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Laughlin ZT, Conn GL. Tuberactinomycin antibiotics: Biosynthesis, anti-mycobacterial action, and mechanisms of resistance. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:961921. [PMID: 36033858 PMCID: PMC9403184 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.961921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The tuberactinomycins are a family of cyclic peptide ribosome-targeting antibiotics with a long history of use as essential second-line treatments for drug-resistant tuberculosis. Beginning with the identification of viomycin in the early 1950s, this mini-review briefly describes tuberactinomycin structures and biosynthesis, as well as their past and present application in the treatment of tuberculosis caused by infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. More recent studies are also discussed that have revealed details of tuberactinomycin action on the ribosome as well as resistance mechanisms that have emerged since their introduction into the clinic. Finally, future applications of these drugs are considered in the context of their recent removal from the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zane T Laughlin
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States.,Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Cell and Developmental Biology (BCDB), Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Graeme L Conn
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States.,Emory Antibiotic Resistance Center (ARC), Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
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Zhao P, Xue Y, Gao W, Li J, Zu X, Fu D, Feng S, Bai X, Zuo Y, Li P. Actinobacteria-Derived peptide antibiotics since 2000. Peptides 2018; 103:48-59. [PMID: 29567053 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2018.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Members of the Actinobacteria, including Streptomyces spp., Kutzneria sp. Actinoplanes spp., Actinomycete sp., Nocardia sp., Brevibacteriumsp.,Actinomadura spp., Micromonospora sp., Amycolatopsis spp., Nonomuraea spp., Nocardiopsis spp., Marinactinospora sp., Rhodococcus sp., Lentzea sp., Actinokineospora sp., Planomonospora sp., Streptomonospora sp., and Microbacterium sp., are an important source of structurally diverse classes of short peptides of ∼30 residues or fewer that will likely play an important role in new antibiotic development and discovery. Additionally, many have unique structures that make them recalcitrant to traditional modes of drug resistance via novel mechanisms, and these are ideal therapeutic tools and potential alternatives to current antibiotics. The need for novel antibiotic is urgent, and this review summarizes 199 Actinobacteria compounds published since 2000, including 35 cyclic lipopeptides containing piperazic or pipecolic acids, eight aromatic peptides, five glycopeptides, 21 bicyclic peptides, 44 other cyclic lipopeptides, five linear lipopeptides, six 2,5-diketopiperazines, one dimeric peptide, four nucleosidyl peptides, two thioamide-containing peptides, 25 thiopeptides, nine lasso peptides, and 34 typical cyclic peptides. The current and potential therapeutic applications of these peptides, including their structure, antituberculotic, antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, anti-brugia, anti-plasmodial, and anti-trypanosomal activities, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengchao Zhao
- College of Medical Technology and Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, China
| | - Yun Xue
- College of Medical Technology and Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, China.
| | - Weina Gao
- College of Medical Technology and Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, China
| | - Jinghua Li
- College of Medical Technology and Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, China
| | - Xiangyang Zu
- College of Medical Technology and Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, China
| | - Dongliao Fu
- College of Medical Technology and Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, China
| | - Shuxiao Feng
- College of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, China
| | - Xuefei Bai
- College of Medical Technology and Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, China
| | - Yanjun Zuo
- College of Medical Technology and Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, China
| | - Ping Li
- College of Medical Technology and Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, China
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Lemke A, Ducho C. Synthesis of Deuterium-Labelled 3-Hydroxy- L-arginine: Comparative Studies on Different Protecting-Group Strategies. European J Org Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201501109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Ilisz I, Aranyi A, Pataj Z, Péter A. Enantiomeric separation of nonproteinogenic amino acids by high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1269:94-121. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2012] [Revised: 07/02/2012] [Accepted: 07/06/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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A biomimetic domino reaction for the concise synthesis of capreomycidine and epicapreomycidine. Amino Acids 2012; 43:2313-28. [PMID: 22619064 PMCID: PMC3605497 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-012-1309-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2012] [Accepted: 04/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The non-proteinogenic amino acids capreomycidine and epicapreomycidine are constituents of antibiotically active natural products, but the synthesis of these unusual cyclic guanidine derivatives is challenging. The biosynthesis of capreomycidine has therefore been employed as a guideline to develop a concise biomimetic synthesis of both epimeric amino acids. The resulting domino-guanidinylation-aza-Michael-addition reaction provides the most convenient access to these amino acids in racemic form. Attempts to dissect the domino reaction into two separate transformations for a stereocontrolled version of this synthetic approach have also been made. The synthesized didehydro-arginine derivatives with urethane-protected guanidine moieties did not undergo the aza-Michael-addition anymore. These results may have wider implications for the 1,4-addition of guanidines to α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds, particularly to didehydro amino acids.
