BCR/ABL mRNA targeting small interfering RNA effects on proliferation and apoptosis in chronic myeloid leukemia

Cancer Fighting SiRNA-RRM2 Loaded Nanorobots

BACKGROUND

Silencing of several genes is critical for cancer therapy. These genes may be apoptotic gene, cell proliferation gene, DNA synthesis gene, etc. The two subunits of Ribonucleotide Reductase (RR), RRM1 and RRM2, are critical for DNA synthesis. Hence, targeting the blockage of DNA synthesis at tumor site can be a smart mode of cancer therapy. Specific targeting of blockage of RRM2 is done effectively by SiRNA. The drawbacks of siRNA delivery in the body include the poor uptake by all kinds of cells, questionable stability under physiological condition, non-target effect and ability to trigger the immune response. These obstacles may be overcome by target delivery of siRNA at the tumor site. This review presents a holistic overview regarding the role of RRM2 in controlling cancer progression. The nanoparticles are more effective due to specific characteristics like cell membrane penetration capacity, less toxicity, etc. RRM2 have been found to be elevated in different types of cancer and identified as the prognostic and predictive marker of the disease. Reductase RRM1 and RRM2 regulate the protein and gene expression of E2F, which is critical for protein expression and progression of cell cycle and cancer. The knockdown of RRM2 leads to apoptosis via Bcl2 in cancer. Both Bcl2 and E2F are critical in the progression of cancer, hence a gene that can affect both in regulating DNA replication is essential for cancer therapy.

AIM

The aim of the review is to identify the related gene whose silencing may inhibit cancer progression.

CONCLUSION

In this review, we illuminate the critical link between RRM-E2F, RRM-Bcl2, RRM-HDAC for the therapy of cancer. Altogether, this review presents an overview of all types of SiRNA targeted for cancer therapy with special emphasis on RRM2 for controlling the tumor progression.

Systemic delivery of CRISPR/Cas9 with PEG-PLGA nanoparticles for chronic myeloid leukemia targeted therapy

Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), which is characterized by the Philadelphia translocation, which fuses breakpoint cluster region (BCR) sequences from chromosome 22 upstream of the Abelson murine leukemia viral oncogene homolog (ABL) on chromosome 9, requires specific and efficient treatment. The CRISPR/Cas9 system, with its mechanism of specific DNA complementary recognition by engineered guide RNA (gRNA), allows the development of novel therapeutics for CML. To achieve targeted therapy of CML with the CRISPR/Cas9 system, we encapsulated a CRISPR/Cas9 plasmid (pCas9) expressing gRNA targeting the overhanging fusion region of the BCR-ABL gene (pCas9/gBCR-ABL) with poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(lactic acid-co-glycolic acid) (PEG-PLGA)-based cationic lipid-assisted polymeric nanoparticles (CLANs), which specifically disrupted the CML-related BCR-ABL gene while sparing the BCR and ABL genes in normal cells. After intravenous injection, CLANs carrying pCas9/gBCR-ABL (CLANpCas9/gBCR-ABL) efficiently knocked out the BCR-ABL fusion gene of CML cells and improved the survival of a CML mouse model, indicating that the combination of the CRISPR/Cas9 system with nanocarriers is a promising strategy for targeted treatment of CML.

MiR-29 Induces K562 Cell Apoptosis by Down-Regulating FoxM1

Background

Leukemia seriously threatens human life and health. MicroRNAs can regulate cell growth, proliferation, and death. This article investigated the role of miR-29 on regulating leukemia cell growth, proliferation, and apoptosis.

Material/Methods

miR-29 and scramble miRNA were transfected to K562 cells. MTT assay, colony formation assay, caspase-3 activity detection, and flow cytometry were applied to test miR-29 effect on cell growth, proliferation, and apoptosis. Western blot was used to detect Forkhead box protein M1 (FoxM1) protein expression. After we transfected miR-29, K562 cells were transfected with FoxM1 siRNA to test cell apoptosis.

Results

K562 cell growth and proliferation were inhibited after transfection with miR-29. Apoptosis phenome and caspase-3 activation were observed. FoxM1 level decreased. SiRNA FoxM1 enhanced miR-29-induced K562 cell apoptosis. FoxM1 overexpression suppressed miR-26-induced K562 cell apoptosis.

Conclusions

MiR-29 restrained K562 cell growth and proliferation. MiR-29 induced K562 cell apoptosis through down-regulating FoxM1.

Parameters Involved in Autophosphorylation in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia: a Systems Biology Approach

BACKGROUND

Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a stem cell disorder characterized by the fusion of two oncogenes namely BCR and ABL with their aberrant expression. Autophosphorylation of BCR-ABL oncogenes results in proliferation of CML. The study deals with estimation of rate constant involved in each step of the cellular autophosphorylation process, which are consequently playing important roles in the proliferation of cancerous cells.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A mathematical model was proposed for autophosphorylation of BCR-ABL oncogenes utilizing ordinary differential equations to enumerate the rate of change of each responsible system component. The major difficulty to model this process is the lack of experimental data, which are needed to estimate unknown model parameters. Initial concentration data of each substrate and product for BCR-ABL systems were collected from the reported literature. All parameters were optimized through time interval simulation using the fminsearch algorithm.

RESULTS

The rate of change versus time was estimated to indicate the role of each state variable that are crucial for the systems. The time wise change in concentration of substrate shows the convergence of each parameter in autophosphorylation process.

CONCLUSIONS

The role of each constituent parameter and their relative time dependent variations in autophosphorylation process could be inferred.