Glutathione-S-transferase polymorphisms (GSTM1, GSTT1 and GSTP1) and acute leukemia risk in Asians: a meta-analysis

Individual and combined effects of the GSTM1, GSTT1, and GSTP1 polymorphisms on leukemia risk: An updated meta-analysis

Background: Several meta-analyses have analyzed the association of GSTM1 present/null, GSTT1 present/null, and GSTP1 IIe105Val polymorphisms with leukemia risk. However, the results of these meta-analyses have been conflicting. Moreover, they did not evaluate the combined effects of the three aforementioned gene polymorphisms. Furthermore, they did not appraise the credibility of the positive results. Finally, many new studies have been published. Therefore, an updated meta-analysis was conducted.

Objectives: To further explore the relationship of the three aforementioned gene polymorphisms with leukemia risk.

Methods: The crude odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were applied to evaluate the association of the individual and combined effects of the three aforementioned genes. Moreover, the false-positive report probability (FPRP) and Bayesian false discovery probability (BFDP) were applied to verify the credibility of these statistically significant associations.

Results: Overall, the individual GSTM1, GSTT1, and GSTP1 IIe105Val polymorphisms added leukemia risk. On combining GSTM1 and GSTT1, GSTM1 and GSTP1, and GSTT1 and GSTP1 polymorphisms, positive results were also observed. However, no significant association was observed between the combined effects of these three polymorphisms with leukemia risk in the overall analysis. Moreover, when only selecting Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) and medium- and high-quality studies, we came to similar results. However, when the FPRP and BFDP values were applied to evaluate the credibility of positive results, the significant association was only observed for the GSTT1 null genotype with leukemia risk in Asians (BFDP = 0.367, FPRP = 0.009).

Conclusion: This study strongly suggests a significant increase in the risk of leukemia in Asians for the GSTT1 null genotype.

Association Between the Individual and Combined Effects of the GSTM1 and GSTT1 Polymorphisms and Risk of Leukemia: A Meta-Analysis

Background: Fourteen meta-analyses reported the individual effects of the GSTM1 and GSTT1 polymorphisms on leukemia risk. However, over 40 studies were not included in previously published meta-analyses. Moreover, one key aspect was that previous meta-analyses did not conduct the false-positive test on the aforementioned issues. Furthermore, previous meta-analyses did not observe the combined effects of GSTM1 present/null and GSTT1 present/null polymorphism with leukemia risk. Therefore, we conducted the current study to further analyze these associations. Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the association between the individual and combined effects of the GSTM1 present/null and GSTT1 present/null polymorphisms and the risk of leukemia. Methods: A meta-analysis was performed applying Meta-analyses of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (MOOSE) guidelines. Moreover, false-positive report probability (FPRP) and Bayesian false discovery probability (BFDP) were applied to investigate the false-positive results. Results: The individual GSTM1 and GSTT1 null genotypes and combined effects of the two genes were associated with a significantly increased leukemia risk in overall and several subgroup analyses, such as Asians, Caucasians, and so on. Then, further analysis was conducted using FPRP and BFDP. Significant associations were considered as "positive" results on the GSTM1 null genotype with leukemia risk in overall populations (FPRP < 0.001 and BFDP = 0.006), Asians (FPRP < 0.001 and BFDP < 0.001), and East Asian population (FPRP < 0.001 and BFDP = 0.002). For the GSTT1 null genotype, significant associations were regarded "positive" results in overall populations, acute myeloid leukemia (AML), Asians, and East Asian population. For the combined effects of the GSTM1 and GSTT1 polymorphisms, significant associations were also considered "positive" results in the overall analysis of Asians, Indians, and East Asian population. Conclusion: This study strongly indicates that the individual GSTM1 and GSTT1 null genotypes and combined effects of the two genes are associated with increased leukemia risk in Asians, especially in the East Asian population; the GSTT1 null genotype is associated with increased AML risk; the combined effects of the two genes are associated with increased leukemia risk in Indians.

Increased Risk of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia in Adult Patients with GSTM1 Null Genetic Polymorphism

Purpose

Glutathione S-transferases (GSTT1 and GSTM1) detoxify various endogenous and exogenous compounds and provide cytoprotective role against reactive species. This study aimed to assess the frequency of GSTT1, and GSTM1 polymorphisms in newly diagnosed Sudanese adult patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and to evaluate the association of these polymorphisms with age, gender and type of ALL.

