1
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Yang YC, Ma X, Zhou C, Xu N, Ding D, Ma ZZ, Zhou L, Cui PY. Functional investigation and two-sample Mendelian randomization study of primary biliary cholangitis hub genes. World J Clin Cases 2024; 12:6391-6406. [DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v12.i30.6391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Revised: 07/03/2024] [Accepted: 08/22/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The identification of specific gene expression patterns is crucial for understanding the mechanisms underlying primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) and finding relevant biomarkers for diagnosis and therapeutic evaluation.
AIM To determine PBC-associated hub genes and assess their clinical utility for disease prediction.
METHODS PBC expression data were obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus database. Overlapping genes from differential expression analysis and weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) were identified as key genes for PBC. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes and Gene Ontology analyses were performed to explore the potential roles of key genes. Hub genes were identified in protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks using the Degree algorithm in Cytoscape software. The relationship between hub genes and immune cells was investigated. Finally, a Mendelian randomization study was conducted to determine the causal effects of hub genes on PBC.
RESULTS We identified 71 overlapping key genes using differential expression analysis and WGCNA. These genes were primarily enriched in pathways related to cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, and Th1, Th2, and Th17 cell differentiation. We utilized Cytoscape software and identified five hub genes (CD247, IL10, CCL5, CCL3, and STAT3) in PPI networks. These hub genes showed a strong correlation with immune cell infiltration in PBC. However, inverse variance weighting analysis did not indicate the causal effects of hub genes on PBC risk.
CONCLUSION Hub genes can potentially serve as valuable biomarkers for PBC prediction and treatment, thereby offering significant clinical utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Chuan Yang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu 233000, Anhui Province, China
- Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510000, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xiang Ma
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu 233000, Anhui Province, China
- Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510000, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Chi Zhou
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu 233000, Anhui Province, China
| | - Nan Xu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu 233000, Anhui Province, China
| | - Ding Ding
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu 233000, Anhui Province, China
| | - Zhong-Zheng Ma
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu 233000, Anhui Province, China
| | - Lei Zhou
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu 233000, Anhui Province, China
| | - Pei-Yuan Cui
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233000, Anhui Province, China
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2
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Raja A, Kasana A, Verma V. Next-Generation Therapeutic Antibodies for Cancer Treatment: Advancements, Applications, and Challenges. Mol Biotechnol 2024:10.1007/s12033-024-01270-y. [PMID: 39222285 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-024-01270-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 08/24/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
The field of cancer treatment has evolved significantly over the last decade with the emergence of next-generation therapeutic antibodies. Conventional treatments like chemotherapy pose significant challenges, including adverse side effects. Monoclonal antibodies have paved the way for more targeted and effective interventions. The evolution from chimeric to humanized and fully human antibodies has led to a reduction in immunogenicity and enhanced tolerance in vivo. The advent of next-generation antibodies, including bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, antibody-drug conjugates, glyco-engineered antibodies, and antibody fragments, represents a leap forward in cancer therapy. These innovations offer increased potency, adaptability, and reduced drug resistance. Challenges such as target validation, immunogenicity, and high production costs exist. However, technological advancements in antibody engineering techniques provide optimism for addressing these issues. The future promises a paradigm shift, where ongoing research will propel these powerful antibodies to the forefront, revolutionizing the fight against cancer and creating new preventive and curative treatments. This review provides an overview of three next-generation antibody-based molecules, namely bispecific antibodies, antibody-drug conjugates, and nanobodies that have shown promising results in cancer treatment. It discusses the evolution of antibodies from conventional forms to next-generation molecules, along with their applications in cancer treatment, production methods, and associated challenges. The review aims to offer researchers insights into the evolving landscape of next-generation antibody-based cancer therapeutics and their potential to revolutionize treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhavya Raja
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Bennett University, Greater Noida, 201310, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Abhishek Kasana
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Bennett University, Greater Noida, 201310, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Vaishali Verma
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Bennett University, Greater Noida, 201310, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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3
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Ingavat N, Dzulkiflie N, Liew JM, Wang X, Leong E, Loh HP, Ng SK, Yang Y, Zhang W. Investigation on environmental factors contributing to bispecific antibody stability and the reversal of self-associated aggregates. BIORESOUR BIOPROCESS 2024; 11:82. [PMID: 39177850 PMCID: PMC11343937 DOI: 10.1186/s40643-024-00796-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2024] [Accepted: 08/09/2024] [Indexed: 08/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Bispecific antibodies (bsAbs) hold promises for enhanced therapeutic potential surpassing that of their parental monoclonal antibodies. However, bsAbs pose great challenges in their manufacturing, and one of the common reasons is their susceptibility to aggregation. Building on previous studies demonstrating the functionality and potential manufacturability of Fab-scFv format bsAb, this investigation delved into the impact of environmental factors-such as pH, buffer types, ionic strength, protein concentrations, and temperatures-on its stability and the reversal of its self-associated aggregates. Mildly acidic, low-salt conditions were found optimal, ensuring bsAb stability for 30 days even at elevated temperature of 40 °C. Furthermore, these conditions facilitated the reversal of its self-associated aggregates to monomers during the initial 7-day incubation period. Our findings underscore the robustness and resilience of Fab-scFv format bsAb, further confirming its potential manufacturability despite its current absence as commercial products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nattha Ingavat
- Downstream Processing Group, Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Nuruljannah Dzulkiflie
- Downstream Processing Group, Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jia Min Liew
- Downstream Processing Group, Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xinhui Wang
- Downstream Processing Group, Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Eunice Leong
- Animal Cell Bioprocessing Group, Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Han Ping Loh
- Cell Line Development Group, Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Say Kong Ng
- Animal Cell Bioprocessing Group, Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yuansheng Yang
- Cell Line Development Group, Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wei Zhang
- Downstream Processing Group, Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore.
