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Yu X, Bu C, Yang X, Jiang W, He X, Sun R, Guo H, Shang L, Ou C. Exosomal non-coding RNAs in colorectal cancer metastasis. Clin Chim Acta 2024; 556:117849. [PMID: 38417779 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2024.117849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a type of gastrointestinal cancer with high morbidity and mortality rates, and is often accompanied by distant metastases. Metastasis is a major cause of shortened survival time and poor treatment outcomes for patients with CRC. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the metastasis of CRC remain unclear. Exosomes are a class of small extracellular vesicles that originate from almost all human cells and can transmit biological information (e.g., nucleic acids, lipids, proteins, and metabolites) from secretory cells to target recipient cells. Recent studies have revealed that non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) can be released by exosomes into the tumour microenvironment or specific tissues, and play a pivotal role in tumorigenesis by regulating a series of key molecules or signalling pathways, particularly those involved in tumour metastasis. Exosomal ncRNAs have potential as novel therapeutic targets for CRC metastasis, and can also be used as liquid biopsy biomarkers because of their specificity and sensitivity. Therefore, further investigations into the biological function and clinical value of exosomal ncRNAs will be of great value for the prevention, early diagnosis, and treatment of CRC metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqian Yu
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Chiwen Bu
- Department of General Surgery, People's Hospital of Guanyun County, Lianyungang 222200, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xuejie Yang
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Wenying Jiang
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Xiaoyun He
- Departments of Ultrasound Imaging, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Ru Sun
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Xichang 637000, Sichuan, China
| | - Hongbin Guo
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Li Shang
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China.
| | - Chunlin Ou
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China.
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2
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Tang S, Zhang J, Lou F, Zhou H, Cai X, Wang Z, Sun L, Sun Y, Li X, Fan L, Li Y, Jin X, Deng S, Yin Q, Bai J, Wang H, Wang H. A lncRNA Dleu2-encoded peptide relieves autoimmunity by facilitating Smad3-mediated Treg induction. EMBO Rep 2024; 25:1208-1232. [PMID: 38291338 PMCID: PMC10933344 DOI: 10.1038/s44319-024-00070-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Micropeptides encoded by short open reading frames (sORFs) within long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are beginning to be discovered and characterized as regulators of biological and pathological processes. Here, we find that lncRNA Dleu2 encodes a 17-amino-acid micropeptide, which we name Dleu2-17aa, that is abundantly expressed in T cells. Dleu2-17aa promotes inducible regulatory T (iTreg) cell generation by interacting with SMAD Family Member 3 (Smad3) and enhancing its binding to the Foxp3 conserved non-coding DNA sequence 1 (CNS1) region. Importantly, the genetic deletion of Dleu2-17aa in mice by start codon mutation impairs iTreg generation and worsens experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Conversely, the exogenous supplementation of Dleu2-17aa relieves EAE. Our findings demonstrate an indispensable role of Dleu2-17aa in maintaining immune homeostasis and suggest therapeutic applications for this peptide in treating autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sibei Tang
- Precision Research Center for Refractory Diseases, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201610, China
| | - Junxun Zhang
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Fangzhou Lou
- Precision Research Center for Refractory Diseases, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201610, China
| | - Hong Zhou
- Precision Research Center for Refractory Diseases, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201610, China
| | - Xiaojie Cai
- Precision Research Center for Refractory Diseases, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201610, China
| | - Zhikai Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Libo Sun
- Precision Research Center for Refractory Diseases, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201610, China
| | - Yang Sun
- Precision Research Center for Refractory Diseases, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201610, China
| | - Xiangxiao Li
- Precision Research Center for Refractory Diseases, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201610, China
| | - Li Fan
- Precision Research Center for Refractory Diseases, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201610, China
| | - Yan Li
- Precision Research Center for Refractory Diseases, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201610, China
| | - Xinping Jin
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Siyu Deng
- Precision Research Center for Refractory Diseases, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201610, China
| | - Qianqian Yin
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Jing Bai
- Precision Research Center for Refractory Diseases, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201610, China
| | - Hong Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Honglin Wang
- Precision Research Center for Refractory Diseases, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201610, China.
