FOXK2 promotes the proliferation of papillary thyroid cancer cell by down-regulating autophagy

FOXK2 amplification promotes breast cancer development and chemoresistance

Oncogene activation through DNA amplification or overexpression is a crucial driver of cancer initiation and progression. The FOXK2 gene, located on chromosome 17q25, encodes a transcription factor with a forkhead DNA-binding domain. Analysis of genomic datasets reveals that FOXK2 is frequently amplified and overexpressed in breast cancer, correlating with poor patient survival. Knockdown of FOXK2 significantly inhibited breast cancer cell proliferation, migration, anchorage-independent growth, and delayed tumor growth in a xenograft mouse model. Additionally, inhibiting FOXK2 sensitized breast cancer cells to chemotherapy. Co-overexpression of FOXK2 and mutant PI3KCA transformed non-tumorigenic MCF-10A cells, suggesting a role for FOXK2 in PI3KCA-driven tumorigenesis. CCNE2, PDK1, and ESR1 were identified as transcriptional targets of FOXK2 in MCF-7 cells. Small-molecule inhibitors of CCNE2/CDK2 (dinaciclib) and PDK1 (dichloroacetate) exhibited synergistic anti-tumor effects with PI3KCA inhibitor (alpelisib) in vitro. Inhibition of FOXK2 by dinaciclib synergistically enhanced the anti-tumor effects of alpelisib in a xenograft mouse model. Collectively, these findings highlight the oncogenic function of FOXK2 and suggest that FOXK2 and its downstream genes represent potential therapeutic targets in breast cancer.

FOXK2 regulates PFKFB3 in promoting glycolysis and tumorigenesis in multiple myeloma

Forkhead box K2 (FOXK2) is a transcription factor involved in regulating the pathophysiological processes in many types of cancers. Functioning as either an oncogene or tumor suppressor, FOXK2 is involved in cell proliferation, metastasis, DNA damage, metabolism, and autophagy. However, the functions of FOXK2 in multiple myeloma (MM) are still unexplored. Here we show that FOXK2 silencing by small interfering RNA (siRNA) prevented the expression of 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-biphosphatase 3 (PFKFB3) via dephosphorylation of an AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). Consistently, suppression of FOXK2 inhibited glycolysis and cell proliferation in MM cells. Furthermore, the correlation between FOXK2 expression and disease progression in MM was evaluated using the TCGA (The Cancer Genome Atlas) database. Taken together, we identified a novel FOXK2-dependent signaling pathway involved in the regulation of PFKFB3 expression in response to glycolysis, which might serve as a potential therapeutic target in MM.

The new insights into autophagy in thyroid cancer progression

In recent decades, the incidence of thyroid cancer keeps growing at a shocking rate, which has aroused increasing concerns worldwide. Autophagy is a fundamental and ubiquitous biological event conserved in mammals including humans. Basically, autophagy is a catabolic process that cellular components including small molecules and damaged organelles are degraded for recycle to meet the energy needs, especially under the extreme conditions. The dysregulated autophagy has indicated to be involved in thyroid cancer progression. The enhancement of autophagy can lead to autophagic cell death during the degradation while the produced energies can be utilized by the rest of the cancerous tissue, thus this influence could be bidirectional, which plays either a tumor-suppressive or oncogenic role. Accordingly, autophagy can be suppressed by therapeutic agents and is thus regarded as a drug target for thyroid cancer treatments. In the present review, a brief description of autophagy and roles of autophagy in tumor context are given. We have addressed summary of the mechanisms and functions of autophagy in thyroid cancer. Some potential autophagy-targeted treatments are also summarized. The aim of the review is linking autophagy to thyroid cancer, so as to develop novel approaches to better control cancer progression.

FOXK2 amplification and overexpression promotes breast cancer development and chemoresistance

Activation of oncogenes through DNA amplification/overexpression plays an important role in cancer initiation and progression. Chromosome 17 has many cancer-associated genetic anomalies. This cytogenetic anomaly is strongly associated with poor prognosis of breast cancer. FOXK2 gene is located on 17q25 and encodes a transcriptional factor with a forkhead DNA binding domain. By integrative analysis of public genomic datasets of breast cancers, we found that FOXK2 is frequently amplified and overexpressed in breast cancers. FOXK2 overexpression in breast cancer patients is associated with poor overall survival. FOXK2 knockdown significantly inhibits cell proliferation, invasion and metastasis, and anchorage-independent growth, as well as causes G0/G1 cell cycle arrest in breast cancer cells. Moreover, inhibition of FOXK2 expression sensitizes breast cancer cells to frontline anti-tumor chemotherapies. More importantly, co-overexpression of FOXK2 and PI3KCA with oncogenic mutations (E545K or H1047R) induces cellular transformation in non-tumorigenic MCF10A cells, suggesting that FOXK2 is an oncogene in breast cancer and is involved in PI3KCA-driven tumorigenesis. Our study identified CCNE2, PDK1, and Estrogen receptor alpha (ESR1) as direct transcriptional targets of FOXK2 in MCF-7 cells. Blocking CCNE2- and PDK1-mediated signaling by using small molecule inhibitors has synergistic anti-tumor effects in breast cancer cells. Furthermore, FOXK2 inhibition by gene knockdown or inhibitors for its transcriptional targets (CCNE2 and PDK1) in combination with PI3KCA inhibitor, Alpelisib, showed synergistic anti-tumor effects on breast cancer cells with PI3KCA oncogenic mutations. In summary, we provide compelling evidence that FOXK2 plays an oncogenic role in breast tumorigenesis and targeting FOXK2-mediated pathways may be a potential therapeutic strategy in breast cancer.

Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Peripheral Blood DNA Methylation Studies in Inflammatory Bowel Disease

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

Over the past decade, the DNA methylome has been increasingly studied in peripheral blood of inflammatory bowel disease [IBD] patients. However, a comprehensive summary and meta-analysis of peripheral blood leukocyte [PBL] DNA methylation studies has thus far not been conducted. Here, we systematically reviewed all available literature up to February 2022 and summarized the observations by means of meta-analysis.

METHODS

We conducted a systematic search and critical appraisal of IBD-associated DNA methylation studies in PBL using the biomarker-based cross-sectional studies [BIOCROSS] tool. Subsequently, we performed meta-analyses on the summary statistics obtained from epigenome-wide association studies [EWAS] that included patients with Crohn's disease [CD], ulcerative colitis [UC] and/or healthy controls [HC].

RESULTS

Altogether, we included 15 studies for systematic review. Critical appraisal revealed large methodological and outcome heterogeneity between studies. Summary statistics were obtained from four studies based on a cumulative 552 samples [177 CD, 132 UC and 243 HC]. Consistent differential methylation was identified for 256 differentially methylated probes [DMPs; Bonferroni-adjusted p ≤ 0.05] when comparing CD with HC and 103 when comparing UC with HC. Comparing IBD [CD + UC] with HC resulted in 224 DMPs. Importantly, several of the previously identified DMPs, such as VMP1/TMEM49/MIR21 and RPS6KA2, were consistently differentially methylated across all studies.

CONCLUSION

Methodological homogenization of IBD epigenetic studies is needed to allow for easier aggregation and independent validation. Nonetheless, we were able to confirm previous observations. Our results can serve as the basis for future IBD epigenetic biomarker research in PBL.

Non-Apoptotic Programmed Cell Death in Thyroid Diseases

Thyroid disorders are among the most common endocrinological conditions. As the prevalence of thyroid diseases increases annually, the exploration of thyroid disease mechanisms and the development of treatments are also gradually improving. With the gradual advancement of therapies, non-apoptotic programmed cell death (NAPCD) has immense potential in inflammatory and neoplastic diseases. Autophagy, pyroptosis, ferroptosis, and immunogenic cell death are all classical NAPCD. In this paper, we have compiled the recent mechanistic investigations of thyroid diseases and established the considerable progress by NAPCD in thyroid diseases. Furthermore, we have elucidated the role of various types of NAPCD in different thyroid disorders. This will help us to better understand the pathophysiology of thyroid-related disorders and identify new targets and mechanisms of drug resistance, which may facilitate the development of novel diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for patients with thyroid diseases. Here, we have reviewed the advances in the role of NAPCD in the occurrence, progression, and prognosis of thyroid diseases, and highlighted future research prospects in this area.

Regulation and roles of FOXK2 in cancer

Forkhead box K2 (FOXK2) is a member of the forkhead box transcription factor family that contains an evolutionarily conserved winged-helix DNA-binding domain. Recently, an increasing number of studies have demonstrated that FOXK2 plays an important role in the transcriptional regulation of cancer. Here, we provide an overview of the mechanisms underlying the regulation of FOXK2 expression and function and discuss the roles of FOXK2 in tumor pathogenesis. Additionally, we evaluated the prognostic value of FOXK2 expression in patients with various cancers. This review presents an overview of the different roles of FOXK2 in tumorigenesis and will help inform the design of experimental studies involving FOXK2. Ultimately, the information presented here will help enhance the therapeutic potential of FOXK2 as a cancer target.

Function and regulation of ULK1: From physiology to pathology

The expression of ULK1, a core protein of autophagy, is closely related to autophagic activity. Numerous studies have shown that pathological abnormal expression of ULK1 is associated with various human diseases such as neurological disorders, infections, cardiovascular diseases, liver diseases and cancers. In addition, new advances in the regulation of ULK1 have been identified. Furthermore, targeting ULK1 as a therapeutic strategy for diseases is gaining attention as new corresponding activators or inhibitors are being developed. In this review, we describe the structure and regulation of ULK1 as well as the current targeted activators and inhibitors. Moreover, we highlight the pathological disorders of ULK1 expression and its critical role in human diseases.