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Shaji SG, Patel P, Mamani UF, Guo Y, Koirala S, Lin CY, Alahmari M, Omoscharka E, Cheng K. Delivery of a STING Agonist Using Lipid Nanoparticles Inhibits Pancreatic Cancer Growth. Int J Nanomedicine 2024; 19:8769-8778. [PMID: 39220196 PMCID: PMC11365503 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s462213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 07/19/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The tumor microenvironment (TME) of pancreatic cancer is highly immunosuppressive and characterized by a large number of cancer-associated fibroblasts, myeloid-derived suppressor cells, and regulatory T cells. Stimulator of interferon genes (STING) is an endoplasmic reticulum receptor that plays a critical role in immunity. STING agonists have demonstrated the ability to inflame the TME, reduce tumor burden, and confer anti-tumor activity in mouse models. 2'3' cyclic guanosine monophosphate adenosine monophosphate (2'3'-cGAMP) is a high-affinity endogenous ligand of STING. However, delivering cGAMP to antigen-presenting cells and tumor cells within the cytosol remains challenging due to membrane impermeability and poor stability. Methods In this study, we encapsulated 2'3'-cGAMP in a lipid nanoparticle (cGAMP-LNP) designed for efficient cellular delivery. We assessed the properties of the nanoparticles using a series of in-vitro studies designed to evaluate their cellular uptake, cytosolic release, and minimal cytotoxicity. Furthermore, we examined the nanoparticle's anti-tumor effect in a syngeneic mouse model of pancreatic cancer. Results The lipid platform significantly increased the cellular uptake of 2'3'-cGAMP. cGAMP-LNP exhibited promising antitumor activity in the syngeneic mouse model of pancreatic cancer. Discussion The LNP platform shows promise for delivering exogenous 2'3'-cGAMP or its derivatives in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherin George Shaji
- Division of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Pratikkumar Patel
- Division of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Umar-Farouk Mamani
- Division of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Yuhan Guo
- Division of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Sushil Koirala
- Division of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Chien-Yu Lin
- Division of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Mohammed Alahmari
- Division of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Evanthia Omoscharka
- Department of Pathology, University Health/Truman Medical Center, School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas, MO, USA
| | - Kun Cheng
- Division of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA
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Qiao M, Zeng C, Liu C, Lei Z, Liu B, Xie H. The advancement of siRNA-based nanomedicine for tumor therapy. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2024; 19:1841-1862. [PMID: 39145477 PMCID: PMC11418284 DOI: 10.1080/17435889.2024.2377062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Small interfering RNA (siRNA) has been proved to be able to effectively down-regulate gene expression through the RNAi mechanism. Thus, siRNA-based drugs have become one of the hottest research directions due to their high efficiency and specificity. However, challenges such as instability, off-target effects and immune activation hinder their clinical application. This review explores the mechanisms of siRNA and the challenges in siRNA-based tumor therapy. It highlights the use of various nanomaterials - including lipid nanoparticles, polymeric nanoparticles and inorganic nanoparticles - as carriers for siRNA delivery in different therapeutic modalities. The application strategies of siRNA-based nanomedicine in chemotherapy, phototherapy and immunotherapy are discussed in detail, along with recent clinical advancements. Aiming to provide insights for future research and therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muchuan Qiao
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Cellular & Molecular Pathology, Institute of Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
| | - Chenlu Zeng
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Cellular & Molecular Pathology, Institute of Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
| | - Changqing Liu
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Cellular & Molecular Pathology, Institute of Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
| | - Ziwei Lei
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Cellular & Molecular Pathology, Institute of Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
| | - Bin Liu
- College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, 410082, China
| | - Hailong Xie
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Cellular & Molecular Pathology, Institute of Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
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Li Y, Liu L. UKLF/PCBP2 axis governs the colorectal cancer development by transcriptionally activating SLC39A4. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2024; 1871:119755. [PMID: 38768927 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2024.119755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most prevalent malignant tumors with limited treatment options. Therefore, there is an urgent need to investigate new therapeutic targets against CRC. Ubiquitous Kruppel-like factor (UKLF) is involved in various cancer processes, but its effect and detailed molecular mechanism in CRC are not yet fully understood. Here, this study aimed to investigate the function and mechanism of UKLF in the development of CRC. The results showed that UKLF was highly expressed in CRC tissues from clinical patients and its high expression was related to poor prognosis. UKLF promoted cell proliferation, migration and invasion, and inhibited cell apoptosis. The promotion effect of UKLF on tumor growth was further confirmed in vivo. As far as the mechanism was concerned, poly (C) binding protein 2 (PCBP2) was verified to bind to the 3'-UTR of UKLF mRNA and enhance its mRNA stability. Moreover, UKLF modulated the expression of solute carrier family 39 member 4 (SLC39A4) at the transcriptional level. Taken together, these findings elucidated the regulatory mechanism of UKLF and uncovered the importance of the PCBP2/UKLF/SLC39A4 pathway. The targeting of UKLF may be a novel direction for molecular-targeted CRC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunze Li
- Department of General Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, 36 Sanhao Street, Shenyang 110004, China
| | - Lina Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, 36 Sanhao Street, Shenyang 110004, China.