Patients and Methods

This case–control study included 128 adult Sudanese, untreated newly diagnosed patients with ALL, aged 18 to 74 years and 128 age-gender matched healthy controls. Deletional polymorphisms of GSTT1 and GSTM1 genes were genotyped through a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay using β-globin gene as an internal positive control.

Results

The genotypic frequency of GSTT1 null polymorphism was 22.7% in cases and 14.8% in controls (OR = 1.68, P = 0.111). Statistically significant differences were noted in the frequencies of GSTM1 null polymorphism in cases and controls (OR = 3.7, P = <0.001). Combined GSTT1 null and GSTM1 null gene polymorphisms showed statistically significant difference in patients with ALL as compared to controls (OR = 6.5, CI 95% = 1.42–29.74, P < 0.001).

Conclusion

Irrespective of age at diagnosis, gender, and phenotype of ALL, GSTM1 null polymorphism either alone or in combination with GSTT1 null polymorphism poses significantly increased risk of developing ALL in adults.

GSTT1 null and rs156697 Polymorphism in GSTO2 Influence the Risk and Therapeutic Outcome of B-Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Patients

INTRODUCTION

Glutathione S-transferase (GST) gene deletion or polymorphic sequence variations lead to decreased enzyme activity that influences susceptibility and response to chemotherapy in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). This case-control study investigated the association of GST gene polymorphisms with the etiology and therapeutic outcome of B-ALL among Kashmiri population.

METHODS

A total of 300 individuals including 150 newly diagnosed B-ALL patients and an equal number of age and gender matched controls were genotyped for five GST gene polymorphisms by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism technique (PCR-RFLP) and multiplex PCR techniques.

RESULTS

Higher frequency of GSTT1 null, GSTO2-AG, and GSTO2-GG genotypes was observed in ALL cases compared to controls that associated significantly with ALL risk (GSTT1 null: OR = 2.93, p = 0.0001; GSTO2-AG: OR = 2.58, p = 0.01; GSTO2-GG: OR = 3.13, p = 0.01). GSTM1, GSTP1, and GSTO1 SNPs showed no significant association (p > 0.05). Combined genotype analysis revealed significant association of GSTT1 null/GSTM1 null (OR = 4.11, p = 0.011) and GSTT1 null/GSTP1-AG (OR = 4.93, p = 0.0003) with B-ALL susceptibility. Haplotype analysis of rs4925 and rs156697 revealed that carriers of CG haplotype had increased risk of B-ALL (p = 0.04). Kaplan-Meier plots revealed significantly inferior 3-year disease-free survival for GSTO2-GG carriers (p = 0.002). Multivariate analysis confirmed GSTO2-GG as an independent poor prognostic factor for DFS (HR = 4.5, p = 0.034). Among combined genotypes, only GSTT1 null/GSTP1-AG associated significantly with poorer DFS rates (p = 0.032).

CONCLUSION

This study demonstrated that GSTT1 null individually or in combination with GSTM1null and GSTP1-AG genotypes associated with increased B-ALL risk. Also, rs156697 variant genotypes (AG and GG) associated with B-ALL, whereas the GG genotype of rs156697 influenced the treatment outcome.

Polymorphisms in xenobiotic metabolism-related genes in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma: a case-control study

This study was performed to investigate the relationship between polymorphisms in microsomal epoxide hydrolase (mEH; Tyr113His and His139Arg substitution) and glutathione S-transferase (GST; GSTM1 deletion, GSTT1 deletion, and GSTP1.Ala114Val substitution) and their correlation with clinico-histopathological features in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).We evaluated environmental risk factors and genetic alterations in 556 individuals (86 cases and 470 controls). PCR multiplex for GSTM1 and GSTT1, polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) for GSTP1, and real-time PCR for mEH were performed. Statistical analyses were performed using multiple logistic regression tests.Age over 48 years (p < 0.001) and alcohol consumption (p = 0.021) were the predictors of increased risk of developing HCC. GSTP1.Ala114Val for all regression models (p < 0.05), except the recessive model, and the GSTT1 null genotype (odds ratio [OR] = 0.43, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.21-0.87, p = 0.019) were predictors of an increased risk of developing HCC. Polymorphic GSTT1, GSTM1, GSTP1.Ala114Val, and mEH.His139Arg and wild-type mEH.Tyr113His (OR = 5.04; 95% CI = 1.59-16.04; p = 0.006) were associated with HCC.Age over 48 years, alcohol consumption, and the presence of polymorphic variants of GSTP1 and GSTT1 were associated with the risk of developing HCC.

