Mutational signature of mtDNA confers mechanistic insight into oxidative metabolism remodeling in colorectal cancer

Mitochondrial genetic variations in leukemia: a comprehensive overview

Leukemias are a group of heterogeneous hematological malignancies driven by diverse genetic variations, and the advent of genomic sequencing technologies facilitates the investigation of genetic abnormalities in leukemia. However, these sequencing-based studies mainly focus on nuclear DNAs. Increasing evidence indicates that mitochondrial dysfunction is an important mechanism of leukemia pathogenesis, which is closely related to the mitochondrial genome variations. Here, we provide an overview of current research progress concerning mitochondrial genetic variations in leukemia, encompassing gene mutations and copy number variations. We also summarize currently accessible mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequencing methods. Notably, somatic mtDNA mutations may serve as natural genetic barcodes for lineage tracing and longitudinal assessment of clonal dynamics. Collectively, these findings enhance our understanding of leukemia pathogenesis and foster the identification of novel therapeutic targets and interventions.

Mitochondrial function and gastrointestinal diseases

Mitochondria are dynamic organelles that function in cellular energy metabolism, intracellular and extracellular signalling, cellular fate and stress responses. Mitochondria of the intestinal epithelium, the cellular interface between self and enteric microbiota, have emerged as crucial in intestinal health. Mitochondrial dysfunction occurs in gastrointestinal diseases, including inflammatory bowel diseases and colorectal cancer. In this Review, we provide an overview of the current understanding of intestinal epithelial cell mitochondrial metabolism, function and signalling to affect tissue homeostasis, including gut microbiota composition. We also discuss mitochondrial-targeted therapeutics for inflammatory bowel diseases and colorectal cancer and the evolving concept of mitochondrial impairment as a consequence versus initiator of the disease.

Mitochondria transcription and cancer

Mitochondria are major organelles involved in several processes related to energy supply, metabolism, and cell proliferation. The mitochondria function is transcriptionally regulated by mitochondria DNA (mtDNA), which encodes the key proteins in the electron transport chain that is indispensable for oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). Mitochondrial transcriptional abnormalities are closely related to a variety of human diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases, and diabetes. The mitochondria transcription is regulated by the mtDNA, mitochondrial RNA polymerase (POLRMT), two transcription factors (TFAM and TF2BM), one transcription elongation (TEFM), and one known transcription termination factor (mTERFs). Dysregulation of these factors directly leads to altered expression of mtDNA in tumor cells, resulting in cellular metabolic reprogramming and mitochondrial dysfunction. This dysregulation plays a role in modulating tumor progression. Therefore, understanding the role of mitochondrial transcription in cancer can have implications for cancer diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment. Targeting mitochondrial transcription or related pathways may provide potential therapeutic strategies for cancer treatment. Additionally, assessing mitochondrial transcriptional profiles or biomarkers in cancer cells or patient samples may offer diagnostic or prognostic information.

Mutational profiling of mitochondrial DNA reveals an epithelial ovarian cancer-specific evolutionary pattern contributing to high oxidative metabolism

BACKGROUND

Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) heavily relies on oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) and exhibits distinct mitochondrial metabolic reprogramming. Up to now, the evolutionary pattern of somatic mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations in EOC tissues and their potential roles in metabolic remodelling have not been systematically elucidated.

METHODS

Based on a large somatic mtDNA mutation dataset from private and public EOC cohorts (239 and 118 patients, respectively), we most comprehensively characterised the EOC-specific evolutionary pattern of mtDNA mutations and investigated its biological implication.

RESULTS

Mutational profiling revealed that the mitochondrial genome of EOC tissues was highly unstable compared with non-cancerous ovary tissues. Furthermore, our data indicated the delayed heteroplasmy accumulation of mtDNA control region (mtCTR) mutations and near-complete absence of mtCTR non-hypervariable segment (non-HVS) mutations in EOC tissues, which is consistent with stringent negative selection against mtCTR mutation. Additionally, we observed a bidirectional and region-specific evolutionary pattern of mtDNA coding region mutations, manifested as significant negative selection against mutations in complex V (ATP6/ATP8) and tRNA loop regions, and potential positive selection on mutations in complex III (MT-CYB). Meanwhile, EOC tissues showed higher mitochondrial biogenesis compared with non-cancerous ovary tissues. Further analysis revealed the significant association between mtDNA mutations and both mitochondrial biogenesis and overall survival of EOC patients.

CONCLUSIONS

Our study presents a comprehensive delineation of EOC-specific evolutionary patterns of mtDNA mutations that aligned well with the specific mitochondrial metabolic remodelling, conferring novel insights into the functional roles of mtDNA mutations in EOC tumourigenesis and progression.

MOTS-c Functionally Prevents Metabolic Disorders

Mitochondrial-derived peptides are a family of peptides encoded by short open reading frames in the mitochondrial genome, which have regulatory effects on mitochondrial functions, gene expression, and metabolic homeostasis of the body. As a new member of the mitochondrial-derived peptide family, mitochondrial open reading frame of the 12S rRNA-c (MOTS-c) is regarding a peptide hormone that could reduce insulin resistance, prevent obesity, improve muscle function, promote bone metabolism, enhance immune regulation, and postpone aging. MOTS-c plays these physiological functions mainly through activating the AICAR-AMPK signaling pathways by disrupting the folate-methionine cycle in cells. Recent studies have shown that the above hormonal effect can be achieved through MOTS-c regulating the expression of genes such as GLUT4, STAT3, and IL-10. However, there is a lack of articles summarizing the genes and pathways involved in the physiological activity of MOTS-c. This article aims to summarize and interpret the interesting and updated findings of MOTS-c-associated genes and pathways involved in pathological metabolic processes. Finally, it is expected to develop novel diagnostic markers and treatment approaches with MOTS-c to prevent and treat metabolic disorders in the future.