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4
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Al Hadidi S, Heslop HE, Brenner MK, Suzuki M. Bispecific antibodies and autologous chimeric antigen receptor T cell therapies for treatment of hematological malignancies. Mol Ther 2024; 32:2444-2460. [PMID: 38822527 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2024.05.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the therapeutic landscape for hematological malignancies has markedly advanced, particularly since the inaugural approval of autologous chimeric antigen receptor T cell (CAR-T) therapy in 2017 for relapsed/refractory acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Autologous CAR-T therapy involves the genetic modification of a patient's T cells to specifically identify and attack cancer cells, while bispecific antibodies (BsAbs) function by binding to both cancer cells and immune cells simultaneously, thereby triggering an immune response against the tumor. The subsequent approval of various CAR-T therapies and BsAbs have revolutionized the treatment of multiple hematological malignancies, highlighting high response rates and a subset of patients achieving prolonged disease control. This review explores the mechanisms underlying autologous CAR-T therapies and BsAbs, focusing on their clinical application in multiple myeloma, ALL, and non-Hodgkin lymphoma. We provide comprehensive insights into their individual efficacy, limitations concerning broad application, and the potential of combination therapies. These upcoming strategies aim to propel the field forward, paving the way for safer and more effective therapeutic interventions in hematological malignancies.
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MESH Headings
- Humans
- Antibodies, Bispecific/therapeutic use
- Hematologic Neoplasms/therapy
- Hematologic Neoplasms/immunology
- Immunotherapy, Adoptive/methods
- Receptors, Chimeric Antigen/immunology
- Receptors, Chimeric Antigen/genetics
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Animals
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Combined Modality Therapy
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Affiliation(s)
- Samer Al Hadidi
- Myeloma Center, Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Helen E Heslop
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Malcolm K Brenner
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Masataka Suzuki
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA.
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5
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Schoenfeld K, Harwardt J, Kolmar H. Better safe than sorry: dual targeting antibodies for cancer immunotherapy. Biol Chem 2024; 405:443-459. [PMID: 38297991 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2023-0329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
Antibody-based therapies are revolutionizing cancer treatment and experience a steady increase from preclinical and clinical pipelines to market share. While the clinical success of monoclonal antibodies is frequently limited by low response rates, treatment resistance and various other factors, multispecific antibodies open up new prospects by addressing tumor complexity as well as immune response actuation potently improving safety and efficacy. Novel antibody approaches involve simultaneous binding of two antigens on one cell implying increased specificity and reduced tumor escape for dual tumor-associated antigen targeting and enhanced and durable cytotoxic effects for dual immune cell-related antigen targeting. This article reviews antibody and cell-based therapeutics for oncology with intrinsic dual targeting of either tumor cells or immune cells. As revealed in various preclinical studies and clinical trials, dual targeting molecules are promising candidates constituting the next generation of antibody drugs for fighting cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Schoenfeld
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, Peter-Grünberg-Strasse 4, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Julia Harwardt
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, Peter-Grünberg-Strasse 4, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Harald Kolmar
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, Peter-Grünberg-Strasse 4, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany
- Centre for Synthetic Biology, Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
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6
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Ye QN, Zhu L, Liang J, Zhao DK, Tian TY, Fan YN, Ye SY, Liu H, Huang XY, Cao ZT, Shen S, Wang J. Orchestrating NK and T cells via tri-specific nano-antibodies for synergistic antitumor immunity. Nat Commun 2024; 15:6211. [PMID: 39043643 PMCID: PMC11266419 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-50474-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The functions of natural killer (NK) and T cells in innate and adaptive immunity, as well as their functions in tumor eradication, are complementary and intertwined. Here we show that utilization of multi-specific antibodies or nano-antibodies capable of simultaneously targeting both NK and T cells could be a valuable approach in cancer immunotherapy. Here, we introduce a tri-specific Nano-Antibody (Tri-NAb), generated by immobilizing three types of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), using an optimized albumin/polyester composite nanoparticle conjugated with anti-Fc antibody. This Tri-NAb, targeting PDL1, 4-1BB, and NKG2A (or TIGIT) simultaneously, effectively binds to NK and CD8+ T cells, triggering their activation and proliferation, while facilitating their interaction with tumor cells, thereby inducing efficient tumor killing. Importantly, the antitumor efficacy of Tri-NAb is validated in multiple models, including patient-derived tumor organoids and humanized mice, highlighting the translational potential of NK and T cell co-targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian-Ni Ye
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou International Campus, Guangzhou, P. R. China
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Long Zhu
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou International Campus, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Jie Liang
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou International Campus, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Dong-Kun Zhao
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou International Campus, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Tai-Yu Tian
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou International Campus, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Ya-Nan Fan
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou International Campus, Guangzhou, P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Si-Yi Ye
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou International Campus, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Hua Liu
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou International Campus, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Yi Huang
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou International Campus, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Zhi-Ting Cao
- School of Biopharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Song Shen
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou International Campus, Guangzhou, P. R. China.
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, P. R. China.
| | - Jun Wang
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou International Campus, Guangzhou, P. R. China.
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, P. R. China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, P. R. China.
