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Ashrafizadeh M, Zhang W, Tian Y, Sethi G, Zhang X, Qiu A. Molecular panorama of therapy resistance in prostate cancer: a pre-clinical and bioinformatics analysis for clinical translation. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2024; 43:229-260. [PMID: 38374496 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-024-10168-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is a malignant disorder of prostate gland being asymptomatic in early stages and high metastatic potential in advanced stages. The chemotherapy and surgical resection have provided favourable prognosis of PCa patients, but advanced and aggressive forms of PCa including CRPC and AVPC lack response to therapy properly, and therefore, prognosis of patients is deteriorated. At the advanced stages, PCa cells do not respond to chemotherapy and radiotherapy in a satisfactory level, and therefore, therapy resistance is emerged. Molecular profile analysis of PCa cells reveals the apoptosis suppression, pro-survival autophagy induction, and EMT induction as factors in escalating malignant of cancer cells and development of therapy resistance. The dysregulation in molecular profile of PCa including upregulation of STAT3 and PI3K/Akt, downregulation of STAT3, and aberrant expression of non-coding RNAs are determining factor for response of cancer cells to chemotherapy. Because of prevalence of drug resistance in PCa, combination therapy including co-utilization of anti-cancer drugs and nanotherapeutic approaches has been suggested in PCa therapy. As a result of increase in DNA damage repair, PCa cells induce radioresistance and RelB overexpression prevents irradiation-mediated cell death. Similar to chemotherapy, nanomaterials are promising for promoting radiosensitivity through delivery of cargo, improving accumulation in PCa cells, and targeting survival-related pathways. In respect to emergence of immunotherapy as a new tool in PCa suppression, tumour cells are able to increase PD-L1 expression and inactivate NK cells in mediating immune evasion. The bioinformatics analysis for evaluation of drug resistance-related genes has been performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milad Ashrafizadeh
- Department of General Surgery and Institute of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Digestive System Tumors, Carson International Cancer Center, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of General Surgery and Institute of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Digestive System Tumors, Carson International Cancer Center, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Yu Tian
- Department of General Surgery and Institute of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Digestive System Tumors, Carson International Cancer Center, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Gautam Sethi
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Xianbin Zhang
- Department of General Surgery and Institute of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Digestive System Tumors, Carson International Cancer Center, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China.
| | - Aiming Qiu
- Department of Geriatrics, the Fifth People's Hospital of Wujiang District, Suzhou, China.
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2
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Lin Z, Liu Z, Niu Y. Exploring the Enigma of 5-ARIs Resistance in Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia: Paving the Path for Personalized Medicine. Curr Urol Rep 2023; 24:579-589. [PMID: 37987980 DOI: 10.1007/s11934-023-01188-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Despite the widespread utilization of 5-alpha reductase inhibitors (5-ARIs) for managing benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), certain BPH patients exhibit unresponsiveness to 5-ARIs therapy. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the current perspectives on the mechanisms of 5-ARIs resistance in BPH patients and integrates potential biomarkers and underlying therapeutic options for 5-ARIs resistance. These findings may facilitate the development of novel or optimize more effective treatment options, and promote personalized medicine for BPH. RECENT FINDINGS The pathways contributing to resistance against 5-ARIs in certain BPH patients encompass epigenetic modifications, shifts in hormone levels, autophagic processes, and variations in androgen receptor structures, and these pathways may ultimately be attributed to inflammation. Promisingly, novel biomarkers, including intravesical prostatic protrusion, inflammatory factors, and single nucleotide polymorphisms, may offer predictive insights into the responsiveness to 5-ARIs therapy, empowering physicians to fine-tune treatment strategies. Additionally, on the horizon, GV1001 and mTOR inhibitors have emerged as potential alternative therapeutic modalities for addressing BPH in the future. After extensive investigation into BPH's pathological processes and molecular landscape, it is now recognized that diverse pathophysiological mechanisms may contribute to different BPH subtypes among individuals. This insight necessitates the adoption of personalized treatment strategies, moving beyond the prevailing one-size-fits-all paradigm centered around 5-ARIs. The imperative for early identification of individuals prone to treatment resistance will drive physicians to proactively stratify risk and adapt treatment tactics in future practice. This personalized medicine approach marks a progression from the current standard treatment model, emerging as the future trajectory in BPH management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhemin Lin
- Department of Urology, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100038, China
| | - Zhanliang Liu
- Department of Urology, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100038, China
| | - Yinong Niu
- Department of Urology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China.
