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Huang Z, Sun K, Luo Z, Zhang J, Zhou H, Yin H, Liang Z, You J. Spleen-targeted delivery systems and strategies for spleen-related diseases. J Control Release 2024; 370:773-797. [PMID: 38734313 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2024.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
The spleen, body's largest secondary lymphoid organ, is also a vital hematopoietic and immunological organ. It is regarded as one of the most significant organs in humans. As more researchers recognize the functions of the spleen, clinical methods for treating splenic diseases and spleen-targeted drug delivery systems to improve the efficacy of spleen-related therapies have gradually developed. Many modification strategies (size, charge, ligand, protein corona) and hitchhiking strategies (erythrocytes, neutrophils) of nanoparticles (NPs) have shown a significant increase in spleen targeting efficiency. However, most of the targeted drug therapy strategies for the spleen are to enhance or inhibit the immune function of the spleen to achieve therapeutic effects, and there are few studies on spleen-related diseases. In this review, we not only provide a detailed summary of the design rules for spleen-targeted drug delivery systems in recent years, but also introduce common spleen diseases (splenic tumors, splenic injuries, and splenomegaly) with the hopes of generating more ideas for future spleen research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyao Huang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, PR China
| | - Kedong Sun
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, PR China
| | - Zhenyu Luo
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, PR China
| | - Junlei Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, PR China
| | - Huanli Zhou
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, PR China
| | - Hang Yin
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, PR China
| | - Zhile Liang
- School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 LongMian road, NanJing, JiangSu 211198, PR China
| | - Jian You
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, PR China; Zhejiang-California International Nanosystems Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China; Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, PR China.
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Hong J, Choi Y, Lee G, Kim J, Jang Y, Yoon CH, Seo HW, Park IK, Kang SH, Choi J. Nanosome-Mediated Delivery Of Hdac Inhibitors and Oxygen Molecules for the Transcriptional Reactivation of Latent Hiv-Infected Cd4 + T Cells. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2301730. [PMID: 37118849 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202301730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is notoriously difficult due to the ability of this virus to remain latent in the host's CD4+ T cells. Histone deacetylases (HDACs) interfere with DNA transcription in HIV-infected hosts, resulting in viral latency. Therefore, HDAC inhibitors can be used to activate viral transcription in latently infected cells, after which the virus can be eliminated through a shock-and-kill strategy. Here, a drug delivery system is developed to effectively deliver HDAC inhibitors to latent HIV-infected cells. Given that the efficacy of HDAC inhibitors is reduced under hypoxic conditions, oxygen-containing nanosomes are used as drug carriers. Oxygen-containing nanosomes can improve the efficiency of chemotherapy by delivering essential oxygen to cells. Additionally, their phospholipid bilayer structure makes them uniquely well-suited for drug delivery. In this study, a novel drug delivery system is developed by taking advantage of the oxygen carriers in these oxygen nanosomes, incorporating a multi-drug strategy consisting of HDAC inhibitors and PKA activators, and introducing CXCR4 binding peptides to specifically target CD4+ T cells. Oxygen nanosomes with enhanced targeting capability through the introduction of the CXCR4 binding peptide mitigate drug toxicity and slow down drug release. The observed changes in the expression of p24, a capsid protein of HIV, indirectly confirm that the proposed drug delivery system can effectively induce transcriptional reactivation of HIV in latent HIV-infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joohye Hong
- School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Yonghyun Choi
- School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
- Feynman Institute of Technology, Nanomedicine Corporation, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Gahyun Lee
- School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiwon Kim
- School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeonwoo Jang
- School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheol-Hee Yoon
- Division of Chronic Viral Disease, Center for Emerging Virus Research, National Institute of Health, Cheongju, 28159, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Wook Seo
- Division of Chronic Viral Disease, Center for Emerging Virus Research, National Institute of Health, Cheongju, 28159, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Kyu Park
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chonnam National University Medical School, 160 Baekseo-ro, Gwangju, 58128, Republic of Korea
| | - Shin Hyuk Kang
- Departments of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Chung-Ang University Hospital, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, 06973, Republic of Korea
| | - Jonghoon Choi
- School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
- Feynman Institute of Technology, Nanomedicine Corporation, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