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3
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Yu X, Yang X, Nie H, Jiang W, He X, Ou C. Immunological role and prognostic value of somatostatin receptor family members in colon adenocarcinoma. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1255809. [PMID: 37900156 PMCID: PMC10603271 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1255809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Colon adenocarcinoma (COAD) is among the most prevalent cancers worldwide, ranking as the third most prevalent malignancy in incidence and mortality. The somatostatin receptor (SSTR) family comprises G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), which couple to inhibitory G proteins (Gi and Go) upon binding to somatostatin (SST) analogs. GPCRs are involved in hormone release, neurotransmission, cell growth inhibition, and cancer suppression. However, their roles in COAD remain unclear. This study used bioinformatics to investigate the expression, prognosis, gene alterations, functional enrichment, and immunoregulatory effects of the SSTR family members in COAD. SSTR1-4 are differentially downregulated in COAD, and low SSTR2 expression indicates poor survival. Biological processes and gene expression enrichment of the SSTR family in COAD were further analyzed using the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes and Gene Ontology. A strong correlation was observed between SSTR expression and immune cell infiltration. We also quantified SSTR2 expression in 25 COAD samples and adjacent normal tissues using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. We analyzed its correlation with the dendritic cell-integrin subunit alpha X marker gene. The biomarker exploration of the solid tumors portal was used to confirm the correlation between SSTR2 with immunomodulators and immunotherapy responses. Our results identify SSTR2 as a promising target for COAD immunotherapy. Our findings provide new insights into the biological functions of the SSTR family and their implications for the prognosis of COAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqian Yu
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xuejie Yang
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Hui Nie
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Wenying Jiang
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xiaoyun He
- Departments of Ultrasound Imaging, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Chunlin Ou
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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Qu X, Cao YX, Xing YX, Liu Q, Li HJ, Yang WH, Wang BQ, Han SY, Wang YS. Deleted in lymphocytic leukemia 2 (DLEU2): a possible biomarker that holds promise for future diagnosis and treatment of cancer. Clin Transl Oncol 2023; 25:2772-2782. [PMID: 37095423 PMCID: PMC10462543 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-023-03149-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
The mechanism of deleted in lymphocytic leukemia 2 (DLEU2)-long non-coding RNA in tumors has become a major point of interest in recent research related to the occurrence and development of a variety of tumors. Recent studies have shown that the long non-coding RNA DLEU2 (lncRNA-DLEU2) can cause abnormal gene or protein expression by acting on downstream targets in cancers. At present, most lncRNA-DLEU2 play the role of oncogenes in different tumors, which are mostly associated with tumor characteristics, such as proliferation, migration, invasion, and apoptosis. The data thus far show that because lncRNA-DLEU2 plays an important role in most tumors, targeting abnormal lncRNA-DLEU2 may be an effective treatment strategy for early diagnosis and improving the prognosis of patients. In this review, we integrated lncRNA-DLEU2 expression in tumors, its biological functions, molecular mechanisms, and the utility of DLEU2 as an effective diagnostic and prognostic marker of tumors. This study aimed to provide a potential direction for the diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of tumors using lncRNA-DLEU2 as a biomarker and therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Qu
- Shandong First Medical University, No. 6699, Qingdao Road, Huaiyin District, Jinan, 250117, Shandong, China
| | - Yu-Xia Cao
- Medical Research and Laboratory Diagnostic Center, Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, No.105, Jiefang Road, Jinan, 250013, Shandong, China
| | - Yuan-Xin Xing
- Research Center of Basic Medicine, Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, No.105, Jiefang Road, Jinan, 250013, Shandong, China
| | - Qi Liu
- Shandong University, No. 44, Wenhua West Road, Jinan, 250100, Shandong, China
| | - Huan-Jie Li
- Medical Integration and Practice Center, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Wei-Hua Yang
- Medical Research and Laboratory Diagnostic Center, Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, No.105, Jiefang Road, Jinan, 250013, Shandong, China
| | - Ban-Qin Wang
- Department of Blood Transfusion, the First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, 250014, China.