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Lemke A, Büschleb M, Ducho C. Concise synthesis of both diastereomers of 3-hydroxy-l-arginine. Tetrahedron 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2009.10.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Benohoud M, Leman L, Cardoso SH, Retailleau P, Dauban P, Thierry J, Dodd RH. Total Synthesis and Absolute Configuration of the Natural Amino Acid Tetrahydrolathyrine. J Org Chem 2009; 74:5331-6. [DOI: 10.1021/jo900800x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Meryem Benohoud
- Centre de Recherche de Gif-sur-Yvette, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, UPR 2301, CNRS, Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Loïc Leman
- Centre de Recherche de Gif-sur-Yvette, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, UPR 2301, CNRS, Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Silvia H. Cardoso
- Departamento de Química, Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, 36036-330 Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | - Pascal Retailleau
- Centre de Recherche de Gif-sur-Yvette, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, UPR 2301, CNRS, Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Philippe Dauban
- Centre de Recherche de Gif-sur-Yvette, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, UPR 2301, CNRS, Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Josiane Thierry
- Centre de Recherche de Gif-sur-Yvette, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, UPR 2301, CNRS, Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Robert H. Dodd
- Centre de Recherche de Gif-sur-Yvette, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, UPR 2301, CNRS, Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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Helmetag V, Samel SA, Thomas MG, Marahiel MA, Essen LO. Structural basis for the erythro-stereospecificity of the L-arginine oxygenase VioC in viomycin biosynthesis. FEBS J 2009; 276:3669-82. [PMID: 19490124 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2009.07085.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The nonheme iron oxygenase VioC from Streptomyces vinaceus catalyzes Fe(II)-dependent and alpha-ketoglutarate-dependent Cbeta-hydroxylation of L-arginine during the biosynthesis of the tuberactinomycin antibiotic viomycin. Crystal structures of VioC were determined in complexes with the cofactor Fe(II), the substrate L-arginine, the product (2S,3S)-hydroxyarginine and the coproduct succinate at 1.1-1.3 A resolution. The overall structure reveals a beta-helix core fold with two additional helical subdomains that are common to nonheme iron oxygenases of the clavaminic acid synthase-like superfamily. In contrast to other clavaminic acid synthase-like oxygenases, which catalyze the formation of threo diastereomers, VioC produces the erythro diastereomer of Cbeta-hydroxylated L-arginine. This unexpected stereospecificity is caused by conformational control of the bound substrate, which enforces a gauche(-) conformer for chi(1) instead of the trans conformers observed for the asparagine oxygenase AsnO and other members of the clavaminic acid synthase-like superfamily. Additionally, the substrate specificity of VioC was investigated. The side chain of the L-arginine substrate projects outwards from the active site by undergoing interactions mainly with the C-terminal helical subdomain. Accordingly, VioC exerts broadened substrate specificity by accepting the analogs L-homoarginine and L-canavanine for Cbeta-hydroxylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Helmetag
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-University Marburg, Germany
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Barkei JJ, Kevany BM, Felnagle EA, Thomas MG. Investigations into viomycin biosynthesis by using heterologous production in Streptomyces lividans. Chembiochem 2009; 10:366-76. [PMID: 19105177 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200800646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Viomycin and capreomycin are members of the tuberactinomycin family of antituberculosis drugs. As with many antibacterial drugs, resistance to the tuberactinomycins is problematic in treating tuberculosis; this makes the development of new derivatives of these antibiotics to combat this resistance of utmost importance. To take steps towards