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4
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Li H, Ruan Y, Liu C, Fan X, Yao Y, Dai Y, Song Y, Jiang D, Sun N, Jiao G, Chen Z, Fan S, Meng F, Yang H, Zhang Y, Li Z. VDR promotes pancreatic cancer progression in vivo by activating CCL20-mediated M2 polarization of tumor associated macrophage. Cell Commun Signal 2024; 22:224. [PMID: 38600588 PMCID: PMC11005177 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-024-01578-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Activation of VDR pathway was a promising anti-tumor therapy strategy. However, numerous clinical studies have demonstrated the effect of activating VDR is limited, which indicates that VDR plays a complex role in vivos. METHODS We analyzed the TCGA database to examine the association between VDR expression and immune cell infiltration in pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PAAD). Western blot, ELISA, ChIP, and dual-luciferase reporter assays were performed to determine the mechanism of VDR regulating CCL20. Migration assay and immunofluorescence were used to investigate the role of CCL20 in M2 macrophage polarization and recruitment. We employed multiplexed immunohistochemical staining and mouse models to validate the correlation of VDR on macrophages infiltration in PAAD. Flow cytometry analysis of M2/M1 ratio in subcutaneous graft tumors. RESULTS VDR is extensively expressed in PAAD, and patients with elevated VDR levels exhibited a significantly reduced overall survival. VDR expression in PAAD tissues was associated with increased M2 macrophages infiltration. PAAD cells overexpressing VDR promote macrophages polarization towards M2 phenotype and recruitment in vitro and vivo. Mechanistically, VDR binds to the CCL20 promoter and up-regulates its transcription. The effects of polarization and recruitment on macrophages can be rescued by blocking CCL20. Finally, the relationship between VDR and M2 macrophages infiltration was evaluated using clinical cohort and subcutaneous graft tumors. A positive correlation was demonstrated between VDR/CCL20/CD163 in PAAD tissues and mouse models. CONCLUSION High expression of VDR in PAAD promotes M2 macrophage polarization and recruitment through the secretion of CCL20, which activates tumor progression. This finding suggests that the combination of anti-macrophage therapy may improve the efficacy of VDR activation therapy in PAAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hengzhen Li
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Yuli Ruan
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Chao Liu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
- Heilongjiang Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunology, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaona Fan
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Yuanfei Yao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
- Heilongjiang Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunology, Harbin, China
- Heilongjiang Province Key Laboratory of molecular Oncology, Harbin, China
| | - Yisheng Dai
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Yushuai Song
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Dan Jiang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Ning Sun
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Guangtao Jiao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Zhuo Chen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Shiheng Fan
- Shenzhen Engineering Center for Translational Medicine of Precision Cancer Immunodiagnosis and Therapy, Shenzhen, China
| | - Fanfei Meng
- Shenzhen Engineering Center for Translational Medicine of Precision Cancer Immunodiagnosis and Therapy, Shenzhen, China
| | - Huike Yang
- Department of Anatomy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.
| | - Yanqiao Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China.
- Heilongjiang Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunology, Harbin, China.
| | - Zhiwei Li
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China.