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ABSTRACTS (BY NUMBER). Tissue Eng Part A 2022. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2022.29025.abstracts] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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Afshari R, Akhavan O, Hamblin MR, Varma RS. Review of Oxygenation with Nanobubbles: Possible Treatment for Hypoxic COVID-19 Patients. ACS APPLIED NANO MATERIALS 2021; 4:11386-11412. [PMID: 37556289 PMCID: PMC8565459 DOI: 10.1021/acsanm.1c01907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic, which has spread around the world, caused the death of many affected patients, partly because of the lack of oxygen arising from impaired respiration or blood circulation. Thus, maintaining an appropriate level of oxygen in the patients' blood by devising alternatives to ventilator systems is a top priority goal for clinicians. The present review highlights the ever-increasing application of nanobubbles (NBs), miniature gaseous vesicles, for the oxygenation of hypoxic patients. Oxygen-containing NBs can exert a range of beneficial physiologic and pharmacologic effects that include tissue oxygenation, as well as tissue repair mechanisms, antiinflammatory properties, and antibacterial activity. In this review, we provide a comprehensive survey of the application of oxygen-containing NBs, with a primary focus on the development of intravenous platforms. The multimodal functions of oxygen-carrying NBs, including antimicrobial, antiinflammatory, drug carrying, and the promotion of wound healing are discussed, including the benefits and challenges of using NBs as a treatment for patients with acute hypoxemic respiratory failure, particularly due to COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronak Afshari
- Department of Physics, Sharif University
of Technology, P.O. Box 11155-9161, Tehran 14588-89694,
Iran
| | - Omid Akhavan
- Department of Physics, Sharif University
of Technology, P.O. Box 11155-9161, Tehran 14588-89694,
Iran
| | - Michael R Hamblin
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Science,
University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein 2028, South
Africa
| | - Rajender S. Varma
- Regional Center of Advanced Technologies and Materials,
Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute, Palacky
University, Šlechtitelů 27, Olomouc 78371, Czech
Republic
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Zafar A, Hasan M, Tariq T, Dai Z. Enhancing Cancer Immunotherapeutic Efficacy with Sonotheranostic Strategies. Bioconjug Chem 2021; 33:1011-1034. [PMID: 34793138 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.1c00437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Immunotherapy has revolutionized the modality for establishing a firm immune response and immunological memory. However, intrinsic limitations of conventional low responsive poor T cell infiltration and immune related adverse effects urge the coupling of cancer nanomedicines with immunotherapy for boosting antitumor response under ultrasound (US) sensitization to mimic dose-limiting toxicities for safe and effective therapy against advanced cancer. US is composed of high-frequency sound waves that mediate targeted spatiotemporal control over release and internalization of the drug. The unconventional US triggered immunogenic nanoengineered arena assists the limited immunogenic dose, limiting toxicities and efficacies. In this Review, we discuss current prospects of enhanced immunotherapy using nanomedicine under US. We highlight how nanotechnology designs and incorporates nanomedicines for the reprogramming of systematic immunity in the tumor microenvironment. We also emphasize the mechanical and biological potential of US, encompassing sonosensitizer activation for enhanced immunotherapeutic efficacies. Finally, the smartly converging combinational platform of US stimulated cancer nanomedicines for amending immunotherapy is summarized. This Review will widen scientists' ability to explore and understand the limiting factors for combating cancer in a precisely customized way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayesha Zafar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Future Technology, National Biomedical Imaging Center, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Murtaza Hasan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China
| | - Tuba Tariq
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan
| | - Zhifei Dai
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Future Technology, National Biomedical Imaging Center, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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Yoon S, Hong J, Park B, Choi Y, Khan MS, Hwang J, Tanaka M, Choi J. Oxygen transport to mammalian cell and bacteria using nano-sized liposomes encapsulating oxygen molecules. J Biosci Bioeng 2021; 132:657-665. [PMID: 34538590 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2021.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxic microenvironments emerge as tumor grow, leading to the over-expression and stabilization of hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF-1α). HIF-1α lowers the sensitization against chemotherapy, radiation therapy and photodynamic therapy in cancer. In this study, nano-sized oxygen carrier, namely oxygen dissolved nanoliposome (ODL) was synthesized, and oxygen was efficiently delivered to different types of mammalian cells to help relieve hypoxia. ODL confirmed that oxygen was released without inducing toxicity to cells. After artificially creating hypoxia in cancer cells, normal cells, and immune cells; various parameters such as cell morphology, HIF-1α expression, and degree of hypoxia were examined. The cellular environment was found to be altered by treatment with the ODL. Under hypoxia, the shape of the cells changed, and the cells began to die. After treatment with the ODL, the degree of hypoxia was reduced, indicating that HIF-1α expression and the rate of cell death decreased. Furthermore, bacteria proliferation was observed with the ODL. Therefore, ODL can be used for oxygen delivery platform in cancer therapy. ODL has a potential application in other microorganisms which needs future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Semi Yoon
- School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Joohye Hong
- School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Bumjin Park
- School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Yonghyun Choi
- School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Jangsun Hwang
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Masayoshi Tanaka
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1-S1-24 O-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Jonghoon Choi
- School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea.