| | - Shu-Yi Han
- Medical Research and Laboratory Diagnostic Center, Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, No.105, Jiefang Road, Jinan, 250013, Shandong, China.
| | - Yun-Shan Wang
- Medical Research and Laboratory Diagnostic Center, Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, No.105, Jiefang Road, Jinan, 250013, Shandong, China
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Yang X, Yu X, Nie H, Jiang W, Zhou J, Ou C, He X. Comprehensive analysis of prognostic value and immune infiltration of IAPs family in hepatocellular carcinoma. J Cancer 2023; 14:2848-2866. [PMID: 37781078 PMCID: PMC10539558 DOI: 10.7150/jca.87590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a malignant tumor with high morbidity and mortality rates. The inhibitors of apoptosis (IAP) family act as oncogenes in various tumor types; however, their functions in HCC remain unclear. Here, we used integrated bioinformatics analysis and experimental verification to assess the expression and the prognostic and clinical value of the IAP family in HCC. Using the University of Alabama at Birmingham Cancer Data Analysis Portal (UALCAN) and the Tumor Immune Estimation Resource (TIMER), we analyzed the expression profiles of IAP family members in HCC tissue, normal tissues, and in patients with different stages and grades of HCC. We further verified the expression level of BIRC2 in 25 HCC samples and matched adjacent normal tissues using quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR), and analyzed its correlation with the marker gene of T-helper type 1 cells (Th1)-STAT1. Meanwhile, the association between BIRC2 and the immunotherapeutic response or immunomodulators was confirmed using the Biomarker Exploration of Solid Tumors (BEST) database. The results showed that NAIP, BIRC2, BIRC3, XIAP, BIRC5, and BIRC6 mRNAs were overexpressed in HCC. The clinical stages, pathological grades, and other clinicopathological features of HCC were closely related to the expression levels of the IAP family members, especially the BIRC2 and BIRC5, which were found to be potential prognostic biomarkers for HCC. Expression of the IAPs was strongly associated with immune cell infiltration. Based on the infiltrative status of various immune cells, HCC patients with high BIRC2 and BIRC5 expression demonstrated poor overall survival (OS) rates. In patients with HCC, BIRC2 expression was noticeably elevated. Concurrently, the expression levels of BIRC2 and STAT1 showed a favorable correlation. BEST database analysis revealed that BIRC2 was a negative predictor of responsiveness to anti-programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1)/cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4) inhibitor treatment in HCC, and BIRC2 mRNA expression levels were positively correlated with the expression levels of the immune checkpoint genes programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1), PD-L1, and CTLA-4 in HCC. Consequently, the IAP family may play a role in carcinogenesis and cancer-immune system interactions in HCC. Our results demonstrate that IAP family members may be viable predictive biomarkers and therapeutic targets for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejie Yang
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Xiaoqian Yu
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Hui Nie
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Wenying Jiang
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Jianhua Zhou
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Chunlin Ou
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Xiaoyun He
- Departments of Ultrasound Imaging, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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6
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Zhang Y, Zhan L, Li J, Jiang X, Yin L. Insights into N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification of noncoding RNA in tumor microenvironment. Aging (Albany NY) 2023; 15:3857-3889. [PMID: 37178254 PMCID: PMC10449301 DOI: 10.18632/aging.204679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is the most abundant RNA modification in eukaryotes, and it participates in the regulation of pathophysiological processes in various diseases, including malignant tumors, by regulating the expression and function of both coding and non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs). More and more studies demonstrated that m6A modification regulates the production, stability, and degradation of ncRNAs and that ncRNAs also regulate the expression of m6A-related proteins. Tumor microenvironment (TME) refers to the internal and external environment of tumor cells, which is composed of numerous tumor stromal cells, immune cells, immune factors, and inflammatory factors that are closely related to tumors occurrence and development. Recent studies have suggested that crosstalk between m6A modifications and ncRNAs plays an important role in the biological regulation of TME. In this review, we summarized and analyzed the effects of m6A modification-associated ncRNAs on TME from various perspectives, including tumor proliferation, angiogenesis, invasion and metastasis, and immune escape. Herein, we showed that m6A-related ncRNAs can not only be expected to become detection markers of tumor tissue samples, but can also be wrapped into exosomes and secreted into body fluids, thus exhibiting potential as markers for liquid biopsy. This review provides a deeper understanding of the relationship between m6A-related ncRNAs and TME, which is of great significance to the development of a new strategy for precise tumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- YanJun Zhang
- College of Pharmacy and Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu College of Nursing, Huaian, Jiangsu 223005, China