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Yu H, Zhu W, Lin C, Jia M, Tan X, Yuan Z, Feng S, Yan P. Stromal and tumor immune microenvironment reprogramming through multifunctional cisplatin-based liposomes boosts the efficacy of anti-PD-1 immunotherapy in pancreatic cancer. Biomater Sci 2023; 12:116-133. [PMID: 37921708 DOI: 10.1039/d3bm01118f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
The dense stromal barrier in pancreatic cancer tissues blocks intratumoral delivery and distribution of chemotherapeutics and therapeutic antibodies, causing poor chemoimmunotherapy responses. We designed a multi-targeted pH-sensitive liposome which encapsulates cisplatin (Pt) in its water core (denoted as ATF@Pt Lps) and shows high affinity for uPAR receptors in pancreatic cancer cells, tumor-associated macrophages, and cancer-associated fibroblasts. Systemic administration of ATF@Pt Lps enabled overcoming the central stromal cellular barrier and effective drug delivery into tumor cells, resulting in a strong therapeutic response in a Panc02 cell derived transplanted tumor mouse model. More importantly, ATF@Pt Lps degradation of collagen contributes to the infiltration of CD8+ T cells into tumors as well as an enhanced accumulation of anti PD-1 monoclonal antibodies. Furthermore, the killing of tumor cells by Pt also leads to the release of tumor antigens, which promote the proliferation of immune cells, especially CD83+ cells, Th1 CD4+ cells, and CD8+ cytotoxic T cells, that converted an immunoscore "cold" pancreatic cancer into a pro-immune "hot" tumor. A further combination with an immune checkpoint agent, anti PD-1 antibodies that inhibit PD-1, can enhance tumor specific cytotoxic T cell response. Accordingly, ATF@Pt Lps displays multi-targeting, controlled drug release, stromal disruption, enhanced penetration, killing of cancer cells, modification of the immunosuppressive microenvironment, and enhancement of immunity. This study provides important mechanistic information for the further development of a combination of ATF@Pt Lps and anti PD-1 antibodies for the effective treatment of pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Yu
- Department of Pharmacy, Biomedicine Research Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Major Obstetric Diseases, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangzhou, 510150, China.
| | - Wenting Zhu
- Department of Pharmacy, Biomedicine Research Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Major Obstetric Diseases, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangzhou, 510150, China.
| | - Caiyan Lin
- Department of Pharmacy, Biomedicine Research Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Major Obstetric Diseases, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangzhou, 510150, China.
| | - Menglei Jia
- Department of Pharmacy, Biomedicine Research Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Major Obstetric Diseases, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangzhou, 510150, China.
| | - Xiaoxiao Tan
- Department of Pharmacy, Biomedicine Research Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Major Obstetric Diseases, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangzhou, 510150, China.
| | - Zhongwen Yuan
- Department of Pharmacy, Biomedicine Research Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Major Obstetric Diseases, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangzhou, 510150, China.
| | - Senglin Feng
- Department of Pharmacy, Biomedicine Research Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Major Obstetric Diseases, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangzhou, 510150, China.
| | - Pengke Yan
- Department of Pharmacy, Biomedicine Research Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Major Obstetric Diseases, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangzhou, 510150, China.
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Yue NN, Xu HM, Xu J, Zhu MZ, Zhang Y, Tian CM, Nie YQ, Yao J, Liang YJ, Li DF, Wang LS. Therapeutic potential of gene therapy for gastrointestinal diseases: Advancements and future perspectives. Mol Ther Oncolytics 2023; 30:193-215. [PMID: 37663132 PMCID: PMC10471515 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2023.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Advancements in understanding the pathogenesis mechanisms underlying gastrointestinal diseases, encompassing inflammatory bowel disease, gastrointestinal cancer, and gastroesophageal reflux disease, have led to the identification of numerous novel therapeutic targets. These discoveries have opened up exciting possibilities for developing gene therapy strategies to treat gastrointestinal diseases. These strategies include gene replacement, gene enhancement, gene overexpression, gene function blocking, and transgenic somatic cell transplantation. In this review, we introduce the important gene therapy targets and targeted delivery systems within the field of gastroenterology. Furthermore, we provide a comprehensive overview of recent progress in gene therapy related to gastrointestinal disorders and shed light on the application of innovative gene-editing technologies in treating these conditions. These developments are fueling a revolution in the management of gastrointestinal diseases. Ultimately, we discuss the current challenges (particularly regarding safety, oral efficacy, and cost) and explore potential future directions for implementing gene therapy in the clinical settings for gastrointestinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning-ning Yue
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shenzhen People’s Hospital (the Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University), Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Hao-ming Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Guangzhou Digestive Disease Center, Guangzhou First People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Jing Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Guangzhou Digestive Disease Center, Guangzhou First People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Min-zheng Zhu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Department of Medical Administration, Huizhou Institute of Occupational Diseases Control and Prevention, Huizhou, Guangdong 516000, China