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3
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Hegde M, Girisa S, Naliyadhara N, Kumar A, Alqahtani MS, Abbas M, Mohan CD, Warrier S, Hui KM, Rangappa KS, Sethi G, Kunnumakkara AB. Natural compounds targeting nuclear receptors for effective cancer therapy. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2023; 42:765-822. [PMID: 36482154 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-022-10068-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Human nuclear receptors (NRs) are a family of forty-eight transcription factors that modulate gene expression both spatially and temporally. Numerous biochemical, physiological, and pathological processes including cell survival, proliferation, differentiation, metabolism, immune modulation, development, reproduction, and aging are extensively orchestrated by different NRs. The involvement of dysregulated NRs and NR-mediated signaling pathways in driving cancer cell hallmarks has been thoroughly investigated. Targeting NRs has been one of the major focuses of drug development strategies for cancer interventions. Interestingly, rapid progress in molecular biology and drug screening reveals that the naturally occurring compounds are promising modern oncology drugs which are free of potentially inevitable repercussions that are associated with synthetic compounds. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to draw our attention to the potential therapeutic effects of various classes of natural compounds that target NRs such as phytochemicals, dietary components, venom constituents, royal jelly-derived compounds, and microbial derivatives in the establishment of novel and safe medications for cancer treatment. This review also emphasizes molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways that are leveraged to promote the anti-cancer effects of these natural compounds. We have also critically reviewed and assessed the advantages and limitations of current preclinical and clinical studies on this subject for cancer prophylaxis. This might subsequently pave the way for new paradigms in the discovery of drugs that target specific cancer types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mangala Hegde
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India
| | - Sosmitha Girisa
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India
| | - Nikunj Naliyadhara
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India
| | - Aviral Kumar
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India
| | - Mohammed S Alqahtani
- Radiological Sciences Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha, 61421, Saudi Arabia
- BioImaging Unit, Space Research Centre, University of Leicester, Michael Atiyah Building, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Mohamed Abbas
- Electrical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, King Khalid University, Abha, 61421, Saudi Arabia
- Electronics and Communications Department, College of Engineering, Delta University for Science and Technology, 35712, Gamasa, Egypt
| | | | - Sudha Warrier
- Division of Cancer Stem Cells and Cardiovascular Regeneration, School of Regenerative Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Bangalore, 560065, India
- Cuor Stem Cellutions Pvt Ltd, Manipal Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Bangalore, 560065, India
| | - Kam Man Hui
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Research, Humphrey Oei Institute of Cancer Research, National Cancer Centre, Singapore, 169610, Singapore
| | | | - Gautam Sethi
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117600, Singapore.
| | - Ajaikumar B Kunnumakkara
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India.
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Nuvola G, Santoni M, Rizzo M, Rosellini M, Mollica V, Rizzo A, Marchetti A, Battelli N, Massari F. Adapting to hormone-therapy resistance for adopting the right therapeutic strategy in advanced prostate cancer. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2023; 23:593-600. [PMID: 37185042 DOI: 10.1080/14737140.2023.2207827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The androgen/androgen receptor (AR) axis represents a key driver of treatment resistance in prostate cancer (PCa) patients receiving androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) and targeted agents, and a deeper comprehension of resistance mechanisms is fundamental to adopt effective therapeutic strategies. AREAS COVERED We review the mechanisms of primary or secondary resistance to hormone therapy (HT) in PCa, especially focusing on available data and emerging evidence. EXPERT OPINION First- and second-generation HT resistance has been associated with several AR-dependent and AR-independent mechanisms, ranging from the amplification of the AR gene locus to somatic AR mutations and the intratumoral synthesis of androgens from adrenal steroids and cholesterol. As reported in the current review, the development of novel and effective treatments is needed to personalize anticancer therapies in this setting and to finally improve clinical outcomes in patients with HT resistant disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Nuvola
- Medical Oncology, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Via Albertoni - 15, Bologna, Italia
| | - Matteo Santoni
- Oncology Unit, Macerata Hospital, via Santa Lucia 2, 62100, Macerata, Italy
| | - Mimma Rizzo
- Division of Medical Oncology, A.O.U. Consorziale Policlinico di Bari, Piazza G. Cesare 11, 70124, Bari, Italy
| | - Matteo Rosellini
- Medical Oncology, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Via Albertoni - 15, Bologna, Italia
| | - Veronica Mollica
- Medical Oncology, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Via Albertoni - 15, Bologna, Italia
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alessandro Rizzo
- Struttura Semplice Dipartimentale di Oncologia Medica per la Presa in Carico Globale del Paziente Oncologico "Don Tonino Bello", Istituto di Ricerca e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Istituto Tumori Giovanni Paolo II-Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Andrea Marchetti
- Medical Oncology, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Via Albertoni - 15, Bologna, Italia
| | - Nicola Battelli
- Oncology Unit, Macerata Hospital, via Santa Lucia 2, 62100, Macerata, Italy
| | - Francesco Massari
- Medical Oncology, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Via Albertoni - 15, Bologna, Italia
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Dogra A, Kumar J. Biosynthesis of anticancer phytochemical compounds and their chemistry. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1136779. [PMID: 36969868 PMCID: PMC10034375 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1136779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a severe health issue, and cancer cases are rising yearly. New anticancer drugs have been developed as our understanding of the molecular mechanisms behind diverse solid tumors, and metastatic malignancies have increased. Plant-derived phytochemical compounds target different oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, protein channels, immune cells, protein channels, and pumps, which have attracted much attention for treating cancer in preclinical studies. Despite the anticancer capabilities of these phytochemical compounds, systemic toxicity, medication resistance, and limited absorption remain more significant obstacles in clinical trials. Therefore, drug combinations of new phytochemical compounds, phytonanomedicine, semi-synthetic, and synthetic analogs should be considered to supplement the existing cancer therapies. It is also crucial to consider different strategies for increased production of phytochemical bioactive substances. The primary goal of this review is to highlight several bioactive anticancer phytochemical compounds found in plants, preclinical research, their synthetic and semi-synthetic analogs, and clinical trials. Additionally, biotechnological and metabolic engineering strategies are explored to enhance the production of bioactive phytochemical compounds. Ligands and their interactions with their putative targets are also explored through molecular docking studies. Therefore, emphasis is given to gathering comprehensive data regarding modern biotechnology, metabolic engineering, molecular biology, and in silico tools.