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Kim EJ, Lee JE, Yoon S, Lee DJ, Mai HN, Ida-Yonemochi H, Choi J, Jung HS. Hypoxia-Responsive Oxygen Nanobubbles for Tissues-Targeted Delivery in Developing Tooth Germs. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:626224. [PMID: 33659251 PMCID: PMC7917193 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.626224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia is a state of inadequate supply of oxygen. Increasing evidence indicates that a hypoxic environment is strongly associated with abnormal organ development. Oxygen nanobubbles (ONBs) are newly developed nanomaterials that can deliver oxygen to developing tissues, including hypoxic cells. However, the mechanisms through which nanobubbles recover hypoxic tissues, such as developing tooth germs remain to be identified. In this study, tooth germs were cultured in various conditions: CO2 chamber, hypoxic chamber, and with 20% ONBs for 3 h. The target stages were at the cap stage (all soft tissue) and bell stage (hard tissue starts to form). Hypoxic tooth germs were recovered with 20% ONBs in the media, similar to the tooth germs incubated in a CO2 chamber (normoxic condition). The tooth germs under hypoxic conditions underwent apoptosis both at the cap and bell stages, and ONBs rescued the damaged tooth germs in both the cap and bell stages. Using kidney transplantation for hard tissue formation in vivo, amelogenesis and dentinogenesis imperfecta in hypoxic conditions at the bell stage were rescued with ONBs. Furthermore, glucose uptake by tooth germs was highly upregulated under hypoxic conditions, and was restored with ONBs to normoxia levels. Our findings indicate that the strategies to make use of ONBs for efficient oxygen targeted delivery can restore cellular processes, such as cell proliferation and apoptosis, glucose uptake, and hypomineralization in hypoxic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Jung Kim
- Division in Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Department of Oral Biology, Taste Research Center, Oral Science Research Center, BK21 FOUR Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ji-Eun Lee
- Division in Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Department of Oral Biology, Taste Research Center, Oral Science Research Center, BK21 FOUR Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Semi Yoon
- School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Dong-Joon Lee
- Division in Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Department of Oral Biology, Taste Research Center, Oral Science Research Center, BK21 FOUR Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Han Ngoc Mai
- Division in Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Department of Oral Biology, Taste Research Center, Oral Science Research Center, BK21 FOUR Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hiroko Ida-Yonemochi
- Division of Anatomy and Cell Biology of the Hard Tissue, Department of Tissue Regeneration and Reconstruction, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Jonghoon Choi
- School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Han-Sung Jung
- Division in Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Department of Oral Biology, Taste Research Center, Oral Science Research Center, BK21 FOUR Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, South Korea
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Li Y, Lou Y, Chen Y, Yang J, Li D, Jiang B, Lan J, Wen J, Fu Y, Zhang Y, Tao J, Zhu J. Polysaccharide mycophenolate-based nanoparticles for enhanced immunosuppression and treatment of immune-mediated inflammatory diseases. Am J Cancer Res 2021; 11:3694-3709. [PMID: 33664856 PMCID: PMC7914372 DOI: 10.7150/thno.52891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune-mediated inflammatory diseases (IMIDs) are characterized by immune dysregulation and severe inflammation caused by the aberrant and overactive host immunological response. Mycophenolic acid (MPA)-based immunosuppressive drugs are potential treatments for IMIDs because of their mild side-effect profile; however, their therapeutic effects are limited by the high albumin binding rate, unsatisfactory pharmacokinetics, and undefined cellular uptake selectivity. Methods: Polysaccharide mycophenolate was synthesized by conjugating MPA molecules to dextran (a typical polysaccharide widely used in drug delivery) and encapsulated extra free MPA molecules to fabricate MPA@Dex-MPA nanoparticles (NPs). The efficacy of these NPs for mediating immunosuppression and treatment of IMIDs was evaluated in imiquimod-induced psoriasis-like skin inflammation in Balb/c mice, a representative IMID model. Results: The MPA@Dex-MPA NPs exhibited high MPA loading efficiency, low albumin binding rates, and sustained MPA release, resulting in improved pharmacokinetics in vivo. Compared to free MPA, MPA@Dex-MPA NPs induced more robust therapeutic effects on IMIDs. Mechanistic studies indicated that MPA@Dex-MPA NPs were primarily distributed in dendritic cells (DCs) and significantly suppressed the overactivated DCs in vivo and in vitro. Furthermore, the recovered DCs rehabilitated the IL-23/Th17 axis function and significantly ameliorated imiquimod-induced psoriasis-like skin inflammation. Importantly, MPA@Dex-MPA NPs showed favorable safety and biocompatibility in vivo. Conclusion: Our results indicated the polysaccharide mycophenolate-based NPs to be highly promising for IMID treatment.