| | - Cheng-Mei Tian
- Department of Emergency, Shenzhen People’s Hospital (the Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, the First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Yu-qiang Nie
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Guangzhou Digestive Disease Center, Guangzhou First People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Jun Yao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shenzhen People’s Hospital (the Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, the First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Yu-jie Liang
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Shenzhen Kangning Hospital, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - De-feng Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shenzhen People’s Hospital (the Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, the First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Li-sheng Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shenzhen People’s Hospital (the Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, the First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen 518000, China
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Sinani G, Durgun ME, Cevher E, Özsoy Y. Polymeric-Micelle-Based Delivery Systems for Nucleic Acids. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2021. [PMID: 37631235 PMCID: PMC10457940 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15082021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Nucleic acids can modulate gene expression specifically. They are increasingly being utilized and show huge potential for the prevention or treatment of various diseases. However, the clinical translation of nucleic acids faces many challenges due to their rapid clearance after administration, low stability in physiological fluids and limited cellular uptake, which is associated with an inability to reach the intracellular target site and poor efficacy. For many years, tremendous efforts have been made to design appropriate delivery systems that enable the safe and effective delivery of nucleic acids at the target site to achieve high therapeutic outcomes. Among the different delivery platforms investigated, polymeric micelles have emerged as suitable delivery vehicles due to the versatility of their structures and the possibility to tailor their composition for overcoming extracellular and intracellular barriers, thus enhancing therapeutic efficacy. Many strategies, such as the addition of stimuli-sensitive groups or specific ligands, can be used to facilitate the delivery of various nucleic acids and improve targeting and accumulation at the site of action while protecting nucleic acids from degradation and promoting their cellular uptake. Furthermore, polymeric micelles can be used to deliver both chemotherapeutic drugs and nucleic acid therapeutics simultaneously to achieve synergistic combination treatment. This review focuses on the design approaches and current developments in polymeric micelles for the delivery of nucleic acids. The different preparation methods and characteristic features of polymeric micelles are covered. The current state of the art of polymeric micelles as carriers for nucleic acids is discussed while highlighting the delivery challenges of nucleic acids and how to overcome them and how to improve the safety and efficacy of nucleic acids after local or systemic administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genada Sinani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Altinbas University, 34147 Istanbul, Türkiye;
| | - Meltem Ezgi Durgun
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Istanbul University, 34126 Istanbul, Türkiye; (M.E.D.); (E.C.)
| | - Erdal Cevher
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Istanbul University, 34126 Istanbul, Türkiye; (M.E.D.); (E.C.)
| | - Yıldız Özsoy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Istanbul University, 34126 Istanbul, Türkiye; (M.E.D.); (E.C.)
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8
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Lin CY, Mamani UF, Guo Y, Liu Y, Cheng K. Peptide-Based siRNA Nanocomplexes Targeting Hepatic Stellate Cells. Biomolecules 2023; 13:448. [PMID: 36979383 PMCID: PMC10046633 DOI: 10.3390/biom13030448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver fibrosis is the excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) in the liver due to chronic injuries and inflammation. These injuries activate and transform quiescent hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) into proliferative myofibroblast-like cells, which are the key contributors to the secretin of ECM in the fibrotic liver. The insulin-like growth factor 2 receptor (IGF2R) is a multifunctional receptor that is overexpressed on activated HSCs and is a specific molecular marker of activated HSCs in the fibrotic liver. We recently discovered an IGF2R-specific peptide that significantly increases the binding affinity and uptake of a protein-based siRNA nanocomplex to activated HSCs. However, there is a potential concern about the immunogenicity of protein-based siRNA delivery systems. In this study, we used the IGF2R-specific peptide to modify a small peptide-based siRNA nanocomplex for HSC-specific drug delivery. We incorporated a short spacer and glutamate residues into the IGF2R peptides. The siRNA nanocomplex modified with the IGF2R-3GK6E peptide demonstrated higher HSC specificity compared to an unmodified nanocomplex. This peptide-based nanocomplex provides a promising platform to effectively deliver Pcbp2 siRNA to activated HSCs for the treatment of liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Kun Cheng
- Division of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, 2464 Charlotte Street, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