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7
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Goebeler ME, Stuhler G, Bargou R. Bispecific and multispecific antibodies in oncology: opportunities and challenges. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2024; 21:539-560. [PMID: 38822215 DOI: 10.1038/s41571-024-00905-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
Research into bispecific antibodies, which are designed to simultaneously bind two antigens or epitopes, has advanced enormously over the past two decades. Owing to advances in protein engineering technologies and considerable preclinical research efforts, bispecific antibodies are constantly being developed and optimized to improve their efficacy and to mitigate toxicity. To date, >200 of these agents, the majority of which are bispecific immune cell engagers, are in either preclinical or clinical evaluation. In this Review, we discuss the role of bispecific antibodies in patients with cancer, including history and development, as well as innovative targeting strategies, clinical applications, and adverse events. We also discuss novel alternative bispecific antibody constructs, such as those targeting two antigens expressed by tumour cells or cells located in the tumour microenvironment. Finally, we consider future research directions in this rapidly evolving field, including innovative antibody engineering strategies, which might enable more effective delivery, overcome resistance, and thus optimize clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria-Elisabeth Goebeler
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
- National Center for Tumour Diseases, NCT WERA, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Gernot Stuhler
- National Center for Tumour Diseases, NCT WERA, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ralf Bargou
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- National Center for Tumour Diseases, NCT WERA, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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8
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Peltret M, Vetsch P, Farvaque E, Mette R, Tsachaki M, Duarte L, Duret A, Vaxelaire E, Frank J, Moritz B, Aillerie C, Giovannini R, Bertschinger M. Development of a 10 g/L process for a difficult-to-express multispecific antibody format using a holistic process development approach. J Biotechnol 2024; 389:30-42. [PMID: 38685416 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2024.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Ichnos has developed a multi-specific antibody platform based on the BEAT® (Bispecific engagement by antibodies based on the T-cell receptor) interface. The increased complexity of the bi- and multi-specific formats generated with this platform makes these molecules difficult-to-express proteins compared to standard monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). This report describes how expression limitations of a bi-specific bi-paratopic BEAT antibody were improved in a holistic approach. An initial investigation allowed identification of a misbalance in the subunits composing the BEAT antibody as the potential root cause. This misbalance was then addressed by a signal peptide optimization, and the overall expression level was increased by the combination of two vector design elements on a single gene vector. Further improvements were made in the selection of cell populations and an upstream (USP) platform process was applied in combination with a cell culture temperature shift. This allowed titer levels of up to 6 g/L to be reached with these difficult-to-express proteins. Furthermore, a high-density seeding process was developed that allowed titers of around 11 g/L for the BEAT antibody, increasing the initial titer by a factor of 10. The approach was successfully applied to a tri-specific antibody with titer levels reaching 10 g/L. In summary, a platform process for difficult-to-express proteins was developed using molecular biology tools, cell line development, upstream process optimization and process intensification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mégane Peltret
- Drug Substance Development, Ichnos Sciences, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Vetsch
- Drug Substance Development, Ichnos Sciences, Switzerland
| | | | - Romain Mette
- Drug Substance Development, Ichnos Sciences, Switzerland
| | - Maria Tsachaki
- Drug Substance Development, Ichnos Sciences, Switzerland
| | - Lionel Duarte
- Drug Substance Development, Ichnos Sciences, Switzerland
| | - Anaïs Duret
- Drug Substance Development, Ichnos Sciences, Switzerland
| | | | - Jana Frank
- Drug Substance Development, Ichnos Sciences, Switzerland
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9
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Iyer K, Ivanov J, Tenchov R, Ralhan K, Rodriguez Y, Sasso JM, Scott S, Zhou QA. Emerging Targets and Therapeutics in Immuno-Oncology: Insights from Landscape Analysis. J Med Chem 2024; 67:8519-8544. [PMID: 38787632 PMCID: PMC11181335 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.4c00568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
In the ever-evolving landscape of cancer research, immuno-oncology stands as a beacon of hope, offering novel avenues for treatment. This study capitalizes on the vast repository of immuno-oncology-related scientific documents within the CAS Content Collection, totaling over 350,000, encompassing journals and patents. Through a pioneering approach melding natural language processing with the CAS indexing system, we unveil over 300 emerging concepts, depicted in a comprehensive "Trend Landscape Map". These concepts, spanning therapeutic targets, biomarkers, and types of cancers among others, are hierarchically organized into eight major categories. Delving deeper, our analysis furnishes detailed quantitative metrics showcasing growth trends over the past three years. Our findings not only provide valuable insights for guiding future research endeavors but also underscore the merit of tapping the vast and unparalleled breadth of existing scientific information to derive profound insights.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Julian Ivanov
- CAS,
A Division of the American Chemical Society, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Rumiana Tenchov
- CAS,
A Division of the American Chemical Society, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | | | - Yacidzohara Rodriguez
- CAS,
A Division of the American Chemical Society, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Janet M. Sasso
- CAS,
A Division of the American Chemical Society, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Sabina Scott
- CAS,
A Division of the American Chemical Society, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
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10
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Moinuddin A, Poznanski SM, Portillo AL, Monteiro JK, Ashkar AA. Metabolic adaptations determine whether natural killer cells fail or thrive within the tumor microenvironment. Immunol Rev 2024; 323:19-39. [PMID: 38459782 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
Natural Killer (NK) cells are a top contender in the development of adoptive cell therapies for cancer due to their diverse antitumor functions and ability to restrict their activation against nonmalignant cells. Despite their success in hematologic malignancies, NK cell-based therapies have been limited in the context of solid tumors. Tumor cells undergo various metabolic adaptations to sustain the immense energy demands that are needed to support their rapid and uncontrolled proliferation. As a result, the tumor microenvironment (TME) is depleted of nutrients needed to fuel immune cell activity and contains several immunosuppressive metabolites that hinder NK cell antitumor functions. Further, we now know that NK cell metabolic status is a main determining factor of their effector functions. Hence, the ability of NK cells to withstand and adapt to these metabolically hostile conditions is imperative for effective and sustained antitumor activity in the TME. With this in mind, we review the consequences of metabolic hostility in the TME on NK cell metabolism and function. We also discuss tumor-like metabolic programs in NK cell induced by STAT3-mediated expansion that adapt NK cells to thrive in the TME. Finally, we examine how other approaches can be applied to enhance NK cell metabolism in tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adnan Moinuddin
