Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome and associated factors in korean cancer survivors

Metabolic Syndrome According to Dietary and Health-Related Lifestyle in Male Cancer Survivors and Non-Cancer over 40 Years of Age

Researchers often report higher metabolic syndrome (MetS) pr\4;evalence among cancer survivors than among non-cancer individuals. This study aims to explore the impact of cancer presence, activity type, and dietary lifestyle on MetS in males over 40 years of age. Participants (n = 9846; 618 cancer survivors, 9228 non-cancer) were selected by extracting data from a Korean government database spanning the years 2016 to 2021. Physical activity patterns, dietary habits, and MetS factors were measured, and a multiple logistic regression analysis was statistically processed for an odds ratio (OR). MetS was present in 32.8% of cancer survivors and 28.6% of non-cancer individuals. Gastric cancer survivors exhibited a 16% lower OR for MetS versus non-cancer participants. The ORs were higher by 1.60-, 1.45-, and 1.26-fold for colorectal, urinary, and other cancers, respectively. Cancer survivors with high calorie, carbohydrate, and fat intakes exhibited ORs of 2.01 (95% CI 1.28-4.04), 2.33 (95% CI 1.28-4.54), and 1.39 (95% CI 1.05-2.37) compared to the recommended level. The high fiber-intake group reduced the MetS OR by 20%. In conclusion, The MetS prevalence was higher in survivors with colorectal cancer, urinary cancer, and other cancers, while it was lower in patients with gastric cancer. Survivors with low rates of eating three meals a day, high skipping breakfast, increased eating-out rate, and no nutritional learning opportunity displayed higher MetS prevalence. Additionally, cancer survivors who had more strength and leisure activities had a lower OR of MetS.

Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome Based on the Dietary Habits and Physical Activity of Korean Women Cancer Survivors

Cancer is a major cause of death in Korea. Improving dietary habits and encouraging physical activity (PA) are important in managing the quality of life and health of patients. Cancer survivors (CS) often exhibit a higher incidence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) than non-cancer (NC) individuals. The purpose of this study was to analyze the prevalence of MetS according to dietary habits and PA in women who survived various cancers: stomach, colorectal, breast, cervical, lung, thyroid, and others. The participants (n = 12,676; NC: 11,673, CS: 1003) were analyzed cross-sectionally over a 6-year period. Caloric intake, eating-out frequency, breakfast frequency, dietary supplements, dietary therapy, nutritional education, participation in aerobic activity, strength training frequency, and sedentary lifestyle were evaluated. The prevalence of MetS was 1.22 (95% confidence interval (CI), 1.07-1.39) times higher in CS than in NC, exhibiting a 1.77-fold (95%CI, 1.14-2.74) increase in colorectal cancer, 1.72-fold (95%CI, 1.29-2.30) in cervical cancer, and 3.07-fold (95%CI, 1.14-5.31) in lung cancer. A higher-than-recommended caloric intake and frequent eating out increased MetS 1.43-fold (95%CI, 1.09-1.79) and 1.11-fold (95%CI, 1.01-1.64), respectively, in NC, and 1.31-fold (95%CI, 1.03-1.75) and 2.65-fold (95%CI, 2.29-3.07), respectively, in CS. Aerobic activity below the recommended level resulted in a 1.37-fold (95%CI, 1.13-1.71) and 1.36-fold (95%CI, 1.10-1.87) increase in NC and CS, respectively, whereas muscle strength increased 1.36-fold (95%CI, 1.08-1.70) and 1.49-fold (95%CI, 1.07-2.57), respectively, at below recommended levels. MetS was more prevalent in CS than in NC; high caloric intake, frequent eating out, low PA, and more sedentary time increased the risk of MetS.

Prevalence and Risk Factors of Metabolic Syndrome Components in Childhood Cancer Survivors

Purpose: It is crucial for childhood cancer survivors (CCSs) to manage metabolic syndrome. The prevalence and predictive factors of metabolic syndrome components in CCSs were investigated. Methods: This study included CCSs who were diagnosed with cancer under the age of 20 and completed therapy more than 1 year ago. The anthropometric and laboratory data were obtained from the medical records retrospectively. The reference group was extracted from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2016-2019). Results: Of the participants, 29.1% (75 of 258) of the CCSs and 26.4% (1339 of 5081) of the reference group were obese. Blood pressure and triglyceride levels were significantly different in the two groups. Metabolic syndrome was identified in 35 of 258 (13.6%) patients. The reference group showed a 9.4% of prevalence (480 of 5086) (p = 0.028). A total of 127 of 230 (59.6%) met at least one of the dyslipidemia criteria. In multivariate analysis, current age and growth hormone deficiency (GHD) (OR = 5.905) were significant prognostic factors for dyslipidemia, and GHD was a significant prognostic factor for hypertriglyceridemia (OR = 2.864, p = 0.0316) and hypercholesterolemia (OR = 3.053, p = 0.0467). Cranial radiotherapy (RT) was a prognostic variable for hyper low-density lipoprotein cholesterolemia (OR = 2.866, p = 0.0032). Conclusions: The frequency of metabolic syndrome was higher in CCSs compared with the reference group. Dyslipidemia was common in CCSs with clinical parameters such as GHD and cranial RT. Risk-based long-term follow-up is needed, and early intervention is required for CCSs.

