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Nyberg KG, Navales FG, Keles E, Nguyen JQ, Hertz LM, Carthew RW. Robust and heritable knockdown of gene expression using a self-cleaving ribozyme in Drosophila. Genetics 2024; 227:iyae067. [PMID: 38701221 PMCID: PMC11304983 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/iyae067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The current toolkit for genetic manipulation in the model animal Drosophila melanogaster is extensive and versatile but not without its limitations. Here, we report a powerful and heritable method to knockdown gene expression in D. melanogaster using the self-cleaving N79 hammerhead ribozyme, a modification of a naturally occurring ribozyme found in the parasite Schistosoma mansoni. A 111-bp ribozyme cassette, consisting of the N79 ribozyme surrounded by insulating spacer sequences, was inserted into 4 independent long noncoding RNA genes as well as the male-specific splice variant of doublesex using scarless CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing. Ribozyme-induced RNA cleavage resulted in robust destruction of 3' fragments typically exceeding 90%. Single molecule RNA fluorescence in situ hybridization results suggest that cleavage and destruction can even occur for nascent transcribing RNAs. Knockdown was highly specific to the targeted RNA, with no adverse effects observed in neighboring genes or the other splice variants. To control for potential effects produced by the simple insertion of 111 nucleotides into genes, we tested multiple catalytically inactive ribozyme variants and found that a variant with scrambled N79 sequence best recapitulated natural RNA levels. Thus, self-cleaving ribozymes offer a novel approach for powerful gene knockdown in Drosophila, with potential applications for the study of noncoding RNAs, nuclear-localized RNAs, and specific splice variants of protein-coding genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin G Nyberg
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Fritz Gerald Navales
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Eren Keles
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Joseph Q Nguyen
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Laura M Hertz
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Richard W Carthew
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- NSF-Simons National Institute for Theory and Mathematics in Biology, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- NSF-Simons Center for Quantitative Biology, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
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2
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Liu A, O’Connell J, Wall F, Carthew RW. Scaling between cell cycle duration and wing growth is regulated by Fat-Dachsous signaling in Drosophila. eLife 2024; 12:RP91572. [PMID: 38842917 PMCID: PMC11156469 DOI: 10.7554/elife.91572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
The atypical cadherins Fat and Dachsous (Ds) signal through the Hippo pathway to regulate growth of numerous organs, including the Drosophila wing. Here, we find that Ds-Fat signaling tunes a unique feature of cell proliferation found to control the rate of wing growth during the third instar larval phase. The duration of the cell cycle increases in direct proportion to the size of the wing, leading to linear-like growth during the third instar. Ds-Fat signaling enhances the rate at which the cell cycle lengthens with wing size, thus diminishing the rate of wing growth. We show that this results in a complex but stereotyped relative scaling of wing growth with body growth in Drosophila. Finally, we examine the dynamics of Fat and Ds protein distribution in the wing, observing graded distributions that change during growth. However, the significance of these dynamics is unclear since perturbations in expression have negligible impact on wing growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Liu
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern UniversityEvanstonUnited States
- NSF-Simons Center for Quantitative Biology, Northwestern UniversityEvanstonUnited States
- NSF-Simons National Institute for Theory and Mathematics in BiologyChicagoUnited States
| | - Jessica O’Connell
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern UniversityEvanstonUnited States
| | - Farley Wall
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern UniversityEvanstonUnited States
| | - Richard W Carthew
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern UniversityEvanstonUnited States
- NSF-Simons Center for Quantitative Biology, Northwestern UniversityEvanstonUnited States
- NSF-Simons National Institute for Theory and Mathematics in BiologyChicagoUnited States
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3
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Breimann L, Bahry E, Zouinkhi M, Kolyvanov K, Street LA, Preibisch S, Ercan S. Analysis of developmental gene expression using smFISH and in silico staging of C. elegans embryos. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.15.594414. [PMID: 38798598 PMCID: PMC11118362 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.15.594414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Regulation of transcription during embryogenesis is key to development and differentiation. To study transcript expression throughout Caenorhabditis elegans embryogenesis at single-molecule resolution, we developed a high-throughput single-molecule fluorescence in situ hybridization (smFISH) method that relies on computational methods to developmentally stage embryos and quantify individual mRNA molecules in single embryos. We applied our system to sdc-2, a zygotically transcribed gene essential for hermaphrodite development and dosage compensation. We found that sdc-2 is rapidly activated during early embryogenesis by increasing both the number of mRNAs produced per transcription site and the frequency of sites engaged in transcription. Knockdown of sdc-2 and dpy-27, a subunit of the dosage compensation complex (DCC), increased the number of active transcription sites for the X chromosomal gene dpy-23 but not the autosomal gene mdh-1, suggesting that the DCC reduces the frequency of dpy-23 transcription. The temporal resolution from in silico staging of embryos showed that the deletion of a single DCC recruitment element near the dpy-23 gene causes higher dpy-23 mRNA expression after the start of dosage compensation, which could not be resolved using mRNAseq from mixed-stage embryos. In summary, we have established a computational approach to quantify temporal regulation of transcription throughout C. elegans embryogenesis and demonstrated its potential to provide new insights into developmental gene regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Breimann
- Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Biology, Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ella Bahry
- Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
- Helmholtz Imaging, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin, Germany
| | - Marwan Zouinkhi
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA, USA
| | - Klim Kolyvanov
- Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lena Annika Street
- Department of Biology, Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Stephan Preibisch
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA, USA
| | - Sevinç Ercan
- Department of Biology, Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York University, New York, NY, USA
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4
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Liu A, O’Connell J, Wall F, Carthew RW. Scaling between cell cycle duration and wing growth is regulated by Fat-Dachsous signaling in Drosophila. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.08.01.551465. [PMID: 38645118 PMCID: PMC11030236 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.01.551465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
The atypical cadherins Fat and Dachsous (Ds) signal through the Hippo pathway to regulate growth of numerous organs, including the Drosophila wing. Here, we find that Ds-Fat signaling tunes a unique feature of cell proliferation found to control the rate of wing growth during the third instar larval phase. The duration of the cell cycle increases in direct proportion to the size of the wing, leading to linear-like growth during the third instar. Ds-Fat signaling enhances the rate at which the cell cycle lengthens with wing size, thus diminishing the rate of wing growth. We show that this results in a complex but stereotyped relative scaling of wing growth with body growth in Drosophila. Finally, we examine the dynamics of Fat and Ds protein distribution in the wing, observing graded distributions that change during growth. However, the significance of these dynamics is unclear since perturbations in expression have negligible impact on wing growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Liu
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston IL
- NSF-Simons Center for Quantitative Biology, Northwestern University, Evanston IL
| | - Jessica O’Connell
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston IL
| | - Farley Wall
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston IL
| | - Richard W. Carthew
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston IL
- NSF-Simons Center for Quantitative Biology, Northwestern University, Evanston IL
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5
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Sun Z, Wu Y, Long S, Feng S, Jia X, Hu Y, Ma M, Liu J, Zeng B. Aspergillus oryzae as a Cell Factory: Research and Applications in Industrial Production. J Fungi (Basel) 2024; 10:248. [PMID: 38667919 PMCID: PMC11051239 DOI: 10.3390/jof10040248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus oryzae, a biosafe strain widely utilized in bioproduction and fermentation technology, exhibits a robust hydrolytic enzyme secretion system. Therefore, it is frequently employed as a cell factory for industrial enzyme production. Moreover, A. oryzae has the ability to synthesize various secondary metabolites, such as kojic acid and L-malic acid. Nevertheless, the complex secretion system and protein expression regulation mechanism of A. oryzae pose challenges for expressing numerous heterologous products. By leveraging synthetic biology and novel genetic engineering techniques, A. oryzae has emerged as an ideal candidate for constructing cell factories. In this review, we provide an overview of the latest advancements in the application of A. oryzae-based cell factories in industrial production. These studies suggest that metabolic engineering and optimization of protein expression regulation are key elements in realizing the widespread industrial application of A. oryzae cell factories. It is anticipated that this review will pave the way for more effective approaches and research avenues in the future implementation of A. oryzae cell factories in industrial production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeao Sun
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang 330013, China; (Z.S.); (S.F.)
- College of Pharmacy, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen 518118, China; (Y.W.); (S.L.); (X.J.); (Y.H.); (M.M.)
| | - Yijian Wu
- College of Pharmacy, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen 518118, China; (Y.W.); (S.L.); (X.J.); (Y.H.); (M.M.)
| | - Shihua Long
- College of Pharmacy, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen 518118, China; (Y.W.); (S.L.); (X.J.); (Y.H.); (M.M.)
| | - Sai Feng
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang 330013, China; (Z.S.); (S.F.)