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Ji Y, Zhang R, Han X, Zhou J. Targeting the N-terminal domain of the androgen receptor: The effective approach in therapy of CRPC. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 247:115077. [PMID: 36587421 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.115077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The androgen receptor (AR) is dominant in prostate cancer (PCa) pathology. Current therapeutic agents for advanced PCa include androgen synthesis inhibitors and AR antagonists that bind to the hormone binding pocket (HBP) at the ligand binding domain (LBD). However, AR amplification, AR splice variants (AR-Vs) expression, and intra-tumoral de novo synthesis of androgens result in the reactivation of AR signalling. The AR N-terminal domain (NTD) plays an essential role in AR transcriptional activity. The AR inhibitor targeting NTD could potentially block the activation of both full-length AR and AR-Vs, thus overcoming major resistance mechanisms to current treatments. This review discusses the progress of research in various NTD inhibitors and provides new insight into the development of AR-NTD inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Ji
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang Normal University, 688 Yingbin Road, Jinhua, 321004, PR China; Drug Development and Innovation Center, College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, 688 Yingbin Road, Jinhua, 321004, PR China
| | - Rongyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang Normal University, 688 Yingbin Road, Jinhua, 321004, PR China; Drug Development and Innovation Center, College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, 688 Yingbin Road, Jinhua, 321004, PR China
| | - Xiaoli Han
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang Normal University, 688 Yingbin Road, Jinhua, 321004, PR China; Drug Development and Innovation Center, College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, 688 Yingbin Road, Jinhua, 321004, PR China
| | - Jinming Zhou
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang Normal University, 688 Yingbin Road, Jinhua, 321004, PR China; Drug Development and Innovation Center, College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, 688 Yingbin Road, Jinhua, 321004, PR China.
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7
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Gravestock P, Clark E, Morton M, Sharma S, Fisher H, Walker J, Wood R, Hancock H, Waugh N, Cooper A, Maier R, Marshall J, Chandler R, Bahl A, Crabb S, Jain S, Pedley I, Jones R, Staffurth J, Heer R. Using the AR-V7 biomarker to determine treatment in metastatic castrate resistant prostate cancer, a feasibility randomised control trial, conclusions from the VARIANT trial. NIHR OPEN RESEARCH 2023; 2:49. [PMID: 37035713 PMCID: PMC7614403 DOI: 10.3310/nihropenres.13284.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
Background Prostate cancer is the most commonly diagnosed malignancy in the UK. Castrate resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) can be difficult to manage with response to next generation hormonal treatment variable. AR-V7 is a protein biomarker that can be used to predict response to treatment and potentially better inform management in these patients. Our aim was to establish the feasibility of conducting a definitive randomised controlled trial comparing the clinical utility of AR-V7 biomarker assay in personalising treatments for patients with metastatic CRPC within the United Kingdom (UK) National Health Service (NHS). Due to a number of issues the trial was not completed successfully, we aim to discuss and share lessons learned herein. Methods We conducted a randomised, open, feasibility trial, which aimed to recruit 70 adult men with metastatic CRPC within three secondary care NHS trusts in the UK to be run over an 18-month period. Participants were randomised to personalised treatment based on AR-V7 status (intervention) or standard care (control). The primary outcome was feasibility, which included: recruitment rate, retention and compliance. Additionally, a baseline prevalence of AR-V7 expression was to be estimated. Results Fourteen participants were screened and 12 randomised with six into each arm over a nine-month period. Reliability issues with the AR-V7 assay meant prevalence was not estimated. Due to limited recruitment the study did not complete to target. Conclusions Whilst the trial did not complete to target, we have ascertained that men with advanced cancer are willing to take part in trials utilising biomarker guided treatment. A number of issues were identified that serve as important learning points in future clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Gravestock
- Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, Tyne and Wear, NE3 3HD, UK
| | - Emma Clark
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, NU Cancer, Newcastle upon Tyne, Tyne and Wear, NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Miranda Morton
- Newcastle Clinical Trials Unit, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, Tyne and Wear, NE2 4AE, UK
| | - Shirya Sharma
- Newcastle Clinical Trials Unit, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, Tyne and Wear, NE2 4AE, UK
| | - Holly Fisher
- Population Health Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, Tyne and Wear, NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Jenn Walker
- Newcastle Clinical Trials Unit, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, Tyne and Wear, NE2 4AE, UK
| | - Ruth Wood
- Newcastle Clinical Trials Unit, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, Tyne and Wear, NE2 4AE, UK
| | - Helen Hancock
- Newcastle Clinical Trials Unit, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, Tyne and Wear, NE2 4AE, UK
| | - Nichola Waugh
- Newcastle Clinical Trials Unit, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, Tyne and Wear, NE2 4AE, UK
| | | | - Rebecca Maier
- Newcastle Clinical Trials Unit, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, Tyne and Wear, NE2 4AE, UK
| | - John Marshall
- Trial Management Group, VARIANT Trial, Newcastle upon Tyne, Tyne and Wear, NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Robert Chandler
- Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, Tyne and Wear, NE3 3HD, UK
| | - Amit Bahl
- University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol, BS1 3NU, UK
| | - Simon Crabb
- University of Southampton, Southampton, Hampshire, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Suneil Jain
- Queens University Belfast, Belfast, BT7 1NN, UK
| | - Ian Pedley
- Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, Tyne and Wear, NE3 3HD, UK
| | - Rob Jones
- Institute of Cancer Services, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 0YN, UK
| | - John Staffurth
- Velindre University NHS Trust, Cardiff, CF15 7QZ, UK
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Rakesh Heer
- Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, Tyne and Wear, NE3 3HD, UK
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, NU Cancer, Newcastle upon Tyne, Tyne and Wear, NE1 7RU, UK