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Centre for Discovery in Cancer Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sophie M Poznanski
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Centre for Discovery in Cancer Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ana L Portillo
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Centre for Discovery in Cancer Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jonathan K Monteiro
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Centre for Discovery in Cancer Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ali A Ashkar
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Centre for Discovery in Cancer Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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11
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Winidmanokul P, Panya A, Okada S. Tri-specific killer engager: unleashing multi-synergic power against cancer. EXPLORATION OF TARGETED ANTI-TUMOR THERAPY 2024; 5:432-448. [PMID: 38745768 PMCID: PMC11090690 DOI: 10.37349/etat.2024.00227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer continues to be a global health concern, necessitating innovative solutions for treatment. Tri-specific killer engagers (TriKEs) have emerged as a promising class of immunotherapeutic agents, offering a multifaceted approach to cancer treatment. TriKEs simultaneously engage and activate natural killer (NK) cells while specifically targeting cancer cells, representing an outstanding advancement in immunotherapy. This review explores the generation and mechanisms of TriKEs, highlighting their advantages over other immunotherapies and discussing their potential impact on clinical trials and cancer treatment. TriKEs are composed of three distinct domains, primarily antibody-derived building blocks, linked together by short amino acid sequences. They incorporate critical elements, anti-cluster of differentiation 16 (CD16) and interleukin-15 (IL-15), which activate and enhance NK cell function, together with specific antibody to target each cancer. TriKEs exhibit remarkable potential in preclinical and early clinical studies across various cancer types, making them a versatile tool in cancer immunotherapy. Comparative analyses with other immunotherapies, such as chimeric antigen receptor-T (CAR-T) cell therapy, immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), cytokine therapies, and monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), reveal the unique advantages of TriKEs. They offer a safer pathway for immunotherapy by targeting cancer cells without hyperactivating T cells, reducing off-target effects and complications. The future of TriKEs involves addressing challenges related to dosing, tumor-associated antigen (TAA) expression, and NK cell suppression. Researchers are exploring innovative dosing strategies, enhancing specificity through tumor-specific antigens (TSAs), and combining TriKEs with other therapies for increased efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peeranut Winidmanokul
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Division of Hematopoiesis, Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
| | - Aussara Panya
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Cell Engineering for Cancer Therapy Research Group, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Seiji Okada
- Division of Hematopoiesis, Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
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12
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Rubio-Pérez L, Frago S, Compte M, Navarro R, Harwood SL, Lázaro-Gorines R, Gómez-Rosel M, Hangiu O, Silva-Pilipich N, Vanrell L, Smerdou C, Álvarez-Vallina L. Characterization of a Trispecific PD-L1 Blocking Antibody That Exhibits EGFR-Conditional 4-1BB Agonist Activity. Antibodies (Basel) 2024; 13:34. [PMID: 38804302 PMCID: PMC11130918 DOI: 10.3390/antib13020034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint blockade has changed the treatment paradigm for advanced solid tumors, but the overall response rates are still limited. The combination of checkpoint blockade with anti-4-1BB antibodies to stimulate tumor-infiltrating T cells has shown anti-tumor activity in human trials. However, the further clinical development of these antibodies has been hampered by significant off-tumor toxicities. Here, we generated an anti-4-1BB/EGFR/PD-L1 trispecific antibody consisting of a triple-targeting tandem trimerbody (TT) fused to an engineered silent Fc region. This antibody (IgTT-4E1-S) was designed to combine the blockade of the PD-L1/PD-1 axis with conditional 4-1BB costimulation specifically confined to the tumor microenvironment (TME). The antibody demonstrated simultaneous binding to purified EGFR, PD-L1, and 4-1BB in solution, effective blockade of the PD-L1/PD1 interaction, and potent 4-1BB-mediated costimulation, but only in the presence of EGFR-expressing cells. These results demonstrate the feasibility of IgTT-4E1-S specifically blocking the PD-L1/PD-1 axis and inducing EGFR-conditional 4-1BB agonist activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Rubio-Pérez
- Cancer Immunotherapy Unit (UNICA), Department of Immunology, Hospital Universitario12 de Octubre (H12O), 28041 Madrid, Spain; (L.R.-P.); (R.L.-G.); (M.G.-R.); (O.H.)
- Immuno-Oncology and Immunotherapy Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria 12 de Octubre (imas12), 28041 Madrid, Spain
- H12O-CNIO Cancer Immunotherapy Clinical Research Unit, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Chair for Immunology UFV/Merck, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria (UFV), Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223 Madrid, Spain
| | - Susana Frago
- Department of Antibody Engineering, Leadartis SL, QUBE Technology Park, Tres Cantos, 28760 Madrid, Spain; (S.F.); (M.C.); (R.N.)
| | - Marta Compte
- Department of Antibody Engineering, Leadartis SL, QUBE Technology Park, Tres Cantos, 28760 Madrid, Spain; (S.F.); (M.C.); (R.N.)
| | - Rocío Navarro
- Department of Antibody Engineering, Leadartis SL, QUBE Technology Park, Tres Cantos, 28760 Madrid, Spain; (S.F.); (M.C.); (R.N.)
| | - Seandean L. Harwood
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark;
| | - Rodrigo Lázaro-Gorines
- Cancer Immunotherapy Unit (UNICA), Department of Immunology, Hospital Universitario12 de Octubre (H12O), 28041 Madrid, Spain; (L.R.-P.); (R.L.-G.); (M.G.-R.); (O.H.)
- Immuno-Oncology and Immunotherapy Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria 12 de Octubre (imas12), 28041 Madrid, Spain
- H12O-CNIO Cancer Immunotherapy Clinical Research Unit, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Marina Gómez-Rosel
- Cancer Immunotherapy Unit (UNICA), Department of Immunology, Hospital Universitario12 de Octubre (H12O), 28041 Madrid, Spain; (L.R.-P.); (R.L.-G.); (M.G.-R.); (O.H.)
- Immuno-Oncology and Immunotherapy Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria 12 de Octubre (imas12), 28041 Madrid, Spain
- H12O-CNIO Cancer Immunotherapy Clinical Research Unit, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Oana Hangiu
- Cancer Immunotherapy Unit (UNICA), Department of Immunology, Hospital Universitario12 de Octubre (H12O), 28041 Madrid, Spain; (L.R.-P.); (R.L.-G.); (M.G.-R.); (O.H.)
- Immuno-Oncology and Immunotherapy Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria 12 de Octubre (imas12), 28041 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Antibody Engineering, Leadartis SL, QUBE Technology Park, Tres Cantos, 28760 Madrid, Spain; (S.F.); (M.C.); (R.N.)
| | - Noelia Silva-Pilipich
- Division of DNA and RNA Medicine, Cima Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (N.S.-P.); (C.S.)
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdISNA) and CCUN, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Lucía Vanrell
- Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad ORT Uruguay, 11100 Montevideo, Uruguay;
- Nanogrow Biotech, Montevideo 11500, Uruguay
| | - Cristian Smerdou
- Division of DNA and RNA Medicine, Cima Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (N.S.-P.); (C.S.)
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdISNA) and CCUN, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Luis Álvarez-Vallina
- Cancer Immunotherapy Unit (UNICA), Department of Immunology, Hospital Universitario12 de Octubre (H12O), 28041 Madrid, Spain; (L.R.-P.); (R.L.-G.); (M.G.-R.); (O.H.)
