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Mourad B, Ismail M, Hawwam S, Msseha M, Hassan R. Evaluation Of The Efficacy Of Fluorescent Staining And Chicago Sky Blue Staining As Methods For Diagnosis Of Dermatophytosis In Hair And Nails. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol 2019; 12:751-758. [PMID: 31632123 PMCID: PMC6790344 DOI: 10.2147/ccid.s215661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Dermatophytes are fungi that cause infections affecting hair, nail, and skin; in nails they cause onychomycosis, while in hair they lead to tinea capitis. Detection of dermatophytes using traditional methods, including potassium hydroxide (KOH) and culture on agar-based media leads to high rates of false-negative results. Here, we investigated more accurate diagnostic techniques, including Chicago sky blue staining and Calcofluor white fluorescent staining and compared them with traditional KOH and culture methods for the diagnosis of fungi causing onychomycosis and tinea capitis. Patients and methods This study was conducted using samples from 50 patients with dermatophytosis of the hair or nail. Samples were subjected to all the following laboratory investigations: KOH wet mount, culture on Sabouraud's dextrose agar, Chicago sky blue staining, and Calcofluor white staining. The results of the new diagnostic techniques were compared with those of the traditional methods. Results Calcofluor white stain and Chicago sky blue stain for dermatophytosis of hair and nail are more specific and sensitive as compared to traditional diagnostic methods. KOH wet mount is simple, rapid, and inexpensive test but lacks color contrast and gave more false positive (artifacts) and false-negative results as compared to these new stain methods. Conclusion Chicago sky blue and Calcofluor white staining are excellent methods for diagnosis of fungal infections, including those that cannot be confirmed using conventional methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basma Mourad
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Mayada Ismail
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Soha Hawwam
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Mina Msseha
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Reham Hassan
- Department of Dermatology and Venerelogy, Kafr Elsheikh General Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kafr Elsheikh, Egypt
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Bao F, Fan Y, Sun L, Yu Y, Wang Z, Pan Q, Yu C, Liu H, Zhang F. Comparison of fungal fluorescent staining and ITS rDNA PCR-based sequencing with conventional methods for the diagnosis of onychomycosis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2018; 32:1017-1021. [PMID: 29405481 PMCID: PMC6001524 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.14843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The current gold standard for diagnosing onychomycosis is direct microscopic examination and culturing. Fungal culture is a time-consuming procedure, while direct microscopy of potassium hydroxide (KOH) mounts suffers from low sensitivity. More rapid and sensitive methods for the diagnosis of onychomycosis are in high demand. OBJECTIVE To establish an effective method for the diagnosis of onychomycosis by assessing the efficacies of fungal fluorescent staining and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) ribosomal DNA (rDNA) polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based sequencing. METHODS A total of 204 clinical specimens from patients with suspected onychomycosis were analysed. The gold standard for a true positive sample was positive by KOH, culturing or both methods. All specimens were also tested by fungal fluorescent staining and ITS rDNA PCR-based sequencing. We compared the detection, sensitivity and specificity for these two methods with conventional methods. RESULTS In total, 126 (62%) and 102 (50%) were detected by fluorescent staining and PCR-based sequencing, respectively. According to the conventional diagnostic standard, the sensitivity of fluorescent staining and PCR-based sequencing was 97% and 78%, respectively, and specificities of 89% and 90%, respectively. Use of fluorescence enhanced the sensitivity of direct examination by 12% compared with KOH. PCR-based sequencing increased the sensitivity by 6% compared with culturing. CONCLUSIONS Fluorescence microscopy has a higher sensitivity for the detection of fungi in nail specimens compared with KOH and can be used as a rapid screening tool. PCR-based sequencing was faster and more sensitive compared with culture and when used in conjunction with fluorescence microscopy resulted in higher efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Bao
- Shandong Provincial Hospital for Skin Diseases, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Lab for Dermatovenereology, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Y Fan
- Department of Toxicological and Functional Test, Shandong Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - L Sun
- Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Lab for Dermatovenereology, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Y Yu
- Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Lab for Dermatovenereology, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Z Wang
- Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Lab for Dermatovenereology, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Q Pan
- Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Lab for Dermatovenereology, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - C Yu
- Shandong Provincial Hospital for Skin Diseases, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Medical Center for Dermatovenereology, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - H Liu
- Shandong Provincial Hospital for Skin Diseases, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Lab for Dermatovenereology, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - F Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Hospital for Skin Diseases, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Lab for Dermatovenereology, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Medical Center for Dermatovenereology, Jinan, Shandong, China
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Ramos RR, Kozusny-Andreani DI, Fernandes AU, Baptista MDS. Photodynamic action of protoporphyrin IX derivatives on Trichophyton rubrum. An Bras Dermatol 2017; 91:135-40. [PMID: 27192510 PMCID: PMC4861558 DOI: 10.1590/abd1806-4841.20163643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 04/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dermatophytes are filamentous keratinophilic fungi. Trichophyton
rubrum is a prevalent infectious agent in tineas and other skin
diseases. Drug therapy is considered to be limited in the treatment of such
infections, mainly due to low accessibility of the drug to the tissue
attacked and development of antifungal resistance in these microorganisms.
