Models for estimating and projecting global, regional and national prevalence and disease burden of asthma: a systematic review

Global disease burden and its attributable risk factors of peripheral arterial disease

Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is a prevalent subtype of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases. It is crucial to assess the PAD-related burden and its attributable risk factors. We use the Global Burden of Disease study 2019 database to calculate the incidence, prevalence, mortality, disability-adjusted life years (DALY), attributable risk factors and estimated annual percentage change. The disease burden of PAD grows significantly with age accompanied by prominent heterogeneity between male and female. Despite the increase in the absolute numbers of disease burden from 1990 to 2019, the global PAD-related age-standardized death rate (ASDR) and age-standardized disability-adjusted life years rate (ASDALYR) have a mild downward trend from 1990 to 2019, which negatively correlated with sociodemographic index (SDI). Smoking and high systolic blood pressure (SBP) were the primary attributable risk factors for males (ASDR: 33.4%; ASDALYR: 43.4%) and females (ASDR: 25.3%; ASDALYR: 27.6%), respectively. High fasting plasma glucose (FPG) had become the second risk factor for ASDR (males: 28.5%; females: 25.2%) and ASDALYR (males: 29.3%; females: 26.3%) with an upward tendency. Low-middle SDI regions were predicted to have the most remarkable upward trend of PAD-related burden caused by high FPG. Smoking caused more disease burden in males before 85-90 years old and females before 65-70 years old, while high FPG and high SBP caused more burden after that. The patterns of PAD-related burden and its attributable risk factors are heterogeneous across ages, genders, and SDI regions. To reduce disease burden, tailored strategies should be implemented.

Burden of Aortic Aneurysm and Its Attributable Risk Factors from 1990 to 2019: An Analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Background

Global and national estimates on the epidemiology of aortic aneurysms are prerequisites for disease management and policymaking. Based on the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2019, this study aimed to discern the global aortic aneurysm burden by systematically analyzing demographic data on mortality and exploring the attributable risks and relevant factors.

Methods

The data analyzed in this study were available in the Global Health Data Exchange (GHDx) online query tool. The population in our study comprised individuals from 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2019. The estimated annual percentage changes (EAPCs) were performed to assess the temporal trends of aortic aneurysms and their attributable risks. Spearman correlation analysis was performed to explore the relationship between the burden of aortic aneurysm and covariates.

Results

Although aortic aneurysm-related deaths (82.1%) and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) (67%) increased from 1990 to 2019, the global trend of age-standardized rate of death (ASRD) (EAPC: −1.34, 95% CI = −1.46 to −1.22, P < 0.001) and age-standardized rate of DALY (ASDALYR) (EAPC: −1.06, 95% CI = −1.17 to −0.95, P < 0.001) decreased, both of which presented age dependence and gender differences. Smoking and high systolic blood pressure (SBP) were the main attributable risks of disease burden and tend to decease globally (EAPC: −1.89, 95% CI = −2.03 to −1.89, P < 0.001; −1.31 95% CI = −1.43 to −1.19, P < 0.001, respectively). Alcohol abstinence (male: R = −0.71, P < 0.001; female: R = −0.73, P < 0.001), smoking age of initiation (male: R = −0.32, P < 0.001; female: R = −0.50, P < 0.001), physical activity (male: R = −0.50, P < 0.001; female: R = −0.55, P < 0.001), and mean temperature (R = −0.62, P < 0.001) had negative correlation with ASRD. However, cholesterol level (male: R = 0.62, P < 0.001; female: R = 0.39, P < 0.001), body mass index (BMI) (male: R = 0.30, P < 0.001; female R = −0.01, P > 0.05), and alcohol consumption (male: R = 0.46, P < 0.001; female: R = 0.42, P < 0.001) had a positive correlation with ASRM. Besides, standard of living and medical resources positively related to burden of aortic aneurysm.

Conclusion

In this study, a decreasing trend of aortic aneurysm burden was found globally, especially in advanced regions. Aged men who smoke and women who have hypertension should pay close attention to, particularly in deprived economic groups, and many approaches can be performed to reduce the burden of aortic aneurysms.

Wuling San and Xiao Chaihu Decoction affect airway inflammatory response and airway smooth muscle cell proliferation in mice with allergic asthma via miR-486-5p/AQP5 axis

OBJECTIVE

This study aimed to investigate the effects of Wuling San and Xiao Chaihu Decoction on allergic asthma, and elucidate the potential mechanism of Wuling San and Xiao Chaihu Decoction for ameliorating allergic asthma.

METHODS

BALB/c mice were intraperitoneally injected with ovalbumin (OVA) to establish animal model of allergic asthma. Transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1) was used to induce the proliferation of airway smooth muscle cells (ASMCs) in order to establish the cell model. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was applied to quantify the expression levels of miR-486-5p and aquaporin-5 (AQP5) in cells and tissues. Dual-luciferase reporter assay was used to verify the targeting relationship between miR-486-5p and AQP5. MTT assay and flow cytometry were carried out to evaluate cell proliferation and apoptosis, respectively. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was conducted to measure the levels of interleukin-4 (IL-4), IL-5 and IL-13 in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). Hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining and Masson staining were used to detect the recruitment of eosinophils and collagen deposition.

RESULTS

In both in vivo and in vitro experiments, Wuling San and Xiao Chaihu Decoction significantly reduced the number of eosinophils, the levels of inflammatory factors in the BALF of asthmatic mice, and the deposition of collagen in lung tissues, and they also significantly inhibited the proliferation of ASMCs and accelerated their apoptosis (all P<0.05). Wuling San and Xiao Chaihu Decoction significantly upregulated the expression of AQP5 while inhibited the expression of miR-486-5p; additionally, miR-486-5p negatively regulated the expression of AQP5 (all P<0.05). Overexpression of miR-486-5p or silencing AQP5 can partially reverse the therapeutic effect of Wuling San and Xiao Chaihu Decoction on allergic asthma in mice and the inhibitory effect on the abnormal proliferation of ASMCs (all P<0.05).

CONCLUSION

Wuling San and Xiao Chaihu Decoction can influence the proliferation and apoptosis of ASMCs and the expression of inflammatory factors in mice with allergic asthma through inhibiting the expression of miR-486-5p and upregulating the expression of AQP5.

Variations in disease burden of laryngeal cancer attributable to alcohol use and smoking in 204 countries or territories, 1990-2019

Background

Alcohol consumption and smoking are the leading risk factors for laryngeal cancer (LC). Understanding the variations in disease burden of LC attributable to alcohol use and smoking is critical for LC prevention.

Methods

Disease burden data of LC were retrieved from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. We used estimated average percentage change (EAPC) to measure the temporal trends of the age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR) of LC.

Results

Globally, while the ASMR of LC decreased by 1.49% (95% CI, 1.41–1.57%) per year between 1990 and 2019, the number of deaths from LC has increased 41.0% to 123.4 thousand in 2019. In 2019, 19.4 and 63.5% of total LC-related deaths were attributable to alcohol use and smoking worldwide, respectively. The ASMR of alcohol- and smoking-related LC decreased by 1.78 and 1.93% per year, whereas the corresponding death number has increased 29.2 and 25.1% during this period, respectively. The decreasing trend was more pronounced in developed countries. In some developing countries, such as Guinea and Mongolia, the LC mortality has shown an unfavorable trend.

Conclusion

The ubiquitous decrease in LC mortality was largely attributed to the smoking control and highlighted the importance of smoking control policies. However, the disease burden of LC remained in increase and more effective strategies are needed to combat the global increase of alcohol consumption.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12885-021-08814-4.