- Immuno-Oncology and Immunotherapy Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria 12 de Octubre (imas12), 28041 Madrid, Spain
- H12O-CNIO Cancer Immunotherapy Clinical Research Unit, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Chair for Immunology UFV/Merck, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria (UFV), Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223 Madrid, Spain
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13
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Klein C, Brinkmann U, Reichert JM, Kontermann RE. The present and future of bispecific antibodies for cancer therapy. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2024; 23:301-319. [PMID: 38448606 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-024-00896-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Bispecific antibodies (bsAbs) enable novel mechanisms of action and/or therapeutic applications that cannot be achieved using conventional IgG-based antibodies. Consequently, development of these molecules has garnered substantial interest in the past decade and, as of the end of 2023, 14 bsAbs have been approved: 11 for the treatment of cancer and 3 for non-oncology indications. bsAbs are available in different formats, address different targets and mediate anticancer function via different molecular mechanisms. Here, we provide an overview of recent developments in the field of bsAbs for cancer therapy. We focus on bsAbs that are approved or in clinical development, including bsAb-mediated dual modulators of signalling pathways, tumour-targeted receptor agonists, bsAb-drug conjugates, bispecific T cell, natural killer cell and innate immune cell engagers, and bispecific checkpoint inhibitors and co-stimulators. Finally, we provide an outlook into next-generation bsAbs in earlier stages of development, including trispecifics, bsAb prodrugs, bsAbs that induce degradation of tumour targets and bsAbs acting as cytokine mimetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Klein
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland.
| | - Ulrich Brinkmann
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Penzberg, Germany
| | | | - Roland E Kontermann
- Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, University Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany.
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14
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Ulitzka M, Harwardt J, Lipinski B, Tran H, Hock B, Kolmar H. Potent Apoptosis Induction by a Novel Trispecific B7-H3xCD16xTIGIT 2+1 Common Light Chain Natural Killer Cell Engager. Molecules 2024; 29:1140. [PMID: 38474651 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29051140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Valued for their ability to rapidly kill multiple tumor cells in succession as well as their favorable safety profile, NK cells are of increasing interest in the field of immunotherapy. As their cytotoxic activity is controlled by a complex network of activating and inhibiting receptors, they offer a wide range of possible antigens to modulate their function by antibodies. In this work, we utilized our established common light chain (cLC)-based yeast surface display (YSD) screening procedure to isolate novel B7-H3 and TIGIT binding monoclonal antibodies. The chicken-derived antibodies showed single- to low-double-digit nanomolar affinities and were combined with a previously published CD16-binding Fab in a 2+1 format to generate a potent NK engaging molecule. In a straightforward, easily adjustable apoptosis assay, the construct B7-H3xCD16xTIGIT showed potent apoptosis induction in cancer cells. These results showcase the potential of the TIGIT NK checkpoint in combination with activating receptors to achieve increased cytotoxic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Ulitzka
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, Peter-Grünberg-Str. 4, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Julia Harwardt
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, Peter-Grünberg-Str. 4, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Britta Lipinski
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, Peter-Grünberg-Str. 4, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Hue Tran
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, Peter-Grünberg-Str. 4, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Björn Hock
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, Peter-Grünberg-Str. 4, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Harald Kolmar
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, Peter-Grünberg-Str. 4, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
- Centre of Synthetic Biology, Technical University of Darmstadt, 64283 Darmstadt, Germany
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15
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Qin L, Shi L, Wang Y, Yu H, Du Z, Chen M, Cai Y, Cao Y, Deng S, Wang J, Cheng D, Heng Y, Xu J, Cai K, Wu K. Fumarate Hydratase Enhances the Therapeutic Effect of PD-1 Antibody in Colorectal Cancer by Regulating PCSK9. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:713. [PMID: 38398104 PMCID: PMC10887080 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16040713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite the notable achievements of programmed death 1 (PD-1) antibodies in treating various cancers, the overall efficacy remains limited in the majority of colorectal cancer (CRC) cases. Metabolism reprogramming of tumors inhibits the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, leading to down-regulation of fumarate hydratase (FH), which is related to poor prognosis in CRC patients. By establishing a tumor-bearing mouse model of CRC with Fh1 expression deficiency, we confirmed that the therapeutic effect of PD-1 antibodies alone was suboptimal in mice with low Fh1 expression, which was improved by combination with a protein invertase subtilisin/kexin 9 (PCSK9) inhibitor. Mechanistically, FH binds to Ras-related nucleoprotein (RAN), which inhibits the nuclear import of the PCSK9 transcription factor SREBF1/2, thus reducing the expression of PCSK9. This leads to increased clonal expansion of CD8+ T cells while the number of Tregs remains unchanged, and the expression of PD-L1 does not change significantly, thus enhancing the immunotherapy response. On the contrary, the expression of PCSK9 increased in CRC cells with low FH expression, which antagonized the effects of immunotherapy. Overall, CRC patients with low FH expression may benefit from combinatorial therapy with PD-1 antibodies and PCSK9 inhibitors to enhance the curative effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Qin
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Tongji Medical College, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; (L.Q.); (L.S.); (M.C.); (Y.C.); (S.D.); (J.W.); (D.C.)
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shihezi University, Shihezi 832008, China; (Y.H.); (J.X.)
| | - Liang Shi
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Tongji Medical College, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; (L.Q.); (L.S.); (M.C.); (Y.C.); (S.D.); (J.W.); (D.C.)
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China;
| | - Haixin Yu
- Department of Digestive Surgical Oncology, Cancer Center, Tongji Medical College, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; (H.Y.); (Z.D.); (Y.C.)
| | - Zhouyuan Du
- Department of Digestive Surgical Oncology, Cancer Center, Tongji Medical College, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; (H.Y.); (Z.D.); (Y.C.)
| | - Mian Chen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Tongji Medical College, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; (L.Q.); (L.S.); (M.C.); (Y.C.); (S.D.); (J.W.); (D.C.)
| | - Yuxuan Cai
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Tongji Medical College, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; (L.Q.); (L.S.); (M.C.); (Y.C.); (S.D.); (J.W.); (D.C.)
| | - Yinghao Cao
- Department of Digestive Surgical Oncology, Cancer Center, Tongji Medical College, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; (H.Y.); (Z.D.); (Y.C.)
| | - Shenghe Deng
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Tongji Medical College, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; (L.Q.); (L.S.); (M.C.); (Y.C.); (S.D.); (J.W.); (D.C.)