| | - Lijuan Zhan
- College of Pharmacy and Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu College of Nursing, Huaian, Jiangsu 223005, China
| | - Jing Li
- College of Pharmacy and Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu College of Nursing, Huaian, Jiangsu 223005, China
| | - Xue Jiang
- College of Pharmacy and Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu College of Nursing, Huaian, Jiangsu 223005, China
| | - Li Yin
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Yulin Normal University, Guangxi, Yulin 537000, China
- Bioengineering and Technology Center for Native Medicinal Resources Development, Yulin Normal University, Yulin 537000, China
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Yang X, Mei C, Nie H, Zhou J, Ou C, He X. Expression profile and prognostic values of GATA family members in kidney renal clear cell carcinoma. Aging (Albany NY) 2023; 15:2170-2188. [PMID: 36961416 PMCID: PMC10085589 DOI: 10.18632/aging.204607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the possible diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers of kidney renal clear cell carcinoma (KIRC), an integrated study of accumulated data was conducted to obtain more reliable information and more feasible measures. Using the Tumor Immune Estimation Resource (TIMER), University of Alabama at Birmingham Cancer Data Analysis Portal (UALCAN), Human Protein Atlas (HPA), Kaplan-Meier plotter database, Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis (GEPIA2) database, cBioPortal, and Metascape, we analyzed the expression profiles and prognoses of six members of the GATA family in patients with KIRC. Compared to normal samples, KIRC samples showed significantly lower GATA2/3/6 mRNA and protein expression levels. KIRC's pathological grades, clinical stages, and lymph node metastases were closely related to GATA2 and GATA5 levels. Patients with KIRC and high GATA2 and GATA5 expression had better overall survival (OS) and recurrence-free survival (RFS), while those with higher expression of GATA3/4/6 had worse outcomes. The role and underlying mechanisms of the GATA family in cell cycle, cell proliferation, metabolic processes, and other aspects were evaluated based on Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) and Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analyses. Furthermore, we found that infiltrating immune cells were highly correlated with GATA expression profiles. These results showed that GATA family members may serve as prognostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets for KIRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejie Yang
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Cheng Mei
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Xiangya Hospital, Clinical Transfusion Research Center, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Hui Nie
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Jianhua Zhou
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Chunlin Ou
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Xiaoyun He
- Departments of Ultrasound Imaging, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China
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Wang D, Han Y, Peng L, Huang T, He X, Wang J, Ou C. Crosstalk between N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification and noncoding RNA in tumor microenvironment. Int J Biol Sci 2023; 19:2198-2219. [PMID: 37151887 PMCID: PMC10158024 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.79651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is the most abundant RNA modification in eukaryotes, and it participates in the regulation of pathophysiological processes in various diseases, including malignant tumors, by regulating the expression and function of both coding and non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs). More and more studies demonstrated that m6A modification regulates the production, stability, and degradation of ncRNAs and that ncRNAs also regulate the expression of m6A-related proteins. Tumor microenvironment (TME) refers to the internal and external environment of tumor cells, which is composed of numerous tumor stromal cells, immune cells, immune factors, and inflammatory factors that are closely related to tumors occurrence and development. Recent studies have suggested that crosstalk between m6A modifications and ncRNAs plays an important role in the biological regulation of TME. In this review, we summarized and analyzed the effects of m6A modification-associated ncRNAs on TME from various perspectives, including tumor proliferation, angiogenesis, invasion and metastasis, and immune escape. Herein, we showed that m6A-related ncRNAs can not only be expected to become detection markers of tumor tissue samples, but can also be wrapped into exosomes and secreted into body fluids, thus exhibiting potential as markers for liquid biopsy. This review provides a deeper understanding of the relationship between m6A-related ncRNAs and TME, which is of great significance to the development of a new strategy for precise tumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Wang
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Yingying Han
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Lushan Peng
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Tao Huang
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Xiaoyun He
- Departments of Ultrasound Imaging, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China
- ✉ Corresponding authors: Chunlin Ou. Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China. ; Junpu Wang. Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China. ; Xiaoyun He. Departments of Ultrasound Imaging, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China.