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Patel P, Fetse J, Lin CY, Guo Y, Hasan MR, Nakhjiri M, Zhao Z, Jain A, Cheng K. Development of amino acid-modified biodegradable lipid nanoparticles for siRNA delivery. Acta Biomater 2022; 154:374-384. [PMID: 36191773 PMCID: PMC10695009 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2022.09.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The use of siRNA therapeutics to treat cancer is a very promising approach. However, specific delivery of siRNAs to tumors remains a major challenge. The recent success of siRNA delivery to the liver has incentivized the development of biomaterials for siRNA delivery into tumors. Here, we report a new class of amino acid-modified lipids for siRNA delivery to cancer cells. Eight lipids were developed by headgroup modification with histidine and lysine. The lipids were screened in PC3-luciferase stable cells for gene silencing and cellular cytotoxicity study. The best lipid LHHK shows a pKa of 6.08, which is within the optimal pKa range of lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) for siRNA delivery. The LHHK LNP protects siRNA from serum degradation for up to 24 h and shows higher endosomal release and better cellular uptake compared to other lysine-modified lipids in PC3 cells. The LHHK LNP exhibits significant silencing activity of IKKα and IKBKE in prostate cancer and pancreatic cancer, respectively. Moreover, the LHHK LNP encapsulating IKBKE siRNA inhibits cell proliferation of pancreatic cancer cells and suppresses the tumor progression in a pancreatic cancer mouse model. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Lipid nanoparticle (LNP) is a promising platform for siRNA delivery. However, LNP is generally associated with high systemic toxicity. As a result, efficient and biodegradable lipids are highly needed for siRNA-based cancer therapy. Herein, we develop amino acid-modified biodegradable lipids. These lipids show very low cellular toxicity and high transfection efficiency. The best lipid LHHK shows a pKa of 6.08, which is within the optimal pKa range of LNPs for siRNA delivery. The LHHK LNP efficiently silences IKKα and IKBKE in prostate and pancreatic cancer, respectively. Moreover, the LHHK LNP encapsulating IKBKE siRNA inhibits cell proliferation and suppresses tumor growth of pancreatic cancer in vivo. These results suggest that amino acid-modified lipids possess a great potential for siRNA delivery in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratikkumar Patel
- Division of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, 2464 Charlotte Street, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
| | - John Fetse
- Division of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, 2464 Charlotte Street, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
| | - Chien-Yu Lin
- Division of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, 2464 Charlotte Street, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
| | - Yuhan Guo
- Division of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, 2464 Charlotte Street, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
| | - Md Reaid Hasan
- Division of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, 2464 Charlotte Street, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
| | - Maryam Nakhjiri
- Division of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, 2464 Charlotte Street, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
| | - Zhen Zhao
- Division of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, 2464 Charlotte Street, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
| | - Akshay Jain
- Division of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, 2464 Charlotte Street, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
| | - Kun Cheng
- Division of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, 2464 Charlotte Street, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA.
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10
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Chen X, Yu M, Xu W, Kun P, Wan W, Yuhong X, Ye J, Liu Y, Luo J. PCBP2 Reduced Oxidative Stress-Induced Apoptosis in Glioma through cGAS/STING Pathway by METTL3-Mediated m6A Modification. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:9049571. [PMID: 36267817 PMCID: PMC9578808 DOI: 10.1155/2022/9049571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Purpose The most prevalent primary malignant tumor of CNS is glioma, which has a dismal prognosis. The theory of oxidative stress is one of the important theories in the study of its occurrence and development mechanism. In this study, the impacts of PCBP2 on glioma sufferers and the possible mechanisms were examined. Methods Patients with glioma were obtained from May 2017 to July 2018. Quantitative PCR, microarray analysis, western blot analysis, and immunofluorescence were used in this experiment. Results PCBP2 mRNA expression level and protein expression in patients with glioma were upregulated compared with paracancerous tissue. OS and DFS of PCBP2 low expression in patients with glioma were higher than those of PCBP2 high expression. PCBP2 promoted the progression and metastasis of glioma. PCBP2 reduced oxidative stress-induced apoptosis of glioma. PCBP2 suppressed the cGAS/STING pathway of glioma. PCBP2 protein interlinked with cGAS and cGAS was one target for PCBP2. METTL3-mediated m6A modification increases PCBP2 stability. Conclusion Along the cGAS-STING signal pathway, PCBP2 decreased the apoptosis that oxidative stress-induced glioma caused, which might be a potential target to suppress oxidative stress-induced apoptosis of glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Chen
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 1 Minde Road, Nanchang City, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Mingchuan Yu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 1 Minde Road, Nanchang City, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Wei Xu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, China
| | - Peng Kun
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, China
