoma. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a significant driver gene in lung cancer, and EGFR mutation frequency is considerably lower in lung squamous carcinoma in comparison to lung adenocarcinoma. Although targeted therapy against EGFR has demonstrated significant advancements in lung adenocarcinoma, while progress in lung squamous carcinoma has been relatively sluggish. This paper reviews recent studies on molecular targeted therapy for EGFR-mutated lung squamous carcinoma and summarises the efficacy of EGFR-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) in treating squamous carcinoma of the lung, in order to provide a reference for treating patients with EGFR-mutated squamous carcinoma of the lung.
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Guo L, Zhou G, Huang M, Tang K, Xu J, Chen J. The impact of EGFR T790M mutation status following the development of Osimertinib resistance on the efficacy of Osimertinib in non-small cell lung cancer: A meta-analysis. THE CLINICAL RESPIRATORY JOURNAL 2024; 18:e13748. [PMID: 38584122 PMCID: PMC10999367 DOI: 10.1111/crj.13748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have suggested that loss of the EGFR T790M gene mutation may contribute to the development of resistance to Osimertinib in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). AIMS This study aims to assess the relationship between the clinical effectiveness of Osimertinib in NSCLC patients and the T790M mutation status following resistance to Osimertinib and examine differences between plasma and tissue tests and between Asian and non-Asian groups. METHODS The PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane, and EMBASE databases were comprehensively searched for studies on the association between T790M mutation status and the efficacy of Osimertinib between January 2014 and November 2023. Meta-analysis was carried out using Review Manager 5.4 software. RESULTS After evaluating 2727 articles, a total of 14 studies were included in the final analysis. Positive correlations between EGFR T790M mutation status after Osimertinib resistance and longer PFS (HR: 0.44, 95% CI: 0.30-0.66), longer OS (HR: 0.3, 95% CI: 0.10-0.86), longer TTD (HR: 0.69, 95% CI: 0.45-1.07), and improved clinical outcomes including PFS and TTD subgroups (HR: 0.58, 95% CI: 0.47-0.73) were observed. Subgroup analysis revealed that, compared with the blood tests, the results of the T790M mutation tests by the tissue are more significant (HR: 0.24, 95% CI: 0.11-0.52 for tissue tests; HR: 0.47, 95% CI: 0.22-1.00 for plasma tests), and the PFS of Osimertinib were similar for Asian and non-Asian patients (HR: 0.46, 95% CI: 0.31-0.68 for Asians; HR: 0.12, 95% CI: 0.01-1.27 for non-Asians). CONCLUSIONS Persistence of the T790M gene mutation after the development of Osimertinib resistance is associated with higher therapeutic benefits of Osimertinib in NSCLC patients. The results of tissue detection are more significant than those of plasma detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liuxian Guo
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated HospitalSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat‐Sen University E‐132# Waihuandong RoadGuangzhou University CityGuangzhouChina
| | - Guojin Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated HospitalSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat‐Sen University E‐132# Waihuandong RoadGuangzhou University CityGuangzhouChina
| | - Min Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat‐Sen University E‐132# Waihuandong RoadGuangzhou University CityGuangzhouChina
| | - Kejing Tang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated HospitalSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Jing Xu
- Department of Pharmacy, Dermatology HospitalSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated HospitalSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