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Miller KJ, Henry I, Maylin Z, Smith C, Arunachalam E, Pandha H, Asim M. A compendium of Androgen Receptor Variant 7 target genes and their role in Castration Resistant Prostate Cancer. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1129140. [PMID: 36937454 PMCID: PMC10014620 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1129140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Persistent androgen receptor (AR) signalling is the main driver of prostate cancer (PCa). Truncated isoforms of the AR called androgen receptor variants (AR-Vs) lacking the ligand binding domain often emerge during treatment resistance against AR pathway inhibitors such as Enzalutamide. This review discusses how AR-Vs drive a more aggressive form of PCa through the regulation of some of their target genes involved in oncogenic pathways, enabling disease progression. There is a pressing need for the development of a new generation of AR inhibitors which can repress the activity of both the full-length AR and AR-Vs, for which the knowledge of differentially expressed target genes will allow evaluation of inhibition efficacy. This review provides a detailed account of the most common variant, AR-V7, the AR-V7 regulated genes which have been experimentally validated, endeavours to understand their relevance in aggressive AR-V driven PCa and discusses the utility of the downstream protein products as potential drug targets for PCa treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Zoe Maylin
- *Correspondence: Zoe Maylin, ; Mohammad Asim,
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Ha S, Luo G, Xiang H. A Comprehensive Overview of Small-Molecule Androgen Receptor Degraders: Recent Progress and Future Perspectives. J Med Chem 2022; 65:16128-16154. [PMID: 36459083 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PC), the second most prevalent malignancy in men worldwide, has been proven to depend on the aberrant activation of androgen receptor (AR) signaling. Long-term androgen deprivation for the treatment of PC inevitably leads to castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) in which AR remains a crucial oncogenic driver. Thus, there is an urgent need to develop new strategies to address this unmet medical need. Targeting AR for degradation has recently been in a vigorous development stage, and accumulating clinical studies have highlighted the benefits of AR degraders in CRPC patients. Herein, we provide a comprehensive summary of small-molecule AR degraders with diverse mechanisms of action including proteolysis-targeting chimeras (PROTACs), selective AR degraders (SARDs), hydrophobic tags (HyT), and other AR degraders with distinct mechanisms. Accordingly, their structure-activity relationships, biomedical applications, and therapeutic values are also dissected to provide insights into the future development of promising AR degradation-based therapeutics for CRPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Ha
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, P. R. China
| | - Guoshun Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, P. R. China
| | - Hua Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, P. R. China
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10
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Androgen Receptor Signaling Inhibition in Advanced Castration Resistance Prostate Cancer: What Is Expected for the Near Future? Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14246071. [PMID: 36551557 PMCID: PMC9776956 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14246071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The androgen signaling pathway is the cornerstone in the treatment of high risk or advanced prostate cancer patients. However, in recent years, different mechanisms of resistance have been defined in this field, limiting the efficacy of the currently approved antiandrogen drugs. Different therapeutic approaches are under research to assess the role of combination therapies against escape signaling pathways or the development of novel antiandrogen drugs to try to solve the primary or acquired resistance against androgen dependent or independent pathways. The present review aims to summarize the current state of androgen inhibition in the therapeutic algorithm of patients with advanced prostate cancer and the mechanisms of resistance to those available drugs. In addition, this review conducted a comprehensive overview of the main present and future research approaches in the field of androgen receptor inhibition to overcome these resistances and the potential new drugs under research coming into this setting.
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11
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de la Calle CM, Shee K, Yang H, Lonergan PE, Nguyen HG. The endoplasmic reticulum stress response in prostate cancer. Nat Rev Urol 2022; 19:708-726. [PMID: 36168057 DOI: 10.1038/s41585-022-00649-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In order to proliferate in unfavourable conditions, cancer cells can take advantage of the naturally occurring endoplasmic reticulum-associated unfolded protein response (UPR) via three highly conserved signalling arms: IRE1α, PERK and ATF6. All three arms of the UPR have key roles in every step of tumour progression: from cancer initiation to tumour growth, invasion, metastasis and resistance to therapy. At present, no cure for metastatic prostate cancer exists, as targeting the androgen receptor eventually results in treatment resistance. New research has uncovered an important role for the UPR in prostate cancer tumorigenesis and crosstalk between the UPR and androgen receptor signalling pathways. With an improved understanding of the mechanisms by which cancer cells exploit the endoplasmic reticulum stress response, targetable points of vulnerability can be uncovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire M de la Calle
- Department of Urology, Helen Diller Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kevin Shee
- Department of Urology, Helen Diller Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Heiko Yang
- Department of Urology, Helen Diller Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Peter E Lonergan
- Department of Urology, Helen Diller Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Urology, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Surgery, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Hao G Nguyen
- Department of Urology, Helen Diller Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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12
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The Crucial Role of AR-V7 in Enzalutamide-Resistance of Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14194877. [PMID: 36230800 PMCID: PMC9563243 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14194877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Androgen receptor splice variant 7 (AR-V7) has always been considered a key driver for triggering enzalutamide resistance of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). In recent years, both the homeostasis of AR-V7 protein and AR-V7’s relationship with LncRNAs have gained great attention with in-depth studies. Starting from protein stability and LncRNA, the paper discusses and summarizes the mechanisms and drugs that affect the CRPC patients’ sensitivity to enzalutamide by regulating the protein or transcriptional stability of AR-V7, hoping to provide therapeutic ideas for subsequent research to break through the CRPC therapeutic bottleneck. Abstract Prostate cancer (PCa) has the second highest incidence of malignancies occurring in men worldwide. The first-line therapy of PCa is androgen deprivation therapy (ADT). Nonetheless, most patients progress to castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) after being treated by ADT. As a second-generation androgen receptor (AR) antagonist, enzalutamide (ENZ) is the current mainstay of new endocrine therapies for CRPC in clinical use. However, almost all patients develop resistance during AR antagonist therapy due to various mechanisms. At present, ENZ resistance (ENZR) has become challenging in the clinical treatment of CRPC. AR splice variant 7 (AR-V7) refers to a ligand-independent and constitutively active variant of the AR and is considered a key driver of ENZR in CRPC. In this review, we summarize the mechanisms and biological behaviors of AR-V7 in ENZR of CRPC to contribute novel insights for CRPC therapy.
