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Lichstrahl MS, Townsend CA, Sinner EK. Stereochemical course of cobalamin-dependent radical SAM methylation by TokK and ThnK. RSC Chem Biol 2022; 3:1028-1034. [PMID: 36042702 PMCID: PMC9358933 DOI: 10.1039/d2cb00113f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Complex carbapenems are important clinical antibiotics for difficult-to-treat infections. An essential step in the biosyntheses of these natural products is stereospecific methylation at C6 and subsequent alkylations by cobalamin-dependent radical SAM methylases such as TokK and ThnK. We have prepared isotopically labeled substrates in a stereospecific manner and found that both homologous enzymes selectively abstract the 6-pro-S hydrogen, followed by methyl transfer to the opposite face to give the (6R)-methyl carbapenam product proceeding, therefore, by inversion of absolute configuration at C6. These data clarify an unexpected ambiguity in the recently solved substrate-bound crystal structure of TokK and have led to a stereochemically complete mechanistic proposal for both TokK and ThnK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Lichstrahl
- Department of Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University 3400 N Charles St Baltimore Maryland USA
| | - Craig A Townsend
- Department of Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University 3400 N Charles St Baltimore Maryland USA
| | - Erica K Sinner
- Department of Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University 3400 N Charles St Baltimore Maryland USA
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Rabe P, Kamps JJAG, Schofield CJ, Lohans CT. Roles of 2-oxoglutarate oxygenases and isopenicillin N synthase in β-lactam biosynthesis. Nat Prod Rep 2018; 35:735-756. [PMID: 29808887 PMCID: PMC6097109 DOI: 10.1039/c8np00002f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Covering: up to 2017 2-Oxoglutarate (2OG) dependent oxygenases and the homologous oxidase isopenicillin N synthase (IPNS) play crucial roles in the biosynthesis of β-lactam ring containing natural products. IPNS catalyses formation of the bicyclic penicillin nucleus from a tripeptide. 2OG oxygenases catalyse reactions that diversify the chemistry of β-lactams formed by both IPNS and non-oxidative enzymes. Reactions catalysed by the 2OG oxygenases of β-lactam biosynthesis not only involve their typical hydroxylation reactions, but also desaturation, epimerisation, rearrangement, and ring-forming reactions. Some of the enzymes involved in β-lactam biosynthesis exhibit remarkable substrate and product selectivities. We review the roles of 2OG oxygenases and IPNS in β-lactam biosynthesis, highlighting opportunities for application of knowledge of their roles, structures, and mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Rabe
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK.
| | - Jos J A G Kamps
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK.
| | - Christopher J Schofield
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK.
| | - Christopher T Lohans
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK.
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Li R, Lloyd EP, Moshos KA, Townsend CA. Identification and characterization of the carbapenem MM 4550 and its gene cluster in Streptomyces argenteolus ATCC 11009. Chembiochem 2014; 15:320-31. [PMID: 24420617 PMCID: PMC3972073 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201300319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Revised: 10/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Nearly 50 naturally occurring carbapenem β-lactam antibiotics, most produced by Streptomyces, have been identified. The structural diversity of these compounds is limited to variance of the C-2 and C-6 side chains as well as the stereochemistry at C-5/C-6. These structural motifs are of interest both for their antibiotic effects and their biosynthesis. Although the thienamycin gene cluster is the only active gene cluster publically available in this group, more comparative information is needed to understand the genetic basis of these structural differences. We report here the identification of MM 4550, a member of the olivanic acids, as the major carbapenem produced by Streptomyces argenteolus ATCC 11009. Its gene cluster was also identified by degenerate PCR and targeted gene inactivation. Sequence analysis revealed that the genes encoding the biosynthesis of the bicyclic core and the C-6 and C-2 side chains are well conserved in the MM 4550 and thienamycin gene clusters. Three new genes, cmmSu, cmm17 and cmmPah were found in the new cluster, and their putative functions in the sulfonation and epimerization of MM 4550 are proposed. Gene inactivation showed that, in addition to cmmI, two new genes, cmm22 and -23, encode a two-component response system thought to regulate the production of MM 4550. Overexpression of cmmI, cmm22 and cmm23 promoted MM 4550 production in an engineered strain. Finally, the involvement and putative roles of all genes in the MM 4550 cluster are proposed based on the results of bioinformatics analysis, gene inactivation, and analysis of disruption mutants. Overall, the differences between the thienamycin and MM 4550 gene clusters are reflected in characteristic structural elements and provide new insights into the biosynthesis of the complex carbapenems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongfeng Li
- Department of Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218 (USA)
| | - Evan P. Lloyd
- Department of Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218 (USA)
| | | | - Craig. A Townsend
- Department of Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218 (USA)