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Chougule A, Chandrani P, Noronha V, Pange P, Kale S, Nikam A, Nambiar K, Marchande D, Durve A, Gupta V, Jagtap V, Tiwrekar P, Menon N, Joshi A, Kaushal R, Pai T, Patil VM, Dutt A, Banavali SD, Prabhash K. Real-World Evidence of EGFR Targeted Therapy in NSCLC- A Brief Report of Decade Long Single Center Experience. JTO Clin Res Rep 2023; 4:100566. [PMID: 38033811 PMCID: PMC10682910 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtocrr.2023.100566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The significance of EGFR targeted therapy in the lung adenocarcinoma is paramount. Several controlled clinical trials have reported considerable survival of EGFR mutation positive patients on receiving the EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI). However, the real-world evidence of benefits of EGFR TKI would be further useful to understand how the designated therapeutic regimen benefits the patients. In this study, we report a decade long real-world evidence of EGFR molecular testing in lung cancer at Tata Memorial Hospital (Mumbai, India). Laboratory and hospital records containing basic demographic details, clinical characteristics, treatment regimen, survival outcome were collected retrospectively. Statistical association and survival analysis were performed using the R programming. The cohort includes 9,053 lung cancer patients tested for EGFR mutations during 2011 to 2019. Baseline T790M and compound mutations were the only mutations observed co-occurring while all other EGFR mutations were mutually exclusive. Furthermore, the baseline T790M were also observed to be associated with TTF1 positivity, smoking and local metastasis. Overall survival of the patients harboring co-occurring compound mutations was significantly lesser than the other EGFR positive patients. Overall, our study suggests that EGFR TKI may provide real-world benefit to the lung cancer patients harboring mutually exclusive EGFR mutations. On the other hand, further systematic study is essential to develop better therapeutic regimen for co-occurring baseline EGFR T790M and other compound mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuradha Chougule
- Medical Oncology Molecular Laboratory, Tata Memorial Centre, Mumbai, India
| | - Pratik Chandrani
- Medical Oncology Molecular Laboratory, Tata Memorial Centre, Mumbai, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Mumbai, India
- Centre for Computational Biology, Bioinformatics and Crosstalk Laboratory, ACTREC, Tata Memorial Centre, Navi Mumbai, India
| | - Vanita Noronha
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Mumbai, India
- Department of Medical Oncology, Tata Memorial Centre, Mumbai, India
| | - Priyanka Pange
- Medical Oncology Molecular Laboratory, Tata Memorial Centre, Mumbai, India
| | - Shrutikaa Kale
- Medical Oncology Molecular Laboratory, Tata Memorial Centre, Mumbai, India
| | - Ankita Nikam
- Medical Oncology Molecular Laboratory, Tata Memorial Centre, Mumbai, India
| | - Kavya Nambiar
- Medical Oncology Molecular Laboratory, Tata Memorial Centre, Mumbai, India
| | - Dipika Marchande
- Medical Oncology Molecular Laboratory, Tata Memorial Centre, Mumbai, India
| | - Arpana Durve
- Medical Oncology Molecular Laboratory, Tata Memorial Centre, Mumbai, India
| | - Vinod Gupta
- Medical Oncology Molecular Laboratory, Tata Memorial Centre, Mumbai, India
| | - Vinita Jagtap
- Medical Oncology Molecular Laboratory, Tata Memorial Centre, Mumbai, India
| | - Priyanka Tiwrekar
- Medical Oncology Molecular Laboratory, Tata Memorial Centre, Mumbai, India
| | - Nandini Menon
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Mumbai, India
- Department of Medical Oncology, Tata Memorial Centre, Mumbai, India
| | - Amit Joshi
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Mumbai, India
- Department of Medical Oncology, Tata Memorial Centre, Mumbai, India
| | - Rajeev Kaushal
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Mumbai, India
- Department of Pathology, Tata Memorial Centre, Mumbai, India
| | - Trupti Pai
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Mumbai, India
- Department of Pathology, Tata Memorial Centre, Mumbai, India
| | - Vijay Maruti Patil
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Mumbai, India
- Department of Medical Oncology, Tata Memorial Centre, Mumbai, India
| | - Amit Dutt
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Mumbai, India
- Integrated Genomics Laboratory, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer, Tata Memorial Centre, Navi Mumbai, India
| | - Shripad Dinanath Banavali
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Mumbai, India
- Department of Medical Oncology, Tata Memorial Centre, Mumbai, India
| | - Kumar Prabhash
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Mumbai, India
- Department of Medical Oncology, Tata Memorial Centre, Mumbai, India