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13
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Ren X, Li T, Zhang W, Yang X. Targeting Heat-Shock Protein 90 in Cancer: An Update on Combination Therapy. Cells 2022; 11:cells11162556. [PMID: 36010632 PMCID: PMC9406578 DOI: 10.3390/cells11162556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat-shock protein 90 (HSP90) is an important molecule chaperone associated with tumorigenesis and malignancy. HSP90 is involved in the folding and maturation of a wide range of oncogenic clients, including diverse kinases, transcription factors and oncogenic fusion proteins. Therefore, it could be argued that HSP90 facilitates the malignant behaviors of cancer cells, such as uncontrolled proliferation, chemo/radiotherapy resistance and immune evasion. The extensive associations between HSP90 and tumorigenesis indicate substantial therapeutic potential, and many HSP90 inhibitors have been developed. However, due to HSP90 inhibitor toxicity and limited efficiency, none have been approved for clinical use as single agents. Recent results suggest that combining HSP90 inhibitors with other anticancer therapies might be a more advisable strategy. This review illustrates the role of HSP90 in cancer biology and discusses the therapeutic value of Hsp90 inhibitors as complements to current anticancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiude Ren
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
- Laboratory of Neuro-Oncology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Tao Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
- Laboratory of Neuro-Oncology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Departments of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
- Wake Forest Baptist Comprehensive Cancer Center, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
- Correspondence: (W.Z.); (X.Y.)
| | - Xuejun Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tsinghua University Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, Beijing 102218, China
- Correspondence: (W.Z.); (X.Y.)
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14
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Chen Y, Zhou Q, Hankey W, Fang X, Yuan F. Second generation androgen receptor antagonists and challenges in prostate cancer treatment. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:632. [PMID: 35864113 PMCID: PMC9304354 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-05084-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is a hormone-dependent malignancy, whose onset and progression are closely related to the activity of the androgen receptor (AR) signaling pathway. Due to this critical role of AR signaling in driving prostate cancer, therapy targeting the AR pathway has been the mainstay strategy for metastatic prostate cancer treatment. The utility of these agents has expanded with the emergence of second-generation AR antagonists, which began with the approval of enzalutamide in 2012 by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Together with apalutamide and darolutamide, which were approved in 2018 and 2019, respectively, these agents have improved the survival of patients with prostate cancer, with applications for both androgen-dependent and castration-resistant disease. While patients receiving these drugs receive a benefit in the form of prolonged survival, they are not cured and ultimately progress to lethal neuroendocrine prostate cancer (NEPC). Here we summarize the current state of AR antagonist development and highlight the emerging challenges of their clinical application and the potential resistance mechanisms, which might be addressed by combination therapies or the development of novel AR-targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhua Chen
- grid.412540.60000 0001 2372 7462Academy of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 201203 Shanghai, China
| | - Qianqian Zhou
- grid.412540.60000 0001 2372 7462Academy of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 201203 Shanghai, China
| | - William Hankey
- grid.10698.360000000122483208Department of Genetics, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA
| | - Xiaosheng Fang
- grid.460018.b0000 0004 1769 9639Department of Hematology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, 271000 Jinan, Shandong China
| | - Fuwen Yuan
- grid.412540.60000 0001 2372 7462Academy of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 201203 Shanghai, China
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15
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Kim HJ, Moon SJ, Hong S, Won HH, Kim JH. DBC1 is a key positive regulator of enhancer epigenomic writers KMT2D and p300. Nucleic Acids Res 2022; 50:7873-7888. [PMID: 35801925 PMCID: PMC9371912 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkac585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Histone modification is a key epigenetic mechanism for regulation of chromatin dynamics and gene expression. Deleted in breast cancer 1 (DBC1) has been shown to act as a negative regulator of epigenetic modifiers and as a co-activator for nuclear receptors and other transcription factors. However, little is known about the role of DBC1 in the regulation of histone modifications and chromatin landscapes. Here, we analyzed genome-wide profiles of active enhancer and promoter marks in colorectal cancer cells and report DBC1 as a critical positive regulator of histone epigenetic writers KMT2D (H3K4 methyltransferase) and p300 (histone acetyltransferase). DBC1 is required for establishing the landscape of active enhancers, for genome-wide chromatin binding and enhancer recruitment of KMT2D and p300, and for gene activation involved in colorectal cancer progression. DBC1 interacts directly with KMT2D and p300, and enhances KMT2D-mediated histone H3K4 methylation (H3K4me1/2/3) and p300-mediated H3 acetylation. Importantly, DBC1 contributes to super-enhancer formation and function by facilitating the recruitment of KMT2D and p300 and by enhancing their functional interaction and cooperative cross-talk. Our results highlight the critical role of DBC1 as a key positive regulator of KMT2D and p300, and provide insights into regulatory mechanisms underlying the interplay between the enhancer epigenomic writers in enhancer activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwa Jin Kim
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, 06351, South Korea.,Research Institute for Future Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, 06351, South Korea
| | - Sue Jin Moon
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, 06351, South Korea.,Research Institute for Future Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, 06351, South Korea
| | - Sanghoon Hong
- Department of Digital Health, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, 06351, South Korea
| | - Hong-Hee Won
- Research Institute for Future Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, 06351, South Korea.,Department of Digital Health, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, 06351, South Korea
| | - Jeong Hoon Kim
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, 06351, South Korea.,Research Institute for Future Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, 06351, South Korea
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16
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Pazur EJ, Wipf P. Recent syntheses and biological profiling of quassinoids. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:3870-3889. [PMID: 35506992 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob00490a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Quassinoid natural products have gained considerable recognition for their diverse biological properties and their synthetically challenging, highly oxygenated polycyclic structures. Herein, we discuss strategies and tactics in the total synthesis of quassinoids that have been evolving over the past 15 years. Additionally, recent structure-activity relationships and potential biological mechanisms of actions are briefly summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan J Pazur
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Peter Wipf
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA.,School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, FI-70210 Kuopio, Finland
