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Haindl MT, Üçal M, Wonisch W, Lang M, Nowakowska M, Adzemovic MZ, Khalil M, Enzinger C, Hochmeister S. Vitamin D-An Effective Antioxidant in an Animal Model of Progressive Multiple Sclerosis. Nutrients 2023; 15:3309. [PMID: 37571246 PMCID: PMC10421326 DOI: 10.3390/nu15153309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D (VD) is the most discussed antioxidant supplement for multiple sclerosis (MS) patients and many studies suggest correlations between a low VD serum level and onset and progression of the disease. While many studies in animals as well as clinical studies focused on the role of VD in the relapsing-remitting MS, knowledge is rather sparse for the progressive phase of the disease and the development of cortical pathology. In this study, we used our established rat model of cortical inflammatory demyelination, resembling features seen in late progressive MS, to address the question about whether VD could have positive effects on reducing cortical pathology, oxidative stress, and neurofilament light chain (NfL) serum levels. For this purpose, we used male Dark Agouti (DA) rats, with one group being supplemented with VD (400 IE per week; VD+) from the weaning on at age three weeks; the other group received standard rodent food. The rat brains were assessed using immunohistochemical markers against demyelination, microglial activation, apoptosis, neurons, neurofilament, and reactive astrocytes. To evaluate the effect of VD on oxidative stress and the antioxidant capacity, we used two different oxidized lipid markers (anti- Cu++ and HOCl oxidized LDL antibodies) along with colorimetric methods for protective polyphenols (PP) and total antioxidative capacity (TAC). NfL serum levels of VD+ and VD- animals were analyzed by fourth generation single-molecule array (SIMOA) analysis. We found significant differences between the VD+ and VD- animals both in histopathology as well as in all serum markers. Myelin loss and microglial activation is lower in VD+ animals and the number of apoptotic cells is significantly reduced with a higher neuronal survival. VD+ animals show significantly lower NfL serum levels, a higher TAC, and more PP. Additionally, there is a significant reduction of oxidized lipid markers in animals under VD supplementation. Our data thus show a positive effect of VD on cellular features of cortical pathology in our animal model, presumably due to protection against reactive oxygen species. In this study, VD enhanced remyelination and prevented neuroaxonal and oxidative damage, such as demyelination and neurodegeneration. However, more studies on VD dose relations are required to establish an optimal response while avoiding overdosing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Muammer Üçal
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Willibald Wonisch
- Otto Loewi Research Center, Department of Physiological Medicine, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Michaela Lang
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria
- Faculty of Health, University of Applied Sciences Wiener Neustadt, Campus 1, 2700 Wiener Neustadt, Austria
| | - Marta Nowakowska
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Milena Z. Adzemovic
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 171 64 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Michael Khalil
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | | | - Sonja Hochmeister
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria
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Gallo D, Baci D, Kustrimovic N, Lanzo N, Patera B, Tanda ML, Piantanida E, Mortara L. How Does Vitamin D Affect Immune Cells Crosstalk in Autoimmune Diseases? Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054689. [PMID: 36902117 PMCID: PMC10003699 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D is a secosteroid hormone that is highly involved in bone health. Mounting evidence revealed that, in addition to the regulation of mineral metabolism, vitamin D is implicated in cell proliferation and differentiation, vascular and muscular functions, and metabolic health. Since the discovery of vitamin D receptors in T cells, local production of active vitamin D was demonstrated in most immune cells, addressing the interest in the clinical implications of vitamin D status in immune surveillance against infections and autoimmune/inflammatory diseases. T cells, together with B cells, are seen as the main immune cells involved in autoimmune diseases; however, growing interest is currently focused on immune cells of the innate compartment, such as monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, and natural killer cells in the initiation phases of autoimmunity. Here we reviewed recent advances in the onset and regulation of Graves' and Hashimoto's thyroiditis, vitiligo, and multiple sclerosis in relation to the role of innate immune cells and their crosstalk with vitamin D and acquired immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Gallo
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, ASST dei Sette Laghi, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Denisa Baci
- Immunology and General Pathology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy
- Molecular Cardiology Laboratory, IRCCS-Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, 20097 Milan, Italy
| | - Natasa Kustrimovic
- Center for Translational Research on Autoimmune and Allergic Disease—CAAD, Università del Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Nicola Lanzo
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, ASST dei Sette Laghi, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Bohdan Patera
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, ASST dei Sette Laghi, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Maria Laura Tanda
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, ASST dei Sette Laghi, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Eliana Piantanida
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, ASST dei Sette Laghi, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Mortara
- Immunology and General Pathology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy
- Correspondence:
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Pearse DD, Hefley AB, Morales AA, Ghosh M. Comparative Profiling of TG2 and Its Effectors in Human Relapsing Remitting and Progressive Multiple Sclerosis. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10061241. [PMID: 35740263 PMCID: PMC9220003 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10061241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a chronic CNS autoimmune disease characterized by immune-mediated demyelination, axon loss, and disability. Dysregulation of transglutaminase-2 (TG2) has been implicated in disease initiation and progression. Herein, TG2 expression in post-mortem human brain tissue from Relapsing Remitting MS (RRMS) or Progressive MS (PMS) individuals were examined and correlated with the presence of TG2 binding partners and effectors implicated in the processes of inflammation, scar formation, and the antagonism of repair. Tissues from Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis (RRMS; n = 6), Progressive Multiple Sclerosis (PMS; n = 5), and non-MS control (n = 6) patients underwent immunohistochemistry for TG2, PLA2, COX-2, FN, CSPG, and HSPG. TG2 was strongly upregulated in active RRMS and PMS lesions, within blood vessels and the perivascular tissue of sclerotic plaques. TG2 colocalization was observed with GFAP+ astrocytes and ECM, including FN, HSPG, and CSPG, which also increased in either RRMS or PMS lesions. Although TG2 was not colocalized with inflammatory mediators COX-2 and PLA2, or the macrophage-microglia marker Iba1, its increased expression correlated with their elevation in active RRMS and PMS lesions. In summary, the correlation of strong TG2 induction in either RRMS or PMS with some of its binding partners but not others implicates potentially different roles for TG2 in disparate MS forms that may warrant further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien D. Pearse
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA; (D.D.P.); (A.B.H.); (A.A.M.)
- The Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
- The Neuroscience Program, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
- The Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Andrew B. Hefley
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA; (D.D.P.); (A.B.H.); (A.A.M.)
| | - Alejo A. Morales
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA; (D.D.P.); (A.B.H.); (A.A.M.)
| | - Mousumi Ghosh
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA; (D.D.P.); (A.B.H.); (A.A.M.)
- The Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Miami, FL 33136, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-305-243-9968; Fax: +1-305-243-3923
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Olbert E, Struhal W. Retinal imaging with optical coherence tomography in multiple sclerosis: novel aspects. Wien Med Wochenschr 2022; 172:329-336. [PMID: 35347500 PMCID: PMC9606096 DOI: 10.1007/s10354-022-00925-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is of increasing interest in the clinical assessment of multiple sclerosis (MS) patients beyond the scope of clinical studies. In this narrative review, we discuss novel changes of OCT parameters during acute optic neuritis and the disease course of MS patients. OCT images document the changes of retinal layers during an episode of acute optic neuritis and can therefore provide valuable insights into the pathophysiology. Moreover, MS patients show progredient thinning of retinal layers throughout the disease. The thinning is accelerated through relapses as well as disease progression without relapse. The OCT parameters are also associated with clinical outcome parameters, including disability, cognitive function, and brain atrophy. The impact of disease-modifying therapies on OCT parameters is the subject of ongoing research and depends on the agent used. Additional data are still necessary before OCT parameters can be implemented in the clinical standard of care of MS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Olbert
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Tulln, Alter Ziegelweg 10, 3430, Tulln an der Donau, Austria. .,Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, Tulln, Austria.
| | - Walter Struhal
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Tulln, Alter Ziegelweg 10, 3430, Tulln an der Donau, Austria.,Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, Tulln, Austria
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Haindl MT, Hochmeister S. Vitamin D in Multiple Sclerosis-Lessons From Animal Studies. Front Neurol 2021; 12:757795. [PMID: 34744990 PMCID: PMC8563695 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.757795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis is a multifactorial disease of the central nervous system with both genetic and environmental causes. The exact disease mechanisms are still unclear. Consequently, studies of possible treatment and preventive measures cover a large setting of heterogeneous approaches. Vitamin D is one of these approaches, and in many trials the relation of vitamin D serum levels and multiple sclerosis disease risk and activity describes different effects with sometimes inconsistent findings. Animal models are substantial for the research of disease mechanisms, and many of the drugs that are currently in use in multiple sclerosis have been developed, tested, or validated via animal studies. Especially when clinical studies show contradicting findings, the use of standardized settings and information about the mechanistic background is necessary. For this purpose, animal models are an essential tool. There is a variety of different experimental settings and types of animal models available, each of them with own strengths but also weaknesses. This mini-review aims to overview results of vitamin D studies in different animal models and sums up the most important recent findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Tanja Haindl
- Department of General Neurology, University Clinic of Neurology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Sonja Hochmeister
- Department of General Neurology, University Clinic of Neurology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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