GSTT1 Null Genotype and Susceptibility to Children Acute Leukemia in Chinese Population: Evidence from a Meta-Analysis

Objectives:

Increasing number of studies has focused on studying the relationship between glutathione S-transferase T1 polymorphism and children acute leukemia, among which discrepancies have risen. The aim of this study is to provide a more exact assessment of glutathione S-transferase T1 polymorphism and children acute leukemia among certain Chinese population.

Methods:

Studies were identified using PubMed, Springer Link, Ovid, Chinese Wanfang Data Knowledge Service Platform, Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure and Chinese Biology Medicine from beginning to July 2018. The strength of association was quantified by pooling odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals using fixed-effect or random-effect model according to the heterogeneity.

Results:

Overall, a positive relationship was found in null genotype of glutathione S-transferase T1 polymorphism on the risk of childhood acute leukemia among all Chinese populations (odds ratios: 1.52; 95% confidence intervals = 1.19-1.94). Similarly, consistent results were found in subgroup of Southern China (odds ratios: 1.48; 95% confidence intervals: 1.08-2.02), Northern China (odds ratios: 1.59; 95% confidence intervals: 1.09-2.33), acute lymphoblastic leukemia (odds ratios: 1.61; 95% confidence intervals: 1.19-2.17), “age > 18 years” (odds ratios: 1.59; 95% confidence intervals: 1.09-2.33), “age < 18 years” (odds ratios: 1.48; 95% confidence intervals: 1.08-2.02), and population-based studies (odds ratios: 1.60; 95% confidence intervals: 1.16-2.20).

Conclusions:

Collectively, finding from the current study indicated that GSTT1 null polymorphism may be susceptible on childhood acute leukemia among Chinese.

Correlation of GSTM1 gene deletion in joint synovial fluid with the recovery of patients undergoing artificial hip replacement

The present study was designed to investigate the correlation between glutathione S-transferase M1 (GSTM1) gene polymorphism and the recovery of patients undergoing artificial hip replacement. A total of 241 patients including 149 males (61.8%) and 92 females (38.9%) who received artificial hip replacement in People's Hospital of Rizhao between December 2010 and October 2016 were enrolled to serve as the observation group. Patients were divided into two subgroups according to the loss of GSTM1. A total of 80 healthy subjects who udenrwent a physical examination in our hospital at the same period were selected to serve as the control group. The control group included 41 males (51.25%) and 39 females (48.75%). GSTM1 gene genotyping was performed by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). All patients were followed up for 12 months. Clinical data were compared between the deletion and non-deletion groups and the hospitalization time and the length of the use of antibiotics were compared. Deletion rate of GSTM1 gene in the observation group was 67.63%, which was significantly different from that in the healthy control group [odds ratio (OR)=1.51, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.075–2.023, P<0.05]. Notably, a significant difference was indicated in the recovery between patients with and without GSTM1 gene deletion after a year discharged from hospital (P<0.05). There was no significant difference according to sex, age, hypertension, smoking history, leukocyte, hemoglobin, platelet and BMI index between patients in deletion and non-deletion groups (P>0.05). However, there was a significant difference in the number of patients with diabetes between the two groups (P<0.05). Hospitalization time and the length of antibiotics use were significantly longer in deletion group compared with non-deletion group (P<0.05). Infection rate in the deletion group was significantly higher than that in the non-deletion group. Results suggested that GSTM1 gene polymorphism may be correlated with recovery of patients undergoing artificial hip replacement, and GSTM1 gene deletion may correlated with poor recovery.

Glutathione S-Transferase M1 and T1 Gene Deletions and Susceptibility to Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) in adults

Objective:

Biotransformation of xenobiotics are critical for their metabolism and removal from the body which is carried out by xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes. Individuals carrying variants of genes that encode these enzymes have an altered ability to metabolize xenobiotics which may lead to an increased risk of acute lymphoblastic leukemia. The current study aimed to investigate the impact of GSTM1 and GSTT1 gene deletions in causing predisposition to adult ALL.

Methods:

The current case-control study involved 62 adult ALL patients and 62 age and gender matched healthy controls. Whole blood samples processed with standard phenol chloroform protocol for DNA isolation were genotyped using multiplex PCR approach for simultaneous identification of GSTM1 and GSTT1 deletions. The genotype frequency obtained for patients was compared to controls using odds ratio and chi-square.