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17
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Liew HY, Tan XY, Chan HH, Khaw KY, Ong YS. Natural HSP90 inhibitors as a potential therapeutic intervention in treating cancers: A comprehensive review. Pharmacol Res 2022; 181:106260. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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18
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Zhang J, Xu HX, Dou YX, Huang QH, Xian YF, Lin ZX. Major Constituents From Brucea javanica and Their Pharmacological Actions. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:853119. [PMID: 35370639 PMCID: PMC8971814 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.853119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Brucea javanica (Ya-dan-zi in Chinese) is a well-known Chinese herbal medicine, which is traditionally used in Chinese medicine for the treatment of intestinal inflammation, diarrhea, malaria, and cancer. The formulation of the oil (Brucea javanica oil) has been widely used to treat various types of cancer. It has also been found that B. javanica is rich in chemical constituents, including quassinoids, triterpenes, alkaloids and flavonoids. Pharmacological studies have revealed that chemical compounds derived from B. javanica exhibit multiple bioactivities, such as anti-cancer, anti-bacterial, anti-diabetic, and others. This review provides a comprehensive summary on the pharmacological properties of the main chemical constituents presented in B. javanica and their underlying molecular mechanisms. Moreover, the review will also provide scientific references for further research and development of B. javanica and its chemical constituents into novel pharmaceutical products for disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Zhang
- School of Chinese Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China
| | - Hong-Xi Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yao-Xing Dou
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiong-Hui Huang
- School of Chinese Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China
| | - Yan-Fang Xian
- School of Chinese Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China
- *Correspondence: Yan-Fang Xian, ; Zhi-Xiu Lin,
| | - Zhi-Xiu Lin
- School of Chinese Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China
- Hong Kong Institute of Integrative Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China
- *Correspondence: Yan-Fang Xian, ; Zhi-Xiu Lin,
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19
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Fu Z, Jia B. Advances in the role of heat shock protein 90 in prostate cancer. Andrologia 2022; 54:e14376. [PMID: 35075667 DOI: 10.1111/and.14376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is one of the most common tumours in adult men and heat shock proteins play an important biological function in prostate cancer as molecular chaperones involved in the pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of a wide range of tumours. Among them, increased expression of HSP90, a member of the heat shock protein family, is associated with resistance to prostate cancer denervation and can promote tumour resistance, invasion and bone metastasis, thus making prostate cancer more difficult to treat. Therefore, targeting HSP90 in prostate cancer could be a promising strategy for oncology treatment. This paper reviews the structure and function of HSP90, HSP90-mediated denudation resistance in prostate cancer and HSP90-targeted antitumor therapy, with the aim of providing a new theoretical basis for prostate cancer treatment options in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Fu
- Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Benzhong Jia
- The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
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20
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Ahanger AM, Kumar S, Arya A, Suryavanshi A, Kain D, Vandana. Synthesis and Encapsulation of Ajuga parviflora Extract with Zeolitic Imidazolate Framework-8 and Their Therapeutic Action against G + and G - Drug-Resistant Bacteria. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:1671-1681. [PMID: 35071862 PMCID: PMC8772321 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c03984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
Infectious diseases caused by bacteria have become a public health issue. Antibiotic therapy for infectious disorders, as well as antibiotic overuse, has resulted in antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains. Zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8) possesses a wide surface area, high porosity, variable functionality, and potential drug carriers. We have established a clear method for making a nanoscale APE@ZIF-8 nanocomposite agent with outstanding antibacterial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and cephalosporin-carbapenem-resistant Escherichia coli (CCREC). We present a unique approach for encapsulating molecules ofAjuga parviflora extract (APE) with ZIF-8. APE@ZIF-8 has a positive charge. By electrostatic contact with the negatively charged bacterial surface of S. aureus and E. coli, APE@ZIF-8 NPs produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) that damage bacterial cell organelles. As a result, the APE@ZIF-8 nanocomposite offers limitless application potential in the treatment of infectious disorders caused by drug-resistant gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ab Majeed Ahanger
- Medicinal
Plant Research Laboratory, Department of Botany, Ramjas College, University of Delhi, New Delhi 110007, India
| | - Suresh Kumar
- Medicinal
Plant Research Laboratory, Department of Botany, Ramjas College, University of Delhi, New Delhi 110007, India
| | - Atul Arya
- Medicinal
Plant Research Laboratory, Department of Botany, Ramjas College, University of Delhi, New Delhi 110007, India
| | - Amrita Suryavanshi
- Medicinal
Plant Research Laboratory, Department of Botany, Ramjas College, University of Delhi, New Delhi 110007, India
| | - Dolly Kain
- Medicinal
Plant Research Laboratory, Department of Botany, Ramjas College, University of Delhi, New Delhi 110007, India
| | - Vandana
- Medicinal
Plant Research Laboratory, Department of Botany, Ramjas College, University of Delhi, New Delhi 110007, India
- Department
of Chemistry, Dyal Singh College, University
of Delhi, New Delhi 110003, India
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21
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Heat Shock Proteins in Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia and Prostate Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23020897. [PMID: 35055079 PMCID: PMC8779911 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Two out of three diseases of the prostate gland affect aging men worldwide. Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a noncancerous enlargement affecting millions of men. Prostate cancer (PCa) in turn is the second leading cause of cancer death. The factors influencing the occurrence of BPH and PCa are different; however, in the course of these two diseases, the overexpression of heat shock proteins is observed. Heat shock proteins (HSPs), chaperone proteins, are known to be one of the main proteins playing a role in maintaining cell homeostasis. HSPs take part in the process of the proper folding of newly formed proteins, and participate in the renaturation of damaged proteins. In addition, they are involved in the transport of specific proteins to the appropriate cell organelles and directing damaged proteins to proteasomes or lysosomes. Their function is to protect the proteins against degradation factors that are produced during cellular stress. HSPs are also involved in modulating the immune response and the process of apoptosis. One well-known factor affecting HSPs is the androgen receptor (AR)—a main player involved in the development of BPH and the progression of prostate cancer. HSPs play a cytoprotective role and determine the survival of cancer cells. These chaperones are often upregulated in malignancies and play an indispensable role in tumor progression. Therefore, HSPs are considered as one of the therapeutic targets in anti-cancer therapies. In this review article, we discuss the role of different HSPs in prostate diseases, and their potential as therapeutic targets.