In this context, Photodynamic Therapy is presented as an alternative. OBJECTIVE Evaluate, in vitro, the photodynamic activity of four derivatives of
Protoporphyrin IX by irradiation with LED 400 nm in T.
rubrum. METHOD Assays were subjected to irradiation by twelve cycles of ten minutes at five
minute intervals. RESULT Photodynamic action appeared as effective with total elimination of UFCs from
the second irradiation cycle. CONCLUSION Studies show that the photodynamic activity on Trichophyton
rubrum relates to a suitable embodiment of the photosensitizer,
which can be maximized by functionalization of peripheral groups of the
porphyrinic ring.
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Prakash R, Prashanth HV, Ragunatha S, Kapoor M, Anitha TK, Krishnamurthy V. Comparative study of efficacy, rapidity of detection, and cost-effectiveness of potassium hydroxide, calcofluor white, and Chicago sky blue stains in the diagnosis of dermatophytoses. Int J Dermatol 2016; 55:e172-5. [DOI: 10.1111/ijd.13037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Revised: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. Prakash
- DM Wayanad Institute of Medical Sciences; Wayanad Kerala India
| | | | - Shivanna Ragunatha
- Venereology and Leprosy; Sri Siddhartha Medical College; Agalakote Tumkur Karnataka India
| | - Meenakshi Kapoor
- Venereology and Leprosy; Sri Siddhartha Medical College; Agalakote Tumkur Karnataka India
| | - T. K. Anitha
- Wayanad Institute of Medical Sciences; Wayanad Kerala India
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Vahidnia A, Bekers W, Bliekendaal H, Spaargaren J. High throughput multiplex-PCR for direct detection and diagnosis of dermatophyte species, Candida albicans and Candida parapsilosis in clinical specimen. J Microbiol Methods 2015; 113:38-40. [PMID: 25840147 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2015.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2015] [Revised: 03/29/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
We have developed and validated a multiplex-PCR method for detection of dermatophyte spp., Candida albicans and parapsilosis for routine diagnostics. Our m-PCR showed excellent concordance with culture results in 475 clinical samples. Through the rapid diagnosis by our m-PCR, clinicians are able to initiate adequate antimycotic therapy much earlier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Vahidnia
- Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Atal-Medial Medical Diagnostic Center, Jan Tooropstraat 138, 1061 AD Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Medical Microbiology Laboratory, Atal-Medial Medical Diagnostic Center, Jan Tooropstraat 138, 1061 AD Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Wouter Bekers
- Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Atal-Medial Medical Diagnostic Center, Jan Tooropstraat 138, 1061 AD Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Medical Microbiology Laboratory, Atal-Medial Medical Diagnostic Center, Jan Tooropstraat 138, 1061 AD Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Harry Bliekendaal
- Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Atal-Medial Medical Diagnostic Center, Jan Tooropstraat 138, 1061 AD Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Medical Microbiology Laboratory, Atal-Medial Medical Diagnostic Center, Jan Tooropstraat 138, 1061 AD Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joke Spaargaren
- Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Atal-Medial Medical Diagnostic Center, Jan Tooropstraat 138, 1061 AD Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Medical Microbiology Laboratory, Atal-Medial Medical Diagnostic Center, Jan Tooropstraat 138, 1061 AD Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Evaluation of a commercial PCR test for the diagnosis of dermatophyte nail infections. J Med Microbiol 2015; 64:25-31. [DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.079962-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Han HW, Hsu MML, Choi JS, Hsu CK, Hsieh HY, Li HC, Chang HC, Chang TC. Rapid detection of dermatophytes and Candida albicans in onychomycosis specimens by an oligonucleotide array. BMC Infect Dis 2014; 14:581. [PMID: 25377491 PMCID: PMC4234842 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-014-0581-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Onychomycosis is a fungal infection of nails, leading to the gradual destruction of the nail plate. Treatment of onychomycosis may need long-time oral antifungal therapy that can have potential side effects, thus accurate diagnosis of the disease before treatment is important. Culture for diagnosis of onychomycosis is time-consuming and has high false-negative rates. To expedite the diagnosis, an oligonucleotide array, based on hybridization between immobilized oligonucleotide probes and PCR products, for direct detection of dermatophytes and Candida albicans in clinical specimens was evaluated. Methods Species-specific oligonucleotide probes designed from the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions of the rRNA gene were immobilized