| | - Wenbing Wan
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, China
| | - Xiao Yuhong
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 1 Minde Road, Nanchang City, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Jing Ye
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 1 Minde Road, Nanchang City, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 1 Minde Road, Nanchang City, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Jun Luo
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 1 Minde Road, Nanchang City, Jiangxi Province, China
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11
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Nishimura T, Takadate T, Maeda S, Suzuki T, Minowa T, Fukuda T, Bando Y, Unno M. Disease-related protein co-expression networks are associated with the prognosis of resectable node-positive pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Sci Rep 2022; 12:14709. [PMID: 36038612 PMCID: PMC9424258 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-19182-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a multifactorial disease, the molecular profile of which remains unclear. This study aimed at unveiling the disease-related protein networks associated with different outcomes of resectable, node-positive PDAC cases. We assessed laser-microdissected cancerous cells from PDAC tissues of a poor outcome group (POG; n = 4) and a better outcome group (BOG; n = 4). Noncancerous pancreatic duct tissues (n = 5) were used as the reference. We identified four representative network modules by applying a weighted network correlation analysis to the obtained quantitative PDAC proteome datasets. Two network modules that were significant for POG were associated with the heat shock response to hypoxia-related stress; in the latter, a large involvement of the non-canonical Hedgehog pathway (regulated by GLI1), the internal ribosome entry site-mediated cap-independent translation, the inositol requiring enzyme 1-alpha (IRE1α)/X-box binding protein 1 pathway of the unfolding protein response (UPR), and the aerobic glycolysis was observed. By contrast, the BOG characteristic module was involved in the inactivation of the UPR pathway via the synoviolin 1-dependent proteasomal degradation of IRE1α, the activation of SOX2, and the loss of PALB2 (partner and localizer of BRCA2) function, all potentially suppressing malignant tumor development. Our findings might facilitate future therapeutic strategies for PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihide Nishimura
- Department of Translational Medicine Informatics, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 216-8511, Japan. .,Biosys Technologies, Inc., Tokyo, Tokyo, 153-8904, Japan.
| | - Tatsuyuki Takadate
- Department of Surgery, National Hospital Organization Sendai Medical Center, Sendai, Miyagi, 983-8520, Japan
| | - Shimpei Maeda
- Department of Surgery, Saitama Medical Center, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0498, Japan
| | - Takashi Suzuki
- Department of Pathology and Histotechnology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8574, Japan
| | - Takashi Minowa
- Nanotechnology Innovation Station, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Fukuda
- Biosys Technologies, Inc., Tokyo, Tokyo, 153-8904, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Bando
- Biosys Technologies, Inc., Tokyo, Tokyo, 153-8904, Japan
| | - Michiaki Unno
- Department of Surgery, National Hospital Organization Sendai Medical Center, Sendai, Miyagi, 983-8520, Japan.,Department of Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8574, Japan
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12
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Zhang Q, Luo Y, Liang B, Suo D, Lyu S, Wang Y, Zhao X. An anti-bacterial and anti-cancer fibrous membrane with multiple therapeutic effects for prevention of pancreatic cancer recurrence. BIOMATERIALS ADVANCES 2022; 137:212831. [PMID: 35929264 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2022.212831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Adjuvant systemic chemotherapy with gemcitabine (GEM) is recognized as the standard of care to improve the prognosis of patients with resected pancreatic cancer (PC); however, it is greatly limited by poor absorption of chemotherapy agents. Moreover, surgical site infection and Gammaproteobacteria-induced GEM resistance further decrease the chemotherapy efficacy and increase the risk of recurrence and even mortality. Here, we develop an implantable anti-bacterial and anti-cancer fibrous membrane (AAFM) to inhibit PC recurrence in a well-coordinated manner. Our AAFM can be readily prepared via simple co-electrospinning of GEM and poly-L-lactic acid (PLLA) and subsequent tannic acid (TA)-mediated in-situ generation of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). The resultant membrane presents highly porous fibrous morphology and appropriate mechanical performance. Most importantly, we find the surface-deposited TA/AgNP complexes can exert multiple therapeutic effects: (1) they can act as a fence to extend GEM diffusion route, achieving a sustained drug release; (2) they can fight the pathogenic microorganisms in the local microenvironment and prevent infectious complications and alleviate Gammaproteobacteria-induced chemotherapy resistance; (3) they can combat residual cancer cells to synchronously strengthen the effectiveness of GEM-based chemotherapy. Altogether, our AAFM provides a proof-of-concept demonstration of the integrated anti-cancer and anti-bacterial strategy for enhanced therapeutic efficacy and will inspire the design of other high-performance implants for prevention of tumor relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yang Luo
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Bo Liang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong, China
| | - Di Suo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong, China
| | - Shang Lyu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China.
| | - Xin Zhao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong, China.