developing new derivatives of this family of antibiotics, we have focused our efforts on understanding how these antibiotics are biosynthesized by the producing bacteria so that metabolic engineering of these pathways can be used to generate desired derivatives. Here we present the heterologous production of viomycin in Streptomyces lividans 1326 and the use of targeted-gene deletion as a mechanism for investigating viomycin biosynthesis as well as the generation of viomycin derivatives. Deletion of vioQ resulted in nonhydroxylated derivatives of viomycin, while strains lacking vioP failed to acylate the cyclic pentapeptide core of viomycin with beta-lysine. Surprisingly, strains lacking vioL produced derivatives that had the carbamoyl group of viomycin replaced by an acetyl group. Additionally, the acetylated viomycin derivatives were produced at very low levels. These two observations suggested that the carbamoyl group of the cyclic pentapeptide core of viomycin was introduced at an earlier step in the biosynthetic pathway than previously proposed. We present biochemical evidence that the carbamoyl group is added to the beta-amino group of L-2,3-diaminopropionate prior to incorporation of this amino acid by the nonribosomal peptide synthetases that form the cyclic pentapeptide cores of both viomycin and capreomycin.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Barkei
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 6155 Microbial Sciences Building, 1550 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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von Nussbaum F, Brands M, Hinzen B, Weigand S, Häbich D. Antibacterial natural products in medicinal chemistry--exodus or revival? Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007; 45:5072-129. [PMID: 16881035 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200600350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 467] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
To create a drug, nature's blueprints often have to be improved through semisynthesis or total synthesis (chemical postevolution). Selected contributions from industrial and academic groups highlight the arduous but rewarding path from natural products to drugs. Principle modification types for natural products are discussed herein, such as decoration, substitution, and degradation. The biological, chemical, and socioeconomic environments of antibacterial research are dealt with in context. Natural products, many from soil organisms, have provided the majority of lead structures for marketed anti-infectives. Surprisingly, numerous "old" classes of antibacterial natural products have never been intensively explored by medicinal chemists. Nevertheless, research on antibacterial natural products is flagging. Apparently, the "old fashioned" natural products no longer fit into modern drug discovery. The handling of natural products is cumbersome, requiring nonstandardized workflows and extended timelines. Revisiting natural products with modern chemistry and target-finding tools from biology (reversed genomics) is one option for their revival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franz von Nussbaum
- Bayer HealthCare AG, Medicinal Chemistry Europe, 42096 Wuppertal, Germany.
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Fei X, Yin X, Zhang L, Zabriskie TM. Roles of VioG and VioQ in the incorporation and modification of the Capreomycidine residue in the peptide antibiotic viomycin. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2007; 70:618-22. [PMID: 17302456 PMCID: PMC2825577 DOI: 10.1021/np060605u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The nonproteinogenic amino acid capreomycidine is the signature residue found in the tuberactinomycin family of antitubercular peptide antibiotics and an important element of the pharmacophore. Recombinant VioG, a single-module peptide synthetase from the viomycin gene cluster cloned from Streptomyces vinaceus (ATCC11861), specifically activates capreomycidine for incorporation into viomycin (tuberactinomycin B). Insertional disruption of the putative hydroxylase gene vioQ resulted in a mutant that accumulated tuberactinomycin O, suggesting that hydroxylation at C-5 of the capreomycidine residue is a post-assembly event. The inactivated chromosomal copy of vioQ could be complemented with a wild-type copy of the gene to restore viomycin production.
