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Abstract
In this contribution, we provide a comprehensive overview of acyclic twisted amides, covering the literature since 1993 (the year of the first recognized report on acyclic twisted amides) through June 2020. The review focuses on classes of acyclic twisted amides and their key structural properties, such as amide bond twist and nitrogen pyramidalization, which are primarily responsible for disrupting nN to π*C═O conjugation. Through discussing acyclic twisted amides in comparison with the classic bridged lactams and conformationally restricted cyclic fused amides, the reader is provided with an overview of amidic distortion that results in novel conformational features of acyclic amides that can be exploited in various fields of chemistry ranging from organic synthesis and polymers to biochemistry and structural chemistry and the current position of acyclic twisted amides in modern chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangrong Meng
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University, 73 Warren Street, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
| | - Jin Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University, 73 Warren Street, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Chemical Additives for China National Light Industry, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Michal Szostak
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University, 73 Warren Street, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
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Rabe P, Kamps JJAG, Schofield CJ, Lohans CT. Roles of 2-oxoglutarate oxygenases and isopenicillin N synthase in β-lactam biosynthesis. Nat Prod Rep 2018; 35:735-756. [PMID: 29808887 PMCID: PMC6097109 DOI: 10.1039/c8np00002f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Covering: up to 2017 2-Oxoglutarate (2OG) dependent oxygenases and the homologous oxidase isopenicillin N synthase (IPNS) play crucial roles in the biosynthesis of β-lactam ring containing natural products. IPNS catalyses formation of the bicyclic penicillin nucleus from a tripeptide. 2OG oxygenases catalyse reactions that diversify the chemistry of β-lactams formed by both IPNS and non-oxidative enzymes. Reactions catalysed by the 2OG oxygenases of β-lactam biosynthesis not only involve their typical hydroxylation reactions, but also desaturation, epimerisation, rearrangement, and ring-forming reactions. Some of the enzymes involved in β-lactam biosynthesis exhibit remarkable substrate and product selectivities. We review the roles of 2OG oxygenases and IPNS in β-lactam biosynthesis, highlighting opportunities for application of knowledge of their roles, structures, and mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Rabe
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK.
| | - Jos J A G Kamps
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK.
| | - Christopher J Schofield
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK.
| | - Christopher T Lohans
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK.
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Ajiro H, Hongo C, Akashi M. Design and synthesis of N-vinylacetamide derivative with bulky group by nucleophilic substitution reaction. J Mol Struct 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2009.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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4
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Furman B, Kałuża Z, Stencel A, Grzeszczyk B, Chmielewski M. β-Lactams from Carbohydrates. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/7081_2006_046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
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5
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Ruddle CC, Smyth TP. Exploring the chemistry of penicillin as a β-lactamase-dependent prodrug. Org Biomol Chem 2007; 5:160-8. [PMID: 17164921 DOI: 10.1039/b614758e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The penam nucleus can be modified to behave as a beta-lactamase-dependent 'prodrug' by incorporation of a vinyl ester side chain at the 6-position. Enzyme-catalysed hydrolysis of the beta-lactam ring uncovers the thiazolidine-ring nitrogen as a nucleophile that drives a rapid intramolecular displacement on the side chain. Attachment of 7-hydroxy-4-methylcoumarin as the releasable group of this side chain generated a penicillin structure that can function as a fluorescence-based reporter substance/diagnostic for the presence of low levels of beta-lactamase enzyme in solution. Mechanistic details of the reaction pattern are documented and the scope and limitations of exploiting the structural modification are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol C Ruddle
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Sciences, University of Limerick, National Technological Park, County Limerick, Ireland
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Łysek R, Urbańczyk-Lipkowska Z, Chmielewski M. Transformation of the 7-isopropylidene group in 5-dethia-5-oxacephams. Tetrahedron 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(00)01098-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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7
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Abstract
The use of beta-lactamase inhibitors in combination with a beta-lactamase-susceptible antibiotic is a useful strategy to rescue otherwise good antibiotics from failure. However, recent years have seen a rise in the numbers of beta-lactamases that are insensitive to the available beta-lactamase inhibitors. This review summarizes of the mechanisms of action of the principal types of inhibitors and the ways in which beta-lactamase are thought to develop resistance towards them. Ten general classes of inhibitors are reviewed, especially those of therapeutic importance (clavulanic acid, penam sulfones and carbapenems). Copyright 2000 Harcourt Publishers Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malcolm G. P. Page
- Pharma Division, Preclinical Research, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Basel, CH-4070, Switzerland