| | - Junpu Wang
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medicine, Central South University, Changsha 410031, Hunan, China
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China
- ✉ Corresponding authors: Chunlin Ou. Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China. ; Junpu Wang. Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China. ; Xiaoyun He. Departments of Ultrasound Imaging, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China.
| | - Chunlin Ou
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China
- ✉ Corresponding authors: Chunlin Ou. Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China. ; Junpu Wang. Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China. ; Xiaoyun He. Departments of Ultrasound Imaging, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China.
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lncRNA DLEU2 Accelerates Oral Cancer Progression via miR-30a-5p/RAP1B Axis to Regulate p38 MAPK Signaling Pathway. DISEASE MARKERS 2022; 2022:9310048. [PMID: 36277988 PMCID: PMC9581637 DOI: 10.1155/2022/9310048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background. Oral cancer (OC) is common cancer in the world. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been shown to be involved in cancer regulation, including oral cancer (OC). The aim of this study was to investigate the role of lncRNA deleted in lymphocytic leukemia 2 (DLEU2) in oral cancer. Method. The Gene Expression Omnibus database was used to analyze differentially expressed lncRNA/microRNA (miRNA, miR)/mRNA. The expression levels of DLEU2, miR-30a-5p, and RAP1B in OC cells were detected by RT-qPCR. Dual-luciferase was used to analyze the binding of lncRNA/miRNA/mRNA. Cell Counting Kit-8 was used to measure cell proliferation. Transwell assay was used to inspect cell migration and invasion abilities. Western blot was used to detect MAPK pathway-related protein levels. Result. Our research shows that, in contrast to miR-30a-5p, DLEU2 or RAP1B was upregulated in OC cells, and high expression of DLEU2 or RAP1B was associated with poorer overall survival. Inhibiting the expression of DLEU2 slowed the proliferation and reduced the ability of migration and invasion of Tca8113 and CAL-27 cells. miR-30a-5p was predicted to interact with DLEU2 or RAP1B by bioinformatics, and dual-luciferase analysis confirmed this interaction. Notably, si-DLEU2 suppressed RAP1B expression and protein level, and after overexpression of RAP1B in OC cells, reversal of suppressed DLEU2 expression was observed. Furthermore, the inhibitory effect of si-DLEU2 on MAPK signaling was reversed by overexpression of RAP1B. Therefore, si-DLEU2 regulates MAPK signaling through the miR-30a-5p/RAP1B axis and inhibits OC development. Conclusion. DLEU2 contributed to proliferation, migration and invasion via miR-30a-5p/RAP1B axis to regulate MAPK signaling pathway in OC cells.