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Hamed RB, Gomez-Castellanos JR, Henry L, Ducho C, McDonough MA, Schofield CJ. The enzymes of β-lactam biosynthesis. Nat Prod Rep 2013; 30:21-107. [DOI: 10.1039/c2np20065a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Furman B, Kałuża Z, Stencel A, Grzeszczyk B, Chmielewski M. β-Lactams from Carbohydrates. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/7081_2006_046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
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Nieschalk J, Spanka C, Schaumann E. 3-Alkylidene-2-azetidinethiones: Useful Intermediates for the Synthesis of 3-Substituted 2-Azetidinethiones. European J Org Chem 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/jlac.199619960122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Gürtler S, Johner M, Ruf S, Otto HH. Dicarboxylates of 3-Methylidene-β-lactams: Addition Reactions to the Exocyclic Double Bond, Formation of Spiro-β-lactams, and Reductive Ring Opening by Hydrazines. Helv Chim Acta 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.19930760820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Dürckheimer W, Blumbach J, Lattrell R, Scheunemann KH. Recent Developments in the Field of β-Lactam Antibiotics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.198501801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 262] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Łysek R, Urbańczyk-Lipkowska Z, Chmielewski M. Transformation of the 7-isopropylidene group in 5-dethia-5-oxacephams. Tetrahedron 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(00)01098-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Brickner SJ, Gaikema JJ, Greenfield LJ, Zurenko GE, Manninen PR. N-acyl-3-alkylidenyl- and 3-alkyl azeitidin-2-ones: a new class of monocyclic β-lactam antibacterial agents 2. Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of heteroatom substituted 3-isopropylidene and 3-isopropyl analogs. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(01)80932-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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A Novel Approach to α-Silylmethylene-β-lactams via Rh-catalyzed Silylcarbonylation of Propargylamine Derivatives. Tetrahedron Lett 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/0040-4039(91)80126-q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Abstract
The study of antibiotics and other fermentation products has shown that a seemingly unlimited number of compounds with diverse structures are produced by microorganisms. The continued high rate of discovery of new chemical entities, in the light of the abundance of microbial products already described, is due to creative screening procedures that incorporate such features as the emphasis on unusual microorgnaisms, their special propagation and fermentation requirements, supersensitive and highly selective assays, genetic engineering both for the biosynthesis of new compounds and in the development of screening systems, early in vivo evaluation, improved isolation techniques, modern procedures for structure determination, computer-assisted identification, and an efficient multidisciplinary approach. This review focuses on the genesis and development of the gamut of methodologies that have led to the successful detection of the wide variety of novel secondary metabolites that include antibacterial, antigungal, antiviral and antitumour antibiotics, enzyme inhibitors, pharmacologically and immunologically active agents, products useful in agriculture and animal husbandry, microbial regulators, and other compounds for which no bioactive role has yet been found.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Franco
- Microbiology Department, Hoechst Centre for Basic Research, Hoechst India Limited, Lal Bahadur Shastri Marg, Mulund, Bombay
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Alcaide B, Plumet J, Rodríguez-López J, Sánchez-Cantalejo YM. A novel synthetic approach to α-alkylidene-α-lactams. Tetrahedron Lett 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(00)97398-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Murakami K, Yoshida T. Covalent binding of moxalactam to cephalosporinase of Citrobacter freundii. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1985; 27:727-32. [PMID: 3874595 PMCID: PMC180142 DOI: 10.1128/aac.27.5.727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The inhibition of Citrobacter freundii cephalosporinase activity by moxalactam is shown to be due to the formation of a transiently stable covalent complex, probably acyl enzyme. The covalent complex formed was identified by coelution of [14C] moxalactam with the enzyme by using Sephadex G-25 gel filtration in the presence of 5.7 M guanidine hydrochloride and by analytical isoelectric focusing. Both the side-chain carboxyl group and the 7 alpha-methoxy group of moxalactam were necessary to stabilize the complex. Moxalactam is racemic with respect to the alpha carbon of the 7 beta-acylamino side chain, and the complex with the R epimer (half-life, 4.6 min) decomposed much more rapidly than that formed with the S epimer (half-life, 130 min). For other beta-lactam antibiotics that were stable to beta-lactamase, the half-lives of enzyme-antibiotic complexes were less than 4 min.
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Dürckheimer W, Blumbach J, Lattrell R, Scheunemann KH. Neuere Entwicklungen auf dem Gebiet der β-Lactam-Antibiotica. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 1985. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.19850970306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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