Prevalence of metabolic syndrome among breast cancer survivors in East Coast of Peninsular Malaysia

Background

To date, limited data are available on metabolic syndrome prevalence among breast cancer survivors in Malaysia. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and abnormal metabolic syndrome components among breast cancer survivors in East Coast of Peninsular Malaysia.

Methods

This cross-sectional study included 95 breast cancer survivors (age 53.7 ± 7.6 years) who have completed main cancer treatments for ≥6 months. Cancer survivors were recruited from two main government hospitals in Kelantan and Terengganu using a purposive sampling method.

Results

According to the Harmonized criteria, the metabolic syndrome prevalence was 50.5%. Among those with metabolic syndrome, the most prevalent abnormal metabolic components were triglycerides (91.2%), fasting blood glucose (79.6%) and HDL-c level (78.4%). Except for total cholesterol and LDL-c, all other metabolic syndrome components were significantly different (p < 0.05) between those with and without metabolic syndrome. Significant differences between metabolic syndrome and non-metabolic syndrome groups were found for weight, BMI, waist circumference, body fat percentage and cancer stages (p < 0.05). However, no significant relationship was reported between sociodemographic, clinical parameters and metabolic syndrome among breast cancer survivors in this study.

Conclusions

Metabolic syndrome was highly prevalent among breast cancer survivors. It is recommended for health care professionals to closely monitor and improve the triglycerides, blood glucose and HDL-c level of the breast cancer survivors under their care to control the detrimental effect of metabolic syndrome.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12889-021-10288-9.

Factors Affecting Onset and Persistence of Metabolic Syndrome in Korean Breast Cancer Survivors: A Prospective Study

This study aimed to investigate the onset and persistence of metabolic syndrome in breast cancer survivors in a community setting. The study included 329 female breast cancer survivors from 39 community health examination centers located in 14 urban areas in Korea. After an average of 4.6 years of follow-up, based on the presence of metabolic syndrome at baseline and follow-up, the subjects were assigned to three groups: Non-metabolic syndrome (n = 249), onset (n = 32), and persistent (n = 48). Factors associated with the metabolic syndrome were analyzed and presented as odds ratios (ORs). Older age, postmenopausal status, lower education, and lower-income level were associated with an increased prevalence of metabolic syndrome in the onset Mets and persistent Mets group. In particular, when the breast cancer survivor was obese (≥25 kg/m²), the probability of developing metabolic syndrome was 3.33 times higher than normal-weight subjects (<23 kg/m²) and the probability of metabolic syndrome persisting was 16.34 times. When breast cancer survivors were in their 60s or older, the probability of metabolic syndrome persisting was 4.27 times higher than those in their 40s. To prevent the onset and persistence of metabolic syndrome in breast cancer survivors, health-care providers should identify risk factors. Obesity, in particular, should be controlled.

Increased prevalence of metabolic syndrome in adult cancer survivors: Asian first report in community setting

BACKGROUND

To compare the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MeS) in cancer survivors returning to the community to that of non-cancer controls.

METHODS

We used baseline data from a nationwide cohort study. 5274 cancer survivors and 20,703 and 21,096 gender- and age-matched controls without and with chronic disease was included.

RESULTS

The prevalence of MeS was higher in cancer survivors compared to controls without chronic disease, but was lower than that in controls with chronic disease (25.7%, 18.8%, and 32.0%, respectively). The prevalence was 1.56-fold higher in cancer survivors (95% confidence interval = 1.45-1.69) than in controls without chronic disease. The prevalence of each MeS component was significantly higher in cancer survivors compared to controls without chronic disease. Compared to controls, the prevalence was higher in colorectal, breast, cervical, lung, thyroid, prostate, and bladder cancer survivors (OR range = 1.63-2.24, P-value < 0.05), but not in gastric and liver cancer survivors.

CONCLUSIONS

MeS was generally more prevalent among cancer survivors than in controls without chronic disease, but with heterogeneities in cancer type. Because long-term care and comorbidity prevention are emerging issues in cancer survivors, MeS among those returning to normal life is concerning, and tailored management programs should be developed for specific cancer types.