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Casula M, Pisano M, Paliogiannis P, Colombino M, Sini MC, Zinellu A, Santeufemia D, Manca A, Casula S, Tore S, Lobrano R, Cossu A, Palmieri G. Comparison between Three Different Techniques for the Detection of EGFR Mutations in Liquid Biopsies of Patients with Advanced Stage Lung Adenocarcinoma. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076410. [PMID: 37047382 PMCID: PMC10094170 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Oncogenic mutations in the EGFR gene are targets of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) in lung adenocarcinoma (LC) patients, and their search is mandatory to make decisions on treatment strategies. Liquid biopsy of circulating tumour DNA (ctDNA) is increasingly used to detect EGFR mutations, including main activating alterations (exon 19 deletions and exon 21 L858R mutation) and T790M mutation, which is the most common mechanism of acquired resistance to first- and second-generation TKIs. In this study, we prospectively compared three different techniques for EGFR mutation detection in liquid biopsies of such patients. Fifty-four ctDNA samples from 48 consecutive advanced LC patients treated with TKIs were tested for relevant EGFR mutations with Therascreen® EGFR Plasma RGQ-PCR Kit (Qiagen). Samples were subsequently tested with two different technologies, with the aim to compare the EGFR detection rates: real-time PCR based Idylla™ ctEGFR mutation assay (Biocartis) and next-generation sequencing (NGS) system with Ion AmpliSeq Cancer Hotspot panel (ThermoFisher). A high concordance rate for main druggable EGFR alterations was observed with the two real-time PCR-based assays, ranging from 100% for T790M mutation to 94% for L858R variant and 85% for exon 19 deletions. Conversely, lower concordance rates were found between real-time PCR approaches and the NGS method (L858R: 88%; exon19-dels: 74%; T790M: 37.5%). Our results evidenced an equivalent detection ability between PCR-based techniques for circulating EGFR mutations. The NGS assay allowed detection of a wider range of EGFR mutations but showed a poor ability to detect T790M.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Casula
- Unit of Cancer Genetics, Institute of Genetic Biomedical Research (IRGB), National Research Council (CNR), 07100 Sassari, Italy; (M.C.) (M.P.); (M.C.); (M.C.S.); (A.M.); (S.C.); (S.T.)
| | - Marina Pisano
- Unit of Cancer Genetics, Institute of Genetic Biomedical Research (IRGB), National Research Council (CNR), 07100 Sassari, Italy; (M.C.) (M.P.); (M.C.); (M.C.S.); (A.M.); (S.C.); (S.T.)
| | - Panagiotis Paliogiannis
- Anatomic Pathology and Histology, University Hospital (AOU) of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (P.P.); (R.L.); (A.C.)
| | - Maria Colombino
- Unit of Cancer Genetics, Institute of Genetic Biomedical Research (IRGB), National Research Council (CNR), 07100 Sassari, Italy; (M.C.) (M.P.); (M.C.); (M.C.S.); (A.M.); (S.C.); (S.T.)
| | - Maria Cristina Sini
- Unit of Cancer Genetics, Institute of Genetic Biomedical Research (IRGB), National Research Council (CNR), 07100 Sassari, Italy; (M.C.) (M.P.); (M.C.); (M.C.S.); (A.M.); (S.C.); (S.T.)
| | - Angelo Zinellu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences (DSB), University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy;
| | | | - Antonella Manca
- Unit of Cancer Genetics, Institute of Genetic Biomedical Research (IRGB), National Research Council (CNR), 07100 Sassari, Italy; (M.C.) (M.P.); (M.C.); (M.C.S.); (A.M.); (S.C.); (S.T.)
| | - Stefania Casula
- Unit of Cancer Genetics, Institute of Genetic Biomedical Research (IRGB), National Research Council (CNR), 07100 Sassari, Italy; (M.C.) (M.P.); (M.C.); (M.C.S.); (A.M.); (S.C.); (S.T.)
| | - Silvia Tore
- Unit of Cancer Genetics, Institute of Genetic Biomedical Research (IRGB), National Research Council (CNR), 07100 Sassari, Italy; (M.C.) (M.P.); (M.C.); (M.C.S.); (A.M.); (S.C.); (S.T.)
| | - Renato Lobrano
- Anatomic Pathology and Histology, University Hospital (AOU) of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (P.P.); (R.L.); (A.C.)
| | | | - Antonio Cossu
- Anatomic Pathology and Histology, University Hospital (AOU) of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (P.P.); (R.L.); (A.C.)
| | - Giuseppe Palmieri
- Unit of Cancer Genetics, Institute of Genetic Biomedical Research (IRGB), National Research Council (CNR), 07100 Sassari, Italy; (M.C.) (M.P.); (M.C.); (M.C.S.); (A.M.); (S.C.); (S.T.)