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13
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Toyokuni S, Kong Y, Zheng H, Maeda Y, Motooka Y, Akatsuka S. Iron as spirit of life to share under monopoly. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2022; 71:78-88. [PMID: 36213789 PMCID: PMC9519419 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.22-43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Any independent life requires iron to survive. Whereas iron deficiency causes oxygen insufficiency, excess iron is a risk for cancer, generating a double-edged sword. Iron metabolism is strictly regulated via specific systems, including iron-responsive element (IRE)/iron regulatory proteins (IRPs) and the corresponding ubiquitin ligase FBXL5. Here we briefly reflect the history of bioiron research and describe major recent advancements. Ferroptosis, a newly coined Fe(II)-dependent regulated necrosis, is providing huge impact on science. Carcinogenesis is a process to acquire ferroptosis-resistance and ferroptosis is preferred in cancer therapy due to immunogenicity. Poly(rC)-binding proteins 1/2 (PCBP1/2) were identified as major cytosolic Fe(II) chaperone proteins. The mechanism how cells retrieve stored iron in ferritin cores was unraveled as ferritinophagy, a form of autophagy. Of note, ferroptosis may exploit ferritinophagy during the progression. Recently, we discovered that cellular ferritin secretion is through extracellular vesicles (EVs) escorted by CD63 under the regulation of IRE/IRP system. Furthermore, this process was abused in asbestos-induced mesothelial carcinogenesis. In summary, cellular iron metabolism is tightly regulated by multi-system organizations as surplus iron is shared through ferritin in EVs among neighbor and distant cells in need. However, various noxious stimuli dramatically promote cellular iron uptake/storage, which may result in ferroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Toyokuni
- Department of Pathology and Biological Responses, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Yingyi Kong
- Department of Pathology and Biological Responses, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Hao Zheng
- Department of Pathology and Biological Responses, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Yuki Maeda
- Department of Pathology and Biological Responses, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Yashiro Motooka
- Department of Pathology and Biological Responses, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Shinya Akatsuka
- Department of Pathology and Biological Responses, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine
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14
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Ferrara B, Pignatelli C, Cossutta M, Citro A, Courty J, Piemonti L. The Extracellular Matrix in Pancreatic Cancer: Description of a Complex Network and Promising Therapeutic Options. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13174442. [PMID: 34503252 PMCID: PMC8430646 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13174442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The stroma is a relevant player in driving and supporting the progression of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), and a large body of evidence highlights its role in hindering the efficacy of current therapies. In fact, the dense extracellular matrix (ECM) characterizing this tumor acts as a natural physical barrier, impairing drug penetration. Consequently, all of the approaches combining stroma-targeting and anticancer therapy constitute an appealing option for improving drug penetration. Several strategies have been adopted in order to target the PDAC stroma, such as the depletion of ECM components and the targeting of cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), which are responsible for the increased matrix deposition in cancer. Additionally, the leaky and collapsing blood vessels characterizing the tumor might be normalized, thus restoring blood perfusion and allowing drug penetration. Even though many stroma-targeting strategies have reported disappointing results in clinical trials, the ECM offers a wide range of potential therapeutic targets that are now being investigated. The dense ECM might be bypassed by implementing nanoparticle-based systems or by using mesenchymal stem cells as drug carriers. The present review aims to provide an overview of the principal mechanisms involved in the ECM remodeling and of new promising therapeutic strategies for PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedetta Ferrara
- Diabetes Research Institute (HSR-DRI), San Raffaele Scientific Institute, via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milan, Italy; (B.F.); (C.P.); (A.C.)
| | - Cataldo Pignatelli
- Diabetes Research Institute (HSR-DRI), San Raffaele Scientific Institute, via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milan, Italy; (B.F.); (C.P.); (A.C.)
| | - Mélissande Cossutta
- INSERM U955, Immunorégulation et Biothérapie, Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale (IMRB), Université Paris-Est Créteil, 94010 Créteil, France; (M.C.); (J.C.)