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von Nussbaum F, Brands M, Hinzen B, Weigand S, Häbich D. Antibakterielle Naturstoffe in der medizinischen Chemie – Exodus oder Renaissance? Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200600350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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13
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Yin X, McPhail KL, Kim KJ, Zabriskie TM. Formation of the Nonproteinogenic Amino Acid 2S,3R-Capreomycidine by VioD from the Viomycin Biosynthesis Pathway. Chembiochem 2004; 5:1278-81. [PMID: 15368581 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200400187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xihou Yin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331-3507, USA
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Yin X, Zabriskie TM. VioC is a Non-Heme Iron, α-Ketoglutarate-Dependent Oxygenase that Catalyzes the Formation of 3S-Hydroxy-L-Arginine during Viomycin Biosynthesis. Chembiochem 2004; 5:1274-7. [PMID: 15368580 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200400082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xihou Yin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331-3507, USA
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Gomes de Souza Berlinck R. Some aspects of guanidine secondary metabolites. FORTSCHRITTE DER CHEMIE ORGANISCHER NATURSTOFFE = PROGRESS IN THE CHEMISTRY OF ORGANIC NATURAL PRODUCTS. PROGRES DANS LA CHIMIE DES SUBSTANCES ORGANIQUES NATURELLES 1995; 66:119-295. [PMID: 8847007 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7091-9363-1_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Nomoto S, Shiba T. Syntheses of Capreomycin Analogs in Relation to Their Antibacterial Activities. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 1979. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.52.1709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Peptide Antibiotics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1978. [DOI: 10.1016/s0301-4770(08)60955-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Teshima T, Nomoto S, Wakamiya T, Shiba T. Chemical Studies on Tuberactinomycin. XII. Syntheses and Antimicrobial Activities of [Ala3, Ala4]-, [Ala3]-, and [Ala4]-Tuberactinomycin O. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 1977. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.50.3372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Wakamiya T, Teshima T, Sakakibara H, Fukukawa K, Shiba T. Chemical Studies on Tuberactinomycin. XI. Semisyntheses of Tuberactinomycin Analogs with Various Amino Acids in Branched Part. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 1977. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.50.1984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Yoshimura J, Iwakawa M, Ogura Y. Aminosugars. XXV. Synthesis of Benzyl 2-Acetamido-2-amino-2,3,4-trideoxy-α-D-arabino-hexopyranoside. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 1976. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.49.2506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Wakamiya T, Teshima T, Kubota I, Shiba T, Kaneko T. Chemical Studies on Tuberactinomycin. VII. Synthesis of γ-Hydroxy-β-lysine. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 1974. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.47.2292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Wakamiya T, Shiba T, Kaneko T, Sakakibara H, Noda T, Take T. Chemical Studies on Tuberactinomycin. V. Structures of Guanidino Amino Acids in Tuberactinomycins. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 1973. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.46.949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Wakamiya T, Shiba T, Kaneko T. Chemical Studies on Tuberactinomycin. IV. The Chemical Structure of γ-Hydroxy-β-lysine, A New Amino Acid Isolated from Tuberactinomycin A and N. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 1972. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.45.3668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Bycroft BW, Cameron D, Croft LR, Hassanali-Walji A, Johnson AW, Webb T. Total structure of capreomycin IB, a tuberculostatic peptide antibiotic. Nature 1971; 231:301-2. [PMID: 4325287 DOI: 10.1038/231301a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Bycroft BW, Cameron D, Croft LR, Johnson AW, Webb T, Hassanali-Walji A. The total structure of viomycin, a tuberculostatic peptide antibiotic. EXPERIENTIA 1971; 27:501-3. [PMID: 4332116 DOI: 10.1007/bf02147558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Yoshioka H, Aoki T, Goko H, Nakatsu K, Noda T, Sakakibara H, Take T, Nagata A, Abe J, Wakamiya T, Shiba T, Kaneko T. Chemical studies on tuberactinomycin. II. The structure of tuberactinomycin 0. Tetrahedron Lett 1971. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(01)96775-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Wakamiya T, Shiba T, Kaneko T, Sakakibara H, Take T. Chemical studies on tuberactinomycin. I. The structure of tuberactidine, guanidino amino acid component. Tetrahedron Lett 1970:3497-500. [PMID: 5469481 DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(01)98511-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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