on a nylon membrane. The assay procedures consisted of PCR amplification of the ITS using universal primers, followed by hybridization of the digoxigenin-labeled amplicons to probes on the array. Thirty two nail samples (29 patients) were analyzed by the array, and the results were compared with those obtained by culture. Array-positive but culture-negative samples were confirmed by cloning and re-sequencing of the amplified ITS and by reviewing patient’s clinical data. The total recovery of culture and confirmed array-positive but culture-negative results was considered 100% and was used for performance evaluation of both methods. Results Concordant results were obtained in 21 samples (10 positives and 11 negatives) by both methods. Eleven samples were array-positive but culture-negative; among them, 9 samples were considered true positives after discrepant analysis. Comparing with culture, the array had significantly higher sensitivity [100% (95% CI 82.2% −100%) vs 52.6% (28.9% −75.5%), p <0.001] and negative predictive value [100% (71.3% −100%) vs 59.1% (36.4% −79.3%), p <0.05), while no significant differences were observed in specificity (84.6% vs 100%, p =0.48) and positive predictive value (90.5% vs 100%, p =1.0). The whole procedures of the array were about 24 h, whilst results from culture take 1 to 3 weeks. Conclusions The array offers an accurate and rapid alternative to culture. Rapid diagnosis can expedite appropriate antifungal treatment of onychomycosis. However, the single site nature of this study conducted at a referral hospital invites caution. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12879-014-0581-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Wen Han
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
| | | | - Jong Soo Choi
- Department of Dermatology, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, Daegu, Korea.
| | - Chao-Kai Hsu
- Department of Dermatology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan.
| | - Hsin Yi Hsieh
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
| | - Hsin Chieh Li
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
| | - Hsien Chang Chang
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
| | - Tsung Chain Chang
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
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Bonifaz A, Rios-Yuil JM, Arenas R, Araiza J, Fernández R, Mercadillo-Pérez P, Ponce-Olivera RM. Comparison of direct microscopy, culture and calcofluor white for the diagnosis of onychomycosis. Rev Iberoam Micol 2013; 30:109-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.riam.2012.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2012] [Revised: 06/20/2012] [Accepted: 07/03/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
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Luk NM, Hui M, Cheng TS, Tang LS, Ho KM. Evaluation of PCR for the diagnosis of dermatophytes in nail specimens from patients with suspected onychomycosis. Clin Exp Dermatol 2012; 37:230-4. [PMID: 22300052 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2230.2011.04258.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Conventional methods for detecting fungi in nail specimens are either nonspecific (microscopy) or insensitive (culture). Recently, PCR has been used to improve sensitivity in detecting the causative fungi in nail specimens from patients with suspected onychomycosis. AIM To compare the detection rates of PCR with those of microscopy (with potassium hydroxide; KOH) and culture for dermatophytes in nail specimens from patients with suspected onychomycosis. METHODS In total, 120 patients with clinically suspected onychomycosis were recruited, and using a topoisomerase II-based PCR, we compared the detection rate of dermatophytes for the three methods. RESULTS KOH microscopy, culture and PCR respectively yielded positive rates of 35 (29.2%), 12 (10%) and 48 (40%), and negative rates of 85 (70.8%), 108 (90%) and 72 (60%). Two culture-positive specimens were not detected by PCR, but PCR picked up 38 specimens missed by culture. Of the 35 specimens that were microscopy-positive, 12 grew dermatophytes and 23 nondermatophytes. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that PCR has a higher positive and lower negative rate for detection of dermatophytes compared with KOH microscopy or culture. We suggest that PCR should be used as a complementary method for confirmation of clinically suspected dermatophytic onychomycosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- N M Luk
- Social Hygiene Service, Centre for Health Protection, Department of Health, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Hong Kong.
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Bontems O, Hauser P, Monod M. Evaluation of a polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism assay for dermatophyte and nondermatophyte identification in onychomycosis. Br J Dermatol 2009; 161:791-6. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2009.09291.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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