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Fu L, Shi Z, Chen B. Deleted in lymphocytic leukemia 2 induces retinoic acid receptor beta promoter methylation and mitogen activated kinase-like protein activation to enhance viability and mobility of colorectal cancer cells. Bioengineered 2022; 13:12847-12862. [PMID: 35611845 PMCID: PMC9275910 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2022.2076482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormal expression of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) is frequently linked to the pathogenesis of colorectal cancer (CRC). This work explored the function of lncRNA deleted in lymphocytic leukemia 2 (DLEU2) in CRC and the epigenetic mechanism. Candidate oncogenes in CRC were predicted using a GSE146587 dataset. DLEU2 was highly expressed in CRC according to the bioinformatic analysis and its high expression was detected in CRC cells compared to the normal colon epithelial cells (FHC). Downregulation of DLEU2 in CRC SW480 and HT29 cells suppressed viability, migration, invasiveness, and resistance to apoptosis of cells. The mRNA microarray analysis was performed to explore the key molecules mediated by DLEU2. Retinoic acid receptor beta (RARB) expression was elevated in cells after DLEU2 downregulation. The promoter methylation of RARB was enhanced in CRC cells compared to normal FHC cells. DLEU2 induced promoter methylation of RARB to downregulate its expression. Further silencing of RARB restored proliferation and invasiveness of cells blocked by sh-DLEU2. Upregulation of DLEU2 activated the mitogen activated kinase-like protein (MAPK) signaling pathway to trigger CRC progression. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that DLEU2 enhances viability and mobility of CRC cells by inducing RARB promoter methylation and activating the MAPK signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Fu
- Department of Anorectal Surgery, Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, P.R. China
| | - Zhitao Shi
- Department of General Surgery, Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi. P.R. China
| | - Bingxue Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Changzhou No. 2 Peoples' Hospital, Changzhou, P.R. China
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11
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Wu H, Liang Q, Zhang W, Zou Q, El-Latif Hesham A, Liu B. iLncDA-LTR: Identification of lncRNA-disease associations by learning to rank. Comput Biol Med 2022; 146:105605. [PMID: 35594681 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2022.105605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Identifying the associations between lncRNAs and diseases is helpful for the treatment and diagnosis of complex diseases. The existing computational methods mainly focus on the identification of associations between known lncRNAs and known diseases. However, with the application of high-throughput sequencing in lncRNA research, more and more lncRNAs have been detected. Predicting diseases related with newly detected lncRNAs has not been fully explored. Therefore, there is an urgent need for developing powerful computational methods to predict diseases related with newly detected lncRNAs. In this paper, we propose a Learning to Rank (LTR)-based method called iLncDA-LTR to predict diseases related with newly detected lncRNAs. iLncDA-LTR treats this task as an information retrieval task. The newly detected lncRNAs and diseases are considered as queries and documents, respectively. For a given newly detected lncRNA (query), iLncDA-LTR integrates multiple relevant information into LTR for predicting candidate diseases associated with query lncRNA. Experimental results show that iLncDA-LTR outperforms the other exiting state-of-the-art predictors on independent dataset. The corresponding web server of iLncDA-LTR has been constructed as well (http://bliulab.net/iLncDA-LTR/).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wu
- School of Computer Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Qi Liang
- School of Computer Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Wenxiang Zhang
- School of Computer Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Quan Zou
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China.
| | - Abd El-Latif Hesham
- Genetics Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, 62511, Egypt.
| | - Bin Liu
- School of Computer Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China; Advanced Research Institute of Multidisciplinary Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China.