- AP-HP, Centre d’Investigation Clinique Biothérapie, Groupe Hospitalo-Universitaire Chenevier Mondor, 94010 Créteil, France
| | - Antonio Citro
- Diabetes Research Institute (HSR-DRI), San Raffaele Scientific Institute, via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milan, Italy; (B.F.); (C.P.); (A.C.)
| | - José Courty
- INSERM U955, Immunorégulation et Biothérapie, Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale (IMRB), Université Paris-Est Créteil, 94010 Créteil, France; (M.C.); (J.C.)
- AP-HP, Centre d’Investigation Clinique Biothérapie, Groupe Hospitalo-Universitaire Chenevier Mondor, 94010 Créteil, France
| | - Lorenzo Piemonti
- Diabetes Research Institute (HSR-DRI), San Raffaele Scientific Institute, via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milan, Italy; (B.F.); (C.P.); (A.C.)
- Correspondence:
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15
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Liu Y, Wu W, Wang Y, Han S, Yuan Y, Huang J, Shuai X, Peng Z. Recent development of gene therapy for pancreatic cancer using non-viral nanovectors. Biomater Sci 2021; 9:6673-6690. [PMID: 34378568 DOI: 10.1039/d1bm00748c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer (PC), characterized by its dense desmoplastic stroma and hypovascularity, is one of the most lethal cancers with a poor prognosis in the world. Traditional treatments such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and targeted therapy show little benefit in the survival rate in patients with advanced PC due to the poor penetration and resistance of drugs, low radiosensitivity, or severe side effects. Gene therapy can modify the morbific and drug-resistant genes as well as insert the tumor-suppressing genes, which has been shown to have great potential in PC treatment. The development of safe non-viral vectors for the highly efficient delivery of nucleic acids is essential for effective gene therapy, and has been attracting much attention. In this review, we first summarized the PC-promoting genes and gene therapies using plasmid DNA, mRNA, miRNA/siRNA-based RNA interference technology, and genome editing technology. Second, the commonly used non-viral nanovector and theranostic gene delivery nanosystem, especially the tumor microenvironment-sensitive delivery nanosystem and the cell/tumor-penetrating delivery nanosystem, were introduced. Third, a combination of non-viral nanovector-based gene therapy and other therapies, such as immunotherapy, chemotherapy, photothermal therapy (PTT), and photodynamic therapy (PDT), for PDAC treatment was discussed. Finally, a number of clinical trials have demonstrated the proof-of-principle that gene therapy or the combination of gene therapy and chemotherapy using non-viral vectors can inhibit the progression of PC. Although most of the non-viral vector-based gene therapies and their combination therapy are still under preclinical research, the development of genetics, molecular biology, and novel vectors would promote the clinical transformation of gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Liu
- Department of Medical Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China.
| | - Wei Wu
- Department of Medical Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China.
| | - Yiyao Wang
- Department of Urology, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China.
| | - Shisong Han
- PCFM Lab of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China.
| | - Yuanyuan Yuan
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China
| | - Jinsheng Huang
- Department of Urology, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China.
| | - Xintao Shuai
- PCFM Lab of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China.
| | - Zhao Peng
- Department of Medical Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China.
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16
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Mortezaee K. Normalization in tumor ecosystem: Opportunities and challenges. Cell Biol Int 2021; 45:2017-2030. [PMID: 34189798 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.11655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Current research in cancer therapy aims to exploit efficient strategies to have long-lasting effects on tumors and to reduce or even revoke the chance of recurrence. Within the tumor stroma, O2 and nutrients are abnormally distributed between various cells (preferentially for supplying cancer cells), the immune contexture is abnormally positioned (permissive essentially for cells exhibiting tumor-promoting capacity), the fibroblast and fibrotic content is abnormally distributed (presence of both extracellular matrix [ECM] stiffening and ECM-degrading factors both for tumor-promoting purposes), and the tumor vasculature is abnormally orchestrated (for hindering drug delivery and increasing the chance of tumor metastasis). Resistance is actually an adaptive response to an imbalance in the tumor ecosystem; thus, the key consideration for effective cancer therapy is to bring back the normal status in this ecosystem so as to reach the desired durable outcome. Vascular normalization, metabolic modulation (glucose delivery in particular), balancing cellular dispersion, and balancing the pH rate and O2 delivery within the tumor microenvironment are suggested strategies to reverse abnormality within the tumor stroma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keywan Mortezaee
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
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