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Tongji Medical College, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; (L.Q.); (L.S.); (M.C.); (Y.C.); (S.D.); (J.W.); (D.C.)
| | - Denglong Cheng
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Tongji Medical College, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; (L.Q.); (L.S.); (M.C.); (Y.C.); (S.D.); (J.W.); (D.C.)
| | - Yixin Heng
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shihezi University, Shihezi 832008, China; (Y.H.); (J.X.)
| | - Jiaxin Xu
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shihezi University, Shihezi 832008, China; (Y.H.); (J.X.)
| | - Kailin Cai
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Tongji Medical College, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; (L.Q.); (L.S.); (M.C.); (Y.C.); (S.D.); (J.W.); (D.C.)
| | - Ke Wu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Tongji Medical College, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; (L.Q.); (L.S.); (M.C.); (Y.C.); (S.D.); (J.W.); (D.C.)
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16
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Mathias-Machado MC, de Jesus VHF, Jácome A, Donadio MD, Aruquipa MPS, Fogacci J, Cunha RG, da Silva LM, Peixoto RD. Claudin 18.2 as a New Biomarker in Gastric Cancer-What Should We Know? Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:679. [PMID: 38339430 PMCID: PMC10854563 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16030679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) remains a formidable global health challenge, ranking among the top-five causes of cancer-related deaths worldwide. The majority of patients face advanced stages at diagnosis, with a mere 6% five-year survival rate. First-line treatment for metastatic GC typically involves a fluoropyrimidine and platinum agent combination; yet, predictive molecular markers have proven elusive. This review navigates the evolving landscape of GC biomarkers, with a specific focus on Claudin 18.2 (CLDN18.2) as an emerging and promising target. Recent phase III trials have unveiled the efficacy of Zolbetuximab, a CLDN18.2-targeting antibody, in combination with oxaliplatin-based chemotherapy for CLDN18.2-positive metastatic GC. As this novel therapeutic avenue unfolds, understanding the nuanced decision making regarding the selection of anti-CLDN18.2 therapies over other targeted agents in metastatic GC becomes crucial. This manuscript reviews the evolving role of CLDN18.2 as a biomarker in GC and explores the current status of CLDN18.2-targeting agents in clinical development. The aim is to provide concise insights into the potential of CLDN18.2 as a therapeutic target and guide future clinical decisions in the management of metastatic GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Cecília Mathias-Machado
- Division of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, Oncoclínicas, São Paulo 04538-132, Brazil; (M.D.D.); (M.P.S.A.); (R.D.P.)
| | | | - Alexandre Jácome
- Division of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, Oncoclínicas, Belo Horizonte 30360-680, Brazil;
| | - Mauro Daniel Donadio
- Division of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, Oncoclínicas, São Paulo 04538-132, Brazil; (M.D.D.); (M.P.S.A.); (R.D.P.)
| | | | - João Fogacci
- Division of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, Oncoclínicas, Rio de Janeiro 22775-003, Brazil;
| | - Renato Guerino Cunha
- Cellular Therapy Program, Division of Hematology, Oncoclínicas, São Paulo 04538-132, Brazil;
| | | | - Renata D’Alpino Peixoto
- Division of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, Oncoclínicas, São Paulo 04538-132, Brazil; (M.D.D.); (M.P.S.A.); (R.D.P.)
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17
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Kumari S, Raj S, Babu MA, Bhatti GK, Bhatti JS. Antibody-drug conjugates in cancer therapy: innovations, challenges, and future directions. Arch Pharm Res 2024; 47:40-65. [PMID: 38153656 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-023-01479-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) as a potential therapeutic avenue in cancer treatment has garnered significant attention. By combining the selective specificity of monoclonal antibodies with the cytotoxicity of drug molecules, ADCs aim to increase the therapeutic index, selectively targeting cancer cells while minimizing systemic toxicity. Various ADCs have been licensed for clinical usage, with ongoing research paving the way for additional options. However, the manufacture of ADCs faces several challenges. These include identifying suitable target antigens, enhancing antibodies, linkers, and payloads, and managing resistance mechanisms and side effects. This review focuses on the strategies to overcome these hurdles, such as site-specific conjugation techniques, novel antibody formats, and combination therapy. Our focus lies on current advancements in antibody engineering, linker technology, and cytotoxic payloads while addressing the challenges associated with ADC development. Furthermore, we explore the future potential of personalized medicine, leveraging individual patients' molecular profiles, to propel ADC treatments forward. As our understanding of the molecular mechanisms driving cancer progression continues to expand, we anticipate the development of new ADCs that offer more effective and personalized therapeutic options for cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivangi Kumari
- Laboratory of Translational Medicine and Nanotherapeutics, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India
| | - Sonam Raj
- Laboratory of Translational Medicine and Nanotherapeutics, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India
| | - M Arockia Babu
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura, U.P., India
| | - Gurjit Kaur Bhatti
- Department of Medical Lab Technology, University Institute of Applied Health Sciences, Chandigarh University, Mohali, India
| | - Jasvinder Singh Bhatti
- Laboratory of Translational Medicine and Nanotherapeutics, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India.