- College of Pharmacy, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen 518118, China; (Y.W.); (S.L.); (X.J.); (Y.H.); (M.M.)
| | - Xiao Jia
- College of Pharmacy, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen 518118, China; (Y.W.); (S.L.); (X.J.); (Y.H.); (M.M.)
| | - Yan Hu
- College of Pharmacy, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen 518118, China; (Y.W.); (S.L.); (X.J.); (Y.H.); (M.M.)
| | - Maomao Ma
- College of Pharmacy, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen 518118, China; (Y.W.); (S.L.); (X.J.); (Y.H.); (M.M.)
| | - Jingxin Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen 518118, China; (Y.W.); (S.L.); (X.J.); (Y.H.); (M.M.)
| | - Bin Zeng
- College of Pharmacy, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen 518118, China; (Y.W.); (S.L.); (X.J.); (Y.H.); (M.M.)
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6
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Giri R, Brady S, Papadopoulos DK, Carthew RW. Single-cell Senseless protein analysis reveals metastable states during the transition to a sensory organ fate. iScience 2022; 25:105097. [PMID: 36157584 PMCID: PMC9494244 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell fate decisions can be envisioned as bifurcating dynamical systems, and the decision that Drosophila cells make during sensory organ differentiation has been described as such. We extended these studies by focusing on the Senseless protein which orchestrates sensory cell fate transitions. Wing cells contain intermediate Senseless numbers before their fate transition, after which they express much greater numbers of Senseless molecules as they differentiate. However, the dynamics are inconsistent with it being a simple bistable system. Cells with intermediate Senseless are best modeled as residing in four discrete states, each with a distinct protein number and occupying a specific region of the tissue. Although the states are stable over time, the number of molecules in each state vary with time. The fold change in molecule number between adjacent states is invariant and robust to absolute protein number variation. Thus, cells transitioning to sensory fates exhibit metastability with relativistic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritika Giri
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA,NSF-Simons Center for Quantitative Biology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Shannon Brady
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Dimitrios K. Papadopoulos
- Center for Molecular Medicine (CMM), Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden,Department of Biology, University of Crete, Voutes University Campus, Heraklion, Crete 70013, Greece
| | - Richard W. Carthew
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA,NSF-Simons Center for Quantitative Biology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA,Corresponding author
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Iber D, Vetter R. Relationship between epithelial organization and morphogen interpretation. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2022; 75:101916. [PMID: 35605527 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2022.101916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Despite molecular noise and genetic differences between individuals, developmental outcomes are remarkably constant. Decades of research has focused on the underlying mechanisms that ensure this precision and robustness. Recent quantifications of chemical gradients and epithelial cell shapes provide novel insights into the basis of precise development. In this review, we argue that these two aspects may be linked in epithelial morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dagmar Iber
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, Mattenstrasse 26, 4058 Basel, Switzerland; Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Mattenstrasse 26, 4058 Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Roman Vetter
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, Mattenstrasse 26, 4058 Basel, Switzerland; Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Mattenstrasse 26, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
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8
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Song Y, Hyeon C. Cost-precision trade-off relation determines the optimal morphogen gradient for accurate biological pattern formation. eLife 2021; 10:70034. [PMID: 34402427 PMCID: PMC8457829 DOI: 10.7554/elife.70034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Spatial boundaries formed during animal development originate from the pre-patterning of tissues by signaling molecules, called morphogens. The accuracy of boundary location is limited by the fluctuations of morphogen concentration that thresholds the expression level of target gene. Producing more morphogen molecules, which gives rise to smaller relative fluctuations, would better serve to shape more precise target boundaries; however, it incurs more thermodynamic cost. In the classical diffusion-depletion model of morphogen profile formation, the morphogen molecules synthesized from a local source display an exponentially decaying concentration profile with a characteristic length λ. Our theory suggests that in order to attain a precise profile with the minimal cost, λ should be roughly half the distance to the target boundary position from the source. Remarkably, we find that the profiles of morphogens that pattern the Drosophila embryo and wing imaginal disk are formed with nearly optimal λ. Our finding underscores the cost-effectiveness of precise morphogen profile formation in Drosophila development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghyun Song
- Korea Institute for Advanced Study, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Changbong Hyeon
- Korea Institute for Advanced Study, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Cvekl A, Eliscovich C. Crystallin gene expression: Insights