Metabolic syndrome in breast cancer survivors with high carbohydrate consumption: The first report in community setting

BACKGROUND & AIMS

This study was conducted to examine the prevalence of and lifestyle factors associated with the metabolic syndrome in breast cancer survivors and to compare those factors with controls without cancer in a community setting.

METHODS

This study included 584 female breast cancer survivors ≥3 years after the initial diagnosis and 2336 age-matched cancer-free female controls from 39 community health examination centers located in 14 urban areas in Korea. The prevalence of the metabolic syndrome is shown. Factors associated with the metabolic syndrome were analyzed as odds ratios (ORs) in cancer survivors and controls; differences between the two groups in the ORs of associated factors were evaluated by calculating p-heterogeneity values.

RESULTS

The prevalence of metabolic syndrome in breast cancer survivors and age-matched controls were 26.8% and 26.9%, respectively. Higher percentage of caloric intake from carbohydrates was associated with increased metabolic syndrome only in the breast cancer survivors (OR for the highest vs. lowest quartile for survivors = 2.48 [95% CI = 1.20-5.14]; OR for controls = 1.11 [95% CI = 0.81-1.51]; P-heterogeneity = 0.046). Sweat-inducing exercise for ≥150 min/week was associated with a lower risk of metabolic syndrome only in controls (controls: OR = 0.72 [95% CI = 0.58-0.89]; survivors: OR = 0.88 [95% CI = 0.57-1.36]). Older age, higher body mass index, and a lower education level (≤12 years) was associated with an increased prevalence of metabolic syndrome in both groups.

CONCLUSIONS

Our results suggest that, in regions with excess carbohydrate intake, the association of the metabolic syndrome with percentage of caloric intake from carbohydrate might be more prominent than exercise in breast cancer survivors, compared with general population.

Short Sleep Duration and Its Correlates among Cancer Survivors in Korea: the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys

BACKGROUND

Though a large proportion of cancer survivors are assumed to be commonly affected by sleep disturbance, few studies have focused on short sleep problems and its correlates among Korean cancer survivors. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of short sleep in adult cancer survivors from a nationwide population-based sample and to identify risk factors for short sleep duration.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Based on the fourth and fifth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (2007-2012), 1,045 cancer survivors and 33,929 non-cancer controls were analyzed. The prevalence of short sleep was compared between these two groups. Associations between short sleep and its correlates were evaluated using multiple logistic regression among cancer survivors: odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CIs) were estimated after adjusting for sociodemographic factors, lifestyle factors, psychological conditions, and cancer-related factors.

RESULTS

About 8.1% of cancer survivors slept for less than 5 hours per day (6.2% men and 9.3% women), whereas this was the case for only 3.7% of non-cancer controls. Cancer survivors who had the lowest household income level showed a significantly higher likelihood for short sleep (adjusted OR 2.82, 95%CI 1.06-7.54). Self-reported poor health and depressive symptoms were found to be associated with significantly increased likelihood for short sleep in cancer survivors (adjusted OR 3.60, 95%CI 1.40-9.26 and adjusted OR 2.00, 95%CI 1.17-3.42). Gastric cancer survivors had a 3.97-fold increased risk for short sleep (95%CI 1.60-9.90).

CONCLUSIONS

The prevalence of short sleep occurs at a high rate among the Korean cancer survivors, which may indicate a poorer quality of life and a higher risk of future complications in survivorship. Targeted interventions that can assist cancer survivors to cope with sleep disturbances as well as ensuring psychological stability are warranted to reduce the latent disease burden.

Metabolic Syndrome in Korean Cancer Survivors and Family Members: A Study in a Health Promotion Center

This cross-sectional study evaluated the risk of metabolic syndrome (MetS) in cancer survivors and family members. Subjects were 48,934 adults (24,786 men, 24,148 women) aged ≥40yr who receive a routine health examination at 1 hospital from January 2010 to December 2012. There were 2468 cancer survivors, 18,211 with cancer patients in the family, and 28,255 noncancer subjects, who never experienced cancer and whose family members either. Associations between MetS and cancer experience were assessed using multiple logistic regression analysis. The odds ratio (OR) of MetS in female cancer survivors was significantly higher than noncancer subjects after adjusting for age, smoking, physical activity, and alcohol intake (OR = 1.22, 95% confidence intervals: 1.02-1.47]. However, the OR of MetS for male survivors did not differ from that of noncancer subjects. Gastric cancer survivors had a lower OR of MetS than noncancer subjects (0.37, 0.27-0.50). ORs of breast cancer (1.49, 1.00-2.23) and prostate cancer survivors (1.46, 1.07-1.99) were higher than the OR of MetS for noncancer subjects. There was no difference in the OR of MetS between the family members of cancer patients and non-cancer subjects. These findings suggest that the odds of MetS for cancer survivors may differ by cancer type and by sex.