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22
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Haroon M, Tahir M, Nawaz H, Majeed MI, Al-Saadi AA. Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectroscopy for prostate cancer diagnosis: A review. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2021; 37:102690. [PMID: 34921990 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2021.102690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The present review focuses on the diagnosis of prostate cancer using surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectroscopy. On the basis of literature search, SERS-based analysis for prostate cancer detection of different sample types is reported in the present study. Prostate cancer is responsible for nearly one-tenth of all cell cancer deaths among men. Significant efforts have been dedicated to establish precise and sensitive monitoring techniques to detect prostate cancer biomarkers in different types of body samples. Among the various spectro-analytical techniques investigated to achieve this objective, SERS spectroscopy has been proven as a promising approach that provides noticeable enhancements of the Raman sensitivity when the target biomolecules interact with a nanostructured surface. The purpose of this review is to give a brief overview of the SERS-basedapproach and other spectro-analytical strategies being used for the detection and quantification of prostate cancer biomarkers. The revolutionary development of SERS methods for the diagnosis of prostate cancer has been discussed in more details based on the reported literature. It has been noticed that the SERS-based immunoassay presents reliable results for the prostate cancer quantification. The EC-SERS, which integrates electrochemistry with the SERS model, could also offer a potential ultrasensitive strategy, although its application in prostate cancer analysis has been still limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Haroon
- Department of Chemistry, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Tahir
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Haq Nawaz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | | | - Abdulaziz A Al-Saadi
- Department of Chemistry, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia; Interdisciplinary Research Center (IRC) in Refinery and Advanced Chemicals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia.
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23
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Zhao R, Ma X, Bai L, Li X, Mamouni K, Yang Y, Liu H, Danaher A, Cook N, Kucuk O, Hodges RS, Gera L, Wu D. Overcoming prostate cancer drug resistance with a novel organosilicon small molecule. Neoplasia 2021; 23:1261-1274. [PMID: 34781084 PMCID: PMC8604682 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2021.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
A major challenge to the treatment of advanced prostate cancer (PCa) is the development of resistance to androgen-deprivation therapy (ADT) and chemotherapy. It is imperative to discover effective therapies to overcome drug resistance and improve clinical outcomes. We have developed a novel class of silicon-containing compounds and evaluated the anticancer activities and mechanism of action using cellular and animal models of drug-resistant PCa. Five organosilicon compounds were evaluated for their anticancer activities in the NCI-60 panel and established drug-resistant PCa cell lines. GH1504 exhibited potent in vitro cytotoxicity in a broad spectrum of human cancer cells, including PCa cells refractory to ADT and chemotherapy. Molecular studies identified several potential targets of GH1504, most notably androgen receptor (AR), AR variant 7 (AR-v7) and survivin. Mechanistically, GH1504 may promote the protein turnover of AR, AR-v7 and survivin, thereby inducing apoptosis in ADT-resistant and chemoresistant PCa cells. Animal studies demonstrated that GH1504 effectively inhibited the in vivo growth of ADT-resistant CWR22Rv1 and chemoresistant C4-2B-TaxR xenografts in subcutaneous and intraosseous models. These preclinical results indicated that GH1504 is a promising lead that can be further developed as a novel therapy for drug-resistant PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhao
- Department of Urology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China; Molecular Oncology and Biomarkers Program, Georgia Cancer Center, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Xiaowei Ma
- Molecular Oncology and Biomarkers Program, Georgia Cancer Center, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA; Department of Clinical Laboratory, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lijuan Bai
- Molecular Oncology and Biomarkers Program, Georgia Cancer Center, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA; Department of Geriatrics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xin Li
- Molecular Oncology and Biomarkers Program, Georgia Cancer Center, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA; Center for Cancer Research and Therapeutic Development and Department of Biological Sciences, Clark Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Kenza Mamouni
- Molecular Oncology and Biomarkers Program, Georgia Cancer Center, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Yang Yang
- Molecular Oncology and Biomarkers Program, Georgia Cancer Center, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA; Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - HongYan Liu
- Dotquant LLC, CoMotion Labs at University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Alira Danaher
- Center for Cancer Research and Therapeutic Development and Department of Biological Sciences, Clark Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Nicholas Cook
- Center for Cancer Research and Therapeutic Development and Department of Biological Sciences, Clark Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Omer Kucuk
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA; Department of Urology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Robert S Hodges
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA; AMP Discovery LLC, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Lajos Gera
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA; AMP Discovery LLC, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Daqing Wu