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Direct amino-phenylselenylation of enoates: An easy route to α-phenylseleno-β-amino esters and β-lactams. Tetrahedron 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(98)00979-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Coulton S, Hunt E. Recent advances in the chemistry and biology of carbapenem antibiotics. PROGRESS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 1996; 33:99-145. [PMID: 8776942 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6468(08)70304-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of the olivanic acids and thienamycin aroused considerable interest amongst medicinal chemists and microbiologists around the world. The susceptibility of these agents to metabolic degradation has, however, been a major obstacle in their development. For many years the only notable success from such intensive research was the combination of imipenem with cilastatin, an inhibitor of the renal dipeptidase enzyme DHP-1. The enormous success of Primaxin for the treatment of a range of life-threatening bacterial infections provided the impetus for the discovery of totally synthetic, non-natural carbapenem derivatives that combine the broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity with stability to enzymatic degradation. This has indeed been realised in the development of meropenem; it possesses the broad spectrum of activity and resistance to beta-lactamases that are embodied in imipenem as well as displaying increased stability to human dehydropeptidases. Most recent research has focused upon the development of carbapenem antibiotics which combine broad spectrum antimicrobial activity and metabolic stability with oral absorption, for the treatment of community-acquired infections. Indeed, the pro-drug esters of the tricyclic carbapenems represent the first significant advance in this respect. However, the increased use of carbapenem antibiotics would undoubtedly accelerate the emergence of carbapenem-hydrolysing enzymes. The ultimate challenge could therefore be the design and synthesis of carbapenem derivatives that are resistant to these metallo-beta-lactamases. Due to the enormous problems encountered in the development of the carbapenem antibiotics, this area of research has, in the past, been described as a battlefield that did not bode well for the future [181]. Primaxin and meropenem proved however that these problems were not insurmountable, and are therefore a testimony to the persistence and dedication of those scientists in their war against bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Coulton
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceuticals, Betchworth, Surrey, U.K
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Nangia A, Biradha K, Desiraju GR. Correlation of biological activity in β-lactam antibiotics with Woodward and Cohen structural parameters—a Cambridge database study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1039/p29960000943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Colvin EW, König WA, Loreto MA, Rowden JY, Tommasini I. β-lactams from chirally-enriched (allenylmethyl)silanes. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(01)80965-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Bateson JH, Fell SCM, Kaura AC, Southgate R. Olivanic acid analogues. Part 11. Ozonolysis of α-ethylideneazetidinones: ozonide fragmentation to α-amino acid-N-carboxyanhydrides. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1039/p19920001577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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A Novel Approach to α-Silylmethylene-β-lactams via Rh-catalyzed Silylcarbonylation of Propargylamine Derivatives. Tetrahedron Lett 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/0040-4039(91)80126-q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Alcaide B, Plumet J, Rodríguez-López J, Sánchez-Cantalejo YM. A novel synthetic approach to α-alkylidene-α-lactams. Tetrahedron Lett 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(00)97398-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Brickner SJ, Gaikema JJ, Torrado JT, Greenfield LJ, Ulanowicz DA. An application of the PD(O)-catalyzed cyclocarbonylation of primary2-bromoallylamines to the synthesis of E- and Z-3-(hydroxyisopropylidene) azetidin-2-ones, useful precursors to a new class of monocyclic β-lactam antibiotics. Tetrahedron Lett 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(00)80823-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Birnbaum J, Kahan FM, Kropp H, MacDonald JS. Carbapenems, a new class of beta-lactam antibiotics. Discovery and development of imipenem/cilastatin. Am J Med 1985; 78:3-21. [PMID: 3859213 DOI: 10.1016/0002-9343(85)90097-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of Streptomyces cattleya and its antibiotic product, thienamycin, has ushered in a new era of beta-lactam agents, the carbapenems. Numerous carbapenems were subsequently discovered; however, none had the potency, broad-spectrum activity, and lack of cross-resistance exhibited by thienamycin. Chemical instability encountered with thienamycin was overcome by the N-formimidoyl derivative, imipenem. Imipenem is distinguished from other beta-lactams by its outstanding activity against gram-positive organisms as well as against Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Bacteroides. However, development was hindered by extensive renal metabolism of imipenem, resulting in low urinary concentrations of antibiotic. A renal dipeptidase, dehydropeptidase-I, was responsible for hydrolyzing imipenem and other carbapenems. To counter its action, a specific inhibitor, cilastatin, was developed. Coadministered with imipenem in a one-to-one ratio, cilastatin provides prolonged, reversible blockade of imipenem metabolism, dramatically improving urinary recoveries to therapeutically significant levels. Cilastatin also contributes to the safety of imipenem, since its coadministration prevents proximal tubular necrosis which has been observed in sensitive animals receiving imipenem alone in high doses. Thus, the combination imipenem and cilastatin overcame the pharmaceutical and metabolic challenges presented by thienamycin, and allowed for the evaluation in humans of the outstanding antimicrobial activity of this new class of beta-lactam antibiotics.
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Naturally Occurring β-Lactams. FORTSCHRITTE DER CHEMIE ORGANISCHER NATURSTOFFE / PROGRESS IN THE CHEMISTRY OF ORGANIC NATURAL PRODUCTS 1985. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7091-8790-6_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Abstract
In summary, Table XVI shows the inhibition profiles of representative beta-lactamases from each major class of Richmond and Sykes. Either resistance (R) or sensitivity (S) is given as a general guide to the type of compounds likely to inhibit each class. Thus the (qualitative) statements regarding the effectiveness of clavulanic acid can be taken to represent those for the penam sulfones and similarly for MM4550 and the other olivanic acids, carpetimycins, PS series, and asparenomycins. This can also be said of cloxacillin and the other aromatic carboxamido penicillins. Compounds are also included which are specifically or particularly inhibitory to certain beta-lactamases.
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Brown AG, Corbett DF, Eglington A, Howarth T. Studies related to the structures of the olivanic acids MM 13902, MM 4550 and MM 17880. Tetrahedron 1983. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(01)92148-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Harada S, Tsubotani S, Shinagawa S, Asai M. Stereo-chemical studies on the sulfoxide of 5,6-cis-carbapenem antibiotics, C-19393 components. Tetrahedron 1983. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(01)97632-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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