Results:

The null genotype frequency of GSTM1 and GSTT1 in a group of adult ALL patients from Pakistan were 47% and 11% respectively. Deletion of GSTM1 and GSTT1 did not show statistically significant association with adult ALL (p=0.86 and p=0.35 respectively). The combined GSTM1/GSTT1 deletion was observed in 2% patients and was not significantly associated with ALL in adults (p=0.85).

Conclusions:

The results reveal that homozygous null polymorphism of GSTM1 and GSTT1genes does not influence ALL susceptibility among adult patients. Cancer susceptibility associated with GST polymorphism varies with ethnic and geographic differences. Therefore, further investigation on different populations is needed to understand the role of these genetic variations in modifying adult ALL risk.

From Six Gene Polymorphisms of the Antioxidant System, Only GPX Pro198Leu and GSTP1 Ile105Val Modulate the Risk of Acute Myeloid Leukemia

Oxidative stress might contribute to the occurrence of cancers, including the hematological ones. Various genetic polymorphisms were shown to increase the quantity of reactive oxygen species, a phenomenon that is able to induce mutations and thus promote cancers. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the association between CAT C262T, GPX1 Pro198Leu, MnSOD Ala16Val, GSTM1, GSTT1, and GSTP1 Ile105Val gene polymorphisms and acute myeloid leukemia risk, in a case-control study comprising 102 patients and 303 controls. No association was observed between AML and variant genotypes of CAT, MnSOD, GSTM1, and GSTT1 polymorphisms. Our data revealed a statistically significant difference regarding the frequencies of GPX1 Pro198Leu and GSTP1 Ile105Val variant genotypes between AML patients and controls (p < 0.001). Our results showed no association in the distribution of any of the CAT C262T, GPX1 Pro198Leu, GSTM1, GSTT1, and GSTP1 polymorphisms regarding age, gender, FAB subtype, cytogenetic risk groups, FLT3 and DNMT3 gene mutations, and overall survival. Our data suggests that the presence of variant allele and genotype of GPX1 Pro198Leu and GSTP1 Ile105Val gene polymorphisms may modulate the risk of developing AML.

Glutathione S-transferase M1 and glutathione S-transferase T1 genotype in chronic pancreatitis: a meta-analysis

OBJECTIVE

A meta-analysis to determine the association between chronic pancreatitis and glutathione-S transferase (GST) mu 1 (GSTM1) and theta 1 (GSTT1) deletions.

METHODS

Case-control studies concerning the relationship between chronic pancreatitis and GSTM1 or GSTT1 deletions were identified (up to October 2013). Meta-analyses of the association between GSTM1 and GSTT1 genotype and chronic pancreatitis or alcoholic chronic pancreatitis (ACP) were performed.

RESULTS

Seven studies were included in the meta-analysis (650 patients/1382 controls for GSTM1 and 536 patients/1304 controls for GSTT1). There were no significant relationships between GSTM1/GSTT1 and chronic pancreatitis or GSTT1 and ACP. There was a significant association between GSTM1 null genotype and ACP (odds ratio 1.16, 95% confidence intervals 1.03, 1.30).

CONCLUSION

The GSTM1 null genotype was significantly associated with ACP risk.

Glutathione-S-transferase polymorphism and acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) in north Indian children: a case-control study and meta-analysis

Various studies on association of glutathione S-transferase (GST) polymorphisms and childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) have yielded conflicting results. We examined this association among north Indian children and conducted an updated meta-analysis to overcome sample size-related limitations. GSTM1, GSTP1 and GSTT1 genotypes in 100 children with ALL and 300 healthy controls were compared. GSTT1 null mutation (odds ratio (OR) 2.54, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.50-4.32) and GSTP1 homozygous mutation (OR 3.13, 95%CI 1.48-6.59) were found to increase the risk of childhood ALL, while GSTM1 did not alter the risk. Meta-analysis included 22, 10 and 20 studies examining the association of childhood ALL with GSTM1, GSTP1 and GSTT1 genotypes, respectively. Only GSTM1 genotype (OR 1.29, 95%CI 1.10-1.62) was associated with increased risk in the overall analysis. However, both GSTM1 (OR 1.54, 95%CI 1.12-2.10) and GSTT1 (OR 1.63, 95%CI 1.32-1.99) null genotypes were associated with increased risk in Asian subjects. The risk of developing childhood ALL was not associated with GSTP1 genotype.