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18
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Amash A, Volkers G, Farber P, Griffin D, Davison KS, Goodman A, Tonikian R, Yamniuk A, Barnhart B, Jacobs T. Developability considerations for bispecific and multispecific antibodies. MAbs 2024; 16:2394229. [PMID: 39189686 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2024.2394229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2024] [Revised: 08/08/2024] [Accepted: 08/15/2024] [Indexed: 08/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Bispecific antibodies (bsAb) and multispecific antibodies (msAb) encompass a diverse variety of formats that can concurrently bind multiple epitopes, unlocking mechanisms to address previously difficult-to-treat or incurable diseases. Early assessment of candidate developability enables demotion of antibodies with low potential and promotion of the most promising candidates for further development. Protein-based therapies have a stringent set of developability requirements in order to be competitive (e.g. high-concentration formulation, and long half-life) and their assessment requires a robust toolkit of methods, few of which are validated for interrogating bsAbs/msAbs. Important considerations when assessing the developability of bsAbs/msAbs include their molecular format, likelihood for immunogenicity, specificity, stability, and potential for high-volume production. Here, we summarize the critical aspects of developability assessment, and provide guidance on how to develop a comprehensive plan tailored to a given bsAb/msAb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa Amash
- AbCellera Biologics Inc, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Tim Jacobs
- AbCellera Biologics Inc, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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19
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Guo X, Wu Y, Xue Y, Xie N, Shen G. Revolutionizing cancer immunotherapy: unleashing the potential of bispecific antibodies for targeted treatment. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1291836. [PMID: 38106416 PMCID: PMC10722299 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1291836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent progressions in immunotherapy have transformed cancer treatment, providing a promising strategy that activates the immune system of the patient to find and eliminate cancerous cells. Bispecific antibodies, which engage two separate antigens or one antigen with two distinct epitopes, are of tremendous concern in immunotherapy. The bi-targeting idea enabled by bispecific antibodies (BsAbs) is especially attractive from a medical standpoint since most diseases are complex, involving several receptors, ligands, and signaling pathways. Several research look into the processes in which BsAbs identify different cancer targets such angiogenesis, reproduction, metastasis, and immune regulation. By rerouting cells or altering other pathways, the bispecific proteins perform effector activities in addition to those of natural antibodies. This opens up a wide range of clinical applications and helps patients with resistant tumors respond better to medication. Yet, further study is necessary to identify the best conditions where to use these medications for treating tumor, their appropriate combination partners, and methods to reduce toxicity. In this review, we provide insights into the BsAb format classification based on their composition and symmetry, as well as the delivery mode, focus on the action mechanism of the molecule, and discuss the challenges and future perspectives in BsAb development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohan Guo
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Yi Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Ying Xue
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Na Xie
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Guobo Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
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20
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Mustafa MI, Mohammed A. Nanobodies: A Game-Changer in Cell-Mediated Immunotherapy for Cancer. SLAS DISCOVERY : ADVANCING LIFE SCIENCES R & D 2023; 28:358-364. [PMID: 37634615 DOI: 10.1016/j.slasd.2023.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Nanobodies are small, single-domain antibodies that have emerged as a promising tool in cancer immunotherapy. These molecules can target specific antigens on cancer cells and trigger an immune response against them. In this mini-review article, we highlight the potential of nanobodies in cell-mediated immunotherapy for cancer treatment. We discuss the advantages of nanobodies over conventional antibodies, their ability to penetrate solid tumors, and their potential to enhance the efficacy of other immunotherapeutic agents. We also provide an overview of recent preclinical and clinical studies that have demonstrated the effectiveness of nanobody-based immunotherapy in various types of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mujahed I Mustafa
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Applied and Industrial Sciences, University of Bahri, Khartoum, Sudan.
| | - Ahmed Mohammed
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Omdurman Islamic University, Omdurman, Sudan
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21
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Ding Z, Sun S, Wang X, Yang X, Shi W, Huang X, Xie S, Mo F, Hou X, Liu A, Jiang X, Tang Z, Lu X. Nanobody-based trispecific T cell engager (Nb-TriTE) enhances therapeutic efficacy by overcoming tumor-mediated immunosuppression. J Hematol Oncol 2023; 16:115. [PMID: 38031188 PMCID: PMC10688028 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-023-01507-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND T cell engagers (TCEs) have been established as an emerging modality for hematologic malignancies, but solid tumors remain refractory. However, the upregulation of programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) is correlated with T cell dysfunction that confer tumor-mediated immunosuppression. Developing a novel nanobody-based trispecific T cell engager (Nb-TriTE) would be a potential strategy to improve therapeutic efficacy. METHODS Given the therapeutic potential of nanobodies (Nbs), we first screened Nb targeting fibroblast activation protein (FAP) and successfully generated a Nb-based bispecific T cell engager (Nb-BiTE) targeting FAP. Then, we developed a Nb-TriTE by fusing an anti-PD-1 Nb to the Nb-BiTE. The biological activity and antitumor efficacy of the Nb-TriTE were evaluated in vitro and in both cell line-derived and patient-derived xenograft mouse models. RESULTS We had for the first time successfully selected a FAP Nb for the generation of novel Nb-BiTE and Nb-TriTE, which showed good binding ability to their targets. Nb-TriTE not only induced robust tumor antigen-specific killing, potent T cell activation and enhanced T cell function in vitro, but also suppressed tumor growth, improved survival and mediated more T cell infiltration than Nb-BiTE in mouse models of different solid tumors without toxicity. CONCLUSIONS This novel Nb-TriTE provides a promising and universal platform to overcome tumor-mediated immunosuppression and improve patient outcomes in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziqiang Ding
- School of Basic Medical Sciences/College of Stomatology/Hospital of Stomatology/Guangxi Key Laboratory of Nanobody Research/Guangxi Nanobody Engineering Research Center/Laboratory Animal Center/Pharmaceutical College/Affiliated Tumor Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Shuyang Sun
- School of Basic Medical Sciences/College of Stomatology/Hospital of Stomatology/Guangxi Key Laboratory of Nanobody Research/Guangxi Nanobody Engineering Research Center/Laboratory Animal Center/Pharmaceutical College/Affiliated Tumor Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Xuan Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Xiaomei Yang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences/College of Stomatology/Hospital of Stomatology/Guangxi Key Laboratory of Nanobody Research/Guangxi Nanobody Engineering Research Center/Laboratory Animal Center/Pharmaceutical College/Affiliated Tumor Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Wei Shi
- School of Basic Medical Sciences/College of Stomatology/Hospital of Stomatology/Guangxi Key Laboratory of Nanobody Research/Guangxi Nanobody Engineering Research Center/Laboratory Animal Center/Pharmaceutical College/Affiliated Tumor Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Xianing Huang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences/College of Stomatology/Hospital of Stomatology/Guangxi Key Laboratory of Nanobody Research/Guangxi Nanobody Engineering Research Center/Laboratory Animal Center/Pharmaceutical College/Affiliated Tumor Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Shenxia Xie
- School of Basic Medical Sciences/College of Stomatology/Hospital of Stomatology/Guangxi Key Laboratory of Nanobody Research/Guangxi Nanobody Engineering Research Center/Laboratory Animal Center/Pharmaceutical College/Affiliated Tumor Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Fengzhen Mo
- School of Basic Medical Sciences/College of Stomatology/Hospital of Stomatology/Guangxi Key Laboratory of Nanobody Research/Guangxi Nanobody Engineering Research Center/Laboratory Animal Center/Pharmaceutical College/Affiliated Tumor Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Xiaoqiong Hou
- School of Basic Medical Sciences/College of Stomatology/Hospital of Stomatology/Guangxi Key Laboratory of Nanobody Research/Guangxi Nanobody Engineering Research Center/Laboratory Animal Center/Pharmaceutical College/Affiliated Tumor Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Aiqun Liu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences/College of Stomatology/Hospital of Stomatology/Guangxi Key Laboratory of Nanobody Research/Guangxi Nanobody Engineering Research Center/Laboratory Animal Center/Pharmaceutical College/Affiliated Tumor Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Xiaobing Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Zhuoran Tang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences/College of Stomatology/Hospital of Stomatology/Guangxi Key Laboratory of Nanobody Research/Guangxi Nanobody Engineering Research Center/Laboratory Animal Center/Pharmaceutical College/Affiliated Tumor Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China.