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Cui J, Yu J, Xu H, Zou Y, Zhang H, Chen S, Le S, Zhao J, Jiang L, Xia J, Wu J. Autophagy-lysosome inhibitor chloroquine prevents CTLA-4 degradation of T cells and attenuates acute rejection in murine skin and heart transplantation. Theranostics 2020; 10:8051-8060. [PMID: 32724457 PMCID: PMC7381746 DOI: 10.7150/thno.43507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The immune checkpoint cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4), induced upon T cell activation but degraded quickly, has been targeted in the clinical therapy of advanced cancers and autoimmune diseases. However, whether inhibiting CTLA-4 degradation ameliorates transplant rejection remains unknown. Methods: The CTLA-4 expression in activated murine T cells treated with the inhibitors mediating protein degradation was detected by flow cytometry (FCM). CD45.1 mice, which received TEa T cells and underwent heart transplantation, were administrated with the inhibitor. Subsequently, CTLA-4 expression of TEa T cells was analyzed. Murine skin and heart transplantation models were built, then the survival and histopathology of the allografts, and T cell subsets in the spleens of each group were compared. Results: Chloroquine (CQ) was identified as an inhibitor of CTLA-4 degradation, which augmented both surface and total CTLA-4 expression in T cells. It considerably prolonged the skin and heart allograft survival time and reduced the infiltration of inflammatory cells in allografts. Besides decreasing the frequencies of the CD4+ and CD8+ effector T cells, especially IFN-γ producing T cells, CQ also increased the proportion of regulatory T cells in the spleen. The CTLA-4 blockade abrogated the benefits of CQ on the survival of heart allografts. Moreover, CQ enhanced CTLA-4 expression in activated human T cells and reduced the secretion of IFN-γ in human mixed lymphocyte reaction. Conclusion: Targeting CTLA-4 degradation provides a novel means to prevent transplant rejection and induce transplant tolerance.
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Zhou W, Yang J, Saren G, Zhao H, Cao K, Fu S, Pan X, Zhang H, Wang A, Chen X. HDAC6-specific inhibitor suppresses Th17 cell function via the HIF-1α pathway in acute lung allograft rejection in mice. Am J Cancer Res 2020; 10:6790-6805. [PMID: 32550904 PMCID: PMC7295069 DOI: 10.7150/thno.44961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Previous animal experiments and clinical studies indicated the critical role of Th17 cells in lung transplant rejection. Therefore, the downregulation of Th17 cell function in lung transplant recipients is of great interest. Methods: We established an orthotopic mouse lung transplantation model to investigate the role of histone deacetylase 6-specific inhibitor (HDAC6i), Tubastatin A, in the suppression of Th17 cells and attenuation of pathologic lesions in lung allografts. Moreover, mechanism studies were conducted in vitro. Results: Tubastatin A downregulated Th17 cell function in acute lung allograft rejection, prolonged the survival of lung allografts, and attenuated acute rejection by suppressing Th17 cell accumulation. Consistently, exogenous IL-17A supplementation eliminated the protective effect of Tubastatin A. Also, hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) was overexpressed in a lung transplantation mouse model. HIF-1α deficiency suppressed Th17 cell function and attenuated lung allograft rejection by downregulating retinoic acid-related orphan receptor γt (ROR γt) expression. We showed that HDAC6i downregulated HIF-1α transcriptional activity under Th17-skewing conditions in vitro and promoted HIF-1α protein degradation in lung allografts. HDAC6i did not affect the suppression of HIF-1α-/- naïve CD4+ T cell differentiation into Th17 cell and attenuation of acute lung allograft rejection in HIF-1α-deficient recipient mice. Conclusion: These findings suggest that Tubastatin A downregulates Th17 cell function and suppresses acute lung allograft rejection, at least partially, via the HIF-1α/ RORγt pathway.
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