- Molecular Oncology and Biomarkers Program, Georgia Cancer Center, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA; Center for Cancer Research and Therapeutic Development and Department of Biological Sciences, Clark Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA, USA; Department of Urology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA; MetCure Therapeutics LLC, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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24
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Liu L, Deng Y, Zheng Z, Deng Z, Zhang J, Li J, Liang M, Zhou X, Tan W, Yang H, Neckers LM, Zou F, Chen X. Hsp90 Inhibitor STA9090 Sensitizes Hepatocellular Carcinoma to Hyperthermia-Induced DNA Damage by Suppressing DNA-PKcs Protein Stability and mRNA Transcription. Mol Cancer Ther 2021; 20:1880-1892. [PMID: 34376581 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-21-0215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
As a conserved molecular chaperone, heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) maintains the stability and homeostasis of oncoproteins and helps cancer cells survive. DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs) plays a pivotal role in the non-homologous end joining pathway for DNA double-strand breaks (DSB) repair. Tumor cells contain higher levels of DNA-PKcs to survive by the hostile tumor microenvironment and various antitumor therapies. Here, we showed that increased levels of Hsp90α, Hsp90β, and DNA-PKcs correlated with a poor overall survival in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). We revealed that Hsp90 N-terminal domain and C-terminal domain have different effects on DNA-PKcs protein and mRNA levels. The stability of DNA-PKcs depended on Hsp90α N-terminal nucleotide binding domain. Transcription factor SP1 regulates the transcription of PRKDC (gene name of DNA-PKcs) and is a client protein of Hsp90. Inhibition of Hsp90 N-terminal by STA9090 decreased the location of Hsp90α in nucleus, Hsp90α-SP1 interaction, SP1 level, and the binding of Hsp90α/SP1 at the proximal promoter region of PRKDC Because hyperthermia induces DSBs with increases level of DNA-PKcs, combined STA9090 treatment with hyperthermia effectively delayed the tumor growth and significantly decreased DNA-PKcs levels in xenografts model. Consistently, inhibition of Hsp90 increased the number of heat shock-induced γ-H2AX foci and delayed the repair of DSBs. Altogether, our results suggest that Hsp90 inhibitor STA9090 decreases DNA-PKcs protein stability and PRKDC mRNA level, which provide a theoretical basis for the promising combination therapy of hyperthermia and Hsp90 inhibitor in HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixia Liu
- Department of Occupational Health and Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Yaotang Deng
- Department of Occupational Health and Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Zhenming Zheng
- Department of Occupational Health and Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Zihao Deng
- Department of Occupational Health and Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Jinxin Zhang
- Department of Occupational Health and Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Jieyou Li
- Department of Occupational Health and Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Manfeng Liang
- Department of Occupational Health and Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Xueqiong Zhou
- Department of Occupational Health and Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Wenchong Tan
- Department of Occupational Health and Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Hongjun Yang
- Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Leonard M Neckers
- Urologic Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, Hatfield Clinical Research Center, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Fei Zou
- Department of Occupational Health and Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China.
| | - Xuemei Chen
- Department of Occupational Health and Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China.
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25
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Yoon BK, Lim ZY, Jeon WY, Cho NJ, Kim JH, Jackman JA. Medicinal Activities and Nanomedicine Delivery Strategies for Brucea javanica Oil and Its Molecular Components. Molecules 2020; 25:E5414. [PMID: 33228061 PMCID: PMC7699344 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25225414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Brucea javanica oil (BJO) is widely used in traditional Chinese medicine to treat various types of cancer and inflammatory diseases. There is significant interest in understanding the medicinal activities of BJO and its molecular components, especially quassinoids, and in exploring how they can be incorporated into nanomedicine delivery strategies for improved application prospects. Herein, we cover the latest progress in developing different classes of drug delivery vehicles, including nanoemulsions, liposomes, nanostructured lipid carriers, and spongosomes, to encapsulate BJO and purified quassinoids. An introduction to the composition and medicinal activities of BJO and its molecular components, including quassinoids and fatty acids, is first provided. Application examples involving each type of drug delivery vehicle are then critically presented. Future opportunities for nanomedicine delivery strategies in the field are also discussed and considered within the context of translational medicine needs and drug development processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Kyeong Yoon
- School of Chemical Engineering and Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU (BICS), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea; (B.K.Y.); (Z.Y.L.); (W.-Y.J.)
| | - Zheng Yi Lim
- School of Chemical Engineering and Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU (BICS), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea; (B.K.Y.); (Z.Y.L.); (W.-Y.J.)
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637553, Singapore;
| | - Won-Yong Jeon
- School of Chemical Engineering and Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU (BICS), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea; (B.K.Y.); (Z.Y.L.); (W.-Y.J.)
- Omni Colab Corporation, Suwon 16229, Korea
| | - Nam-Joon Cho
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637553, Singapore;
| | - Jeong Hoon Kim
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul 06351, Korea;
| | - Joshua A. Jackman
- School of Chemical Engineering and Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU (BICS), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea; (B.K.Y.); (Z.Y.L.); (W.-Y.J.)
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