| | - Xiaoling Lu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences/College of Stomatology/Hospital of Stomatology/Guangxi Key Laboratory of Nanobody Research/Guangxi Nanobody Engineering Research Center/Laboratory Animal Center/Pharmaceutical College/Affiliated Tumor Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China.
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22
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Sasso J, Tenchov R, Bird R, Iyer KA, Ralhan K, Rodriguez Y, Zhou QA. The Evolving Landscape of Antibody-Drug Conjugates: In Depth Analysis of Recent Research Progress. Bioconjug Chem 2023; 34:1951-2000. [PMID: 37821099 PMCID: PMC10655051 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.3c00374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are targeted immunoconjugate constructs that integrate the potency of cytotoxic drugs with the selectivity of monoclonal antibodies, minimizing damage to healthy cells and reducing systemic toxicity. Their design allows for higher doses of the cytotoxic drug to be administered, potentially increasing efficacy. They are currently among the most promising drug classes in oncology, with efforts to expand their application for nononcological indications and in combination therapies. Here we provide a detailed overview of the recent advances in ADC research and consider future directions and challenges in promoting this promising platform to widespread therapeutic use. We examine data from the CAS Content Collection, the largest human-curated collection of published scientific information, and analyze the publication landscape of recent research to reveal the exploration trends in published documents and to provide insights into the scientific advances in the area. We also discuss the evolution of the key concepts in the field, the major technologies, and their development pipelines with company research focuses, disease targets, development stages, and publication and investment trends. A comprehensive concept map has been created based on the documents in the CAS Content Collection. We hope that this report can serve as a useful resource for understanding the current state of knowledge in the field of ADCs and the remaining challenges to fulfill their potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet
M. Sasso
- CAS,
A Division of the American Chemical Society, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Rumiana Tenchov
- CAS,
A Division of the American Chemical Society, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Robert Bird
- CAS,
A Division of the American Chemical Society, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | | | | | - Yacidzohara Rodriguez
- CAS,
A Division of the American Chemical Society, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
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23
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Tapia-Galisteo A, Álvarez-Vallina L, Sanz L. Bi- and trispecific immune cell engagers for immunotherapy of hematological malignancies. J Hematol Oncol 2023; 16:83. [PMID: 37501154 PMCID: PMC10373336 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-023-01482-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune cell engagers are engineered antibodies with at least one arm binding a tumor-associated antigen and at least another one directed against an activating receptor in immune effector cells: CD3 for recruitment of T cells and CD16a for NK cells. The first T cell engager (the anti-CD19 blinatumomab) was approved by the FDA in 2014, but no other one hit the market until 2022. Now the field is gaining momentum, with three approvals in 2022 and 2023 (as of May): the anti-CD20 × anti-CD3 mosunetuzumab and epcoritamab and the anti-B cell maturation antigen (BCMA) × anti-CD3 teclistamab, and another three molecules in regulatory review. T cell engagers will likely revolutionize the treatment of hematological malignancies in the short term, as they are considerably more potent than conventional monoclonal antibodies recognizing the same tumor antigens. The field is thriving, with a plethora of different formats and targets, and around 100 bispecific T cell engagers more are already in clinical trials. Bispecific NK cell engagers are also in early-stage clinical studies and may offer similar efficacy with milder side effects. Trispecific antibodies (engaging either T cell or NK cell receptors) raise the game even further with a third binding moiety, which allows either the targeting of an additional tumor-associated antigen to increase specificity and avoid immune escape or the targeting of additional costimulatory receptors on the immune cell to improve its effector functions. Altogether, these engineered molecules may change the paradigm of treatment for relapsed or refractory hematological malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Tapia-Galisteo
- Immuno-Oncology and Immunotherapy Group, Biomedical Research Institute Hospital Universitario, 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
- Cancer Immunotherapy Unit (UNICA), Department of Immunology, Hospital Universitario, 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
- H12O-CNIO Cancer Immunotherapy Clinical Research Unit, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Álvarez-Vallina
- Immuno-Oncology and Immunotherapy Group, Biomedical Research Institute Hospital Universitario, 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain.
- Cancer Immunotherapy Unit (UNICA), Department of Immunology, Hospital Universitario, 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain.
- H12O-CNIO Cancer Immunotherapy Clinical Research Unit, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas (CNIO), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Laura Sanz
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Biomedical Research Institute Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain.
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24
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Yao Y, Hu Y, Wang F. Trispecific antibodies for cancer immunotherapy. Immunology 2023. [PMID: 36855956 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the clinical success of monoclonal and bispecific antibodies, there are still limitations in the therapeutic effect of malignant tumours, such as low response rate, treatment resistance, and so on, inspiring the exploration of trispecific antibodies (TsAbs). TsAbs further improve the safety and efficacy and has great clinical potential through three targets combination and formats optimization. This article reviews the development history and the target combination features of TsAbs. Although there are still great challenges in the clinical application of TsAbs, it is undeniable that TsAbs may be a breakthrough in the development of antibody drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Yao
- Department of Pharmacy, Fourth People's Hospital of Gui Yang, Guiyang, China
| | - Yiyin Hu
- Department of Nursing, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Fei Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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