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12
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Pavlič A, Hauptman N, Boštjančič E, Zidar N. Long Non-Coding RNAs as Potential Regulators of EMT-Related Transcription Factors in Colorectal Cancer—A Systematic Review and Bioinformatics Analysis. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14092280. [PMID: 35565409 PMCID: PMC9105237 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14092280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Emerging evidence highlights long non-coding RNAs as important regulators of epithelial–mesenchymal transition. Numerous studies have attempted to define their possible diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic values in various human cancers. The aim of this review is to summarize long non-coding RNAs involved in the regulation of epithelial–mesenchymal transition in colorectal carcinoma. Additional candidate long non-coding RNAs are identified through a bioinformatics analysis. Abstract Epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) plays a pivotal role in carcinogenesis, influencing cancer progression, metastases, stemness, immune evasion, metabolic reprogramming and therapeutic resistance. EMT in most carcinomas, including colorectal carcinoma (CRC), is only partial, and can be evidenced by identification of the underlying molecular drivers and their regulatory molecules. During EMT, cellular reprogramming is orchestrated by core EMT transcription factors (EMT-TFs), namely ZEB1/2, TWIST1/2, SNAI1 (SNAIL) and SNAI2 (SLUG). While microRNAs have been clearly defined as regulators of EMT, the role of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in EMT is poorly defined and controversial. Determining the role of lncRNAs in EMT remains a challenge, because they are involved in a number of cellular pathways and are operating through various mechanisms. Adding to the complexity, some lncRNAs have controversial functions across different tumor types, acting as EMT promotors in some tumors and as EMT suppressors in others. The aim of this review is to summarize the role of lncRNAs involved in the regulation of EMT-TFs in human CRC. Additional candidate lncRNAs were identified through a bioinformatics analysis.
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13
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Zhou H, He X, He Y, Ou C, Cao P. Exosomal circRNAs: Emerging Players in Tumor Metastasis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:786224. [PMID: 34957113 PMCID: PMC8692866 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.786224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastasis is an important feature of malignant tumors, and is the primary cause of poor prognosis and treatment failure, in addition to representing a potentially fatal challenge for cancer patients. Exosomes are small extracellular vesicles 30–150 nm in diameter that transmit cargo, such as DNA, RNA, and proteins, as a means of intercellular communication. Exosomes play crucial roles in a range of human diseases, especially malignant tumors. A growing number of studies have verified that circRNAs can be enveloped in exosomes and transferred from secretory cells to recipient cells, thereby regulating tumor progression, especially tumor metastasis. Exosomal circRNAs regulate tumor cell metastasis not only by regulating the signaling pathways, but also by affecting the tumor microenvironment. Moreover, exosomal circRNAs have the potential to serve as valuable diagnostic biomarkers and novel therapeutic targets in cancer patients. In this review, we summarize the mechanism by which exosomal circRNAs modulate metastatic phenomena in various types of tumors, and put forward the prospects of clinical applications of exosomal circRNAs in tumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhou
- Department of Hematology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiaoyun He
- Departments of Ultrasound Imaging, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yuxiang He
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Chunlin Ou
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: Pengfei Cao, ; Chunlin Ou,
| | - Pengfei Cao
- Department of Hematology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: Pengfei Cao, ; Chunlin Ou,
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14
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Nie H, Wang Y, Yang X, Liao Z, He X, Zhou J, Ou C. Clinical Significance and Integrative Analysis of the SMC Family in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:727965. [PMID: 34527684 PMCID: PMC8437102 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.727965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Worldwide, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most malignant cancers with poor prognosis. The structural maintenance of chromosomes (SMC) gene family has been shown to play important roles in human cancers. Nevertheless, the role of SMC members in HCC is not well-understood. In this study, we comprehensively explored the role of the SMC family in HCC using a series of bioinformatic analysis tools. Studies have demonstrated that the mRNA expression levels of SMC1A, SMC1B, SMC2, SMC4, and SMC6 are significantly overexpressed in HCC, and the protein levels of SMC1A, SMC2, SMC3, SMC4, SMC5, and SMC6 are similarly elevated. Moreover, HCC patients with high SMC2 and SMC4 expression levels exhibit poor survival. Using KEGG and GO analyses, we analyzed the enrichment of gene expression in the biological functions and pathways of the SMC family in HCC. Immune infiltration analysis revealed that the expression of the SMC family is closely associated with B cells, CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, macrophages, neutrophils, and DCs. In conclusion, our findings will enhance a more thorough understanding of the SMC family in HCC progression and provide new directions for the diagnosis and treatment of HCC in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Nie
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yutong Wang
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xuejie Yang