- Immuno-Oncology & Targeted Cancer Biotherapies, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +39-07-9284-1303
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EGFR Mutations in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073818. [PMID: 35409179 PMCID: PMC8999014 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
EGFR is a prototypical receptor tyrosine kinase that is overexpressed in multiple cancers including head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). The standard of care for HNSCC remains largely unchanged despite decades of research. While EGFR blockade is an attractive target in HNSCC patients and anti-EGFR strategies including monoclonal antibodies and kinase inhibitors have shown some clinical benefit, efficacy is often due to the eventual development of resistance. In this review, we discuss how the acquisition of mutations in various domains of the EGFR gene not only alter drug binding dynamics giving rise to resistance, but also how mutations can impact radiation response and overall survival in HNSCC patients. A better understanding of the EGFR mutational landscape and its dynamic effects on treatment resistance hold the potential to better stratify patients for targeted therapies in order to maximize therapeutic benefits.
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Paliogiannis P, Colombino M, Sini MC, Manca A, Casula M, Palomba G, Pisano M, Doneddu V, Zinellu A, Santeufemia D, Sotgiu G, Cossu A, Palmieri G. Global prognostic impact of driver genetic alterations in patients with lung adenocarcinoma: a real-life study. BMC Pulm Med 2022; 22:32. [PMID: 35012520 PMCID: PMC8744344 DOI: 10.1186/s12890-021-01803-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Advanced lung adenocarcinoma (LAC) is one of the most lethal malignancies worldwide. The aim of this study was to evaluate the global survival in a real-life cohort of patients with LAC harboring driver genetic alterations.
Methods A series of 1282 consecutive Sardinian LAC patients who underwent genetic testing from January 2011 through July 2016 was collected. Molecular tests were based on the clinical needs of each single case (EGFR-exon18/19/21, ALK, and, more recently, BRAF-exon15), and the availability of tissue (KRAS, MET, and presence of low-frequency EGFR-T790M mutated alleles at baseline). Results The mean follow-up time of the patients was 46 months. EGFR, KRAS, and BRAF mutations were detected in 13.7%, 21.3%, and 3% of tested cases, respectively; ALK rearrangements and MET amplifications were found respectively in 4.7% and 2% of tested cases. As expected, cases with mutations in exons 18–21 of EGFR, sensitizing to anti-EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) agents, had a significantly longer survival in comparison to those without (p < 0.0001); conversely, KRAS mutations were associated with a significantly lower survival (p = 0.0058). Among LAC patients with additional tissue section available for next-generation sequencing (NGS)-based analysis, 26/193 (13.5%) patients found positive for even low-rate EGFR-T790M mutated alleles at baseline were associated with a highly significant lower survival in comparison to those without (8.7 vs. 47.4 months, p < 0.0001). Conclusions In addition to its predictive value for addressing targeted therapy approaches, the assessment of as more inclusive mutation analysis at baseline may provide clues about factors significantly impacting on global survival in advanced LAC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis Paliogiannis
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - Maria Colombino
- Unit of Cancer Genetics, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry (ICB), National Research Council (CNR), 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - Maria Cristina Sini
- Unit of Cancer Genetics, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry (ICB), National Research Council (CNR), 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - Antonella Manca
- Unit of Cancer Genetics, Institute of Genetic and Biomedical Research (IRGB), National Research Council (CNR), Traversa La Crucca 3, 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - Milena Casula
- Unit of Cancer Genetics, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry (ICB), National Research Council (CNR), 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - Grazia Palomba
- Unit of Cancer Genetics, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry (ICB), National Research Council (CNR), 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - Marina Pisano
- Unit of Cancer Genetics, Institute of Genetic and Biomedical Research (IRGB), National Research Council (CNR), Traversa La Crucca 3, 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - Valentina Doneddu
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - Angelo Zinellu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | | | | | - Giovanni Sotgiu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - Antonio Cossu
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Palmieri
- Unit of Cancer Genetics, Institute of Genetic and Biomedical Research (IRGB), National Research Council (CNR), Traversa La Crucca 3, 07100, Sassari, Italy. .,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100, Sassari, Italy.
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