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhiming Liao
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiaoyun He
- Departments of Ultrasound Imaging, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jianhua Zhou
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Xiangya Lung Cancer Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Chunlin Ou
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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15
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Sun R, He XY, Mei C, Ou CL. Role of exosomal long non-coding RNAs in colorectal cancer. World J Gastrointest Oncol 2021; 13:867-878. [PMID: 34457192 PMCID: PMC8371516 DOI: 10.4251/wjgo.v13.i8.867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are a class of small extracellular vesicles, 30-150 nm in diameter, that transfer biological information (e.g., DNA, RNA, and protein) via cell-to-cell communication. Exosomes play critical roles in the occurrence and development of human cancers, including colorectal cancer (CRC). Recent studies have shown that long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) can be encapsulated in exosomes, which transfer lncRNAs from secretory cells into recipient cells. This process affects the progression of CRC, since exosomal lncRNAs display special and extensive functions in CRC tumorigenesis, including malignant proliferation, metastasis, chemoresistance, and inflammatory response. Moreover, due to their specificity and sensitivity, exosomal lncRNAs are released into body fluids (e.g., urine, sputum, and plasma), which have the potential to be biomarkers of CRC tumorigenesis within screening efforts and medical and epidemiologic research. In this review, we aim to clarify the function and mechanism of exosomal lncRNAs in CRC tumorigenesis and provide a strategy for early diagnosis and medical treatment of this malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ru Sun
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong 637000, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Xiao-Yun He
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan Province, China
| | - Cheng Mei
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan Province, China
| | - Chun-Lin Ou
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan Province, China
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16
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Wang Y, Nie H, Liao Z, He X, Xu Z, Zhou J, Ou C. Expression and Clinical Significance of Lactate Dehydrogenase A in Colon Adenocarcinoma. Front Oncol 2021; 11:700795. [PMID: 34307169 PMCID: PMC8300199 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.700795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA) is an important glycolytic enzyme that promotes glycolysis and plays a crucial role in cancer cell invasion and immune infiltration. However, the relevance of LDHA in colon adenocarcinoma (COAD) remains unclear. In this study, we analyzed the correlation between the expression of LDHA and clinicopathological characteristics in COAD using immunohistochemistry analysis, and then used integrative bioinformatics analyses to further study the function and role of LDHA in COAD. We found that LDHA was highly expressed in COAD tissues compared with adjacent normal tissues, and that COAD patients with high LDHA expression levels showed poor survival. In addition, LDHA expression was closely associated with the immune infiltrating levels of CD8+ T cells, neutrophils, and dendritic cells. Our findings highlight the potential role of LDHA in the tumorigenesis and prognosis of COAD. Furthermore, our results indicate that COAD is a novel immune checkpoint in the diagnosis and treatment of COAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutong Wang
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hui Nie
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhiming Liao
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiaoyun He
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhijie Xu
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jianhua Zhou
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Xiangya Lung Cancer Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Chunlin Ou
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Xiangya Lung Cancer Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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17
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Liao Z, Nie H, Wang Y, Luo J, Zhou J, Ou C. The Emerging Landscape of Long Non-Coding RNAs in Colorectal Cancer Metastasis. Front Oncol 2021; 11:641343. [PMID: 33718238 PMCID: PMC7947863 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.641343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common gastrointestinal cancers, with extremely high rates of morbidity and mortality. The main cause of death in CRC is distant metastasis; it affects patient prognosis and survival and is one of the key challenges in the treatment of CRC. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are a group of non-coding RNA molecules with more than 200 nucleotides. Abnormal lncRNA expression is closely related to the occurrence and progression of several diseases, including cancer. Recent studies have shown that numerous lncRNAs play pivotal roles in the CRC metastasis, and reversing the expression of these lncRNAs through artificial means can reduce the malignant phenotype of metastatic CRC to some extent. This review summarizes the major mechanisms of lncRNAs in CRC metastasis and proposes lncRNAs as potential therapeutic targets for CRC and molecular markers for early diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiming Liao
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hui Nie
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yutong Wang
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jingjing Luo
- Teaching and Research Room of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical School of Hunan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Jianhua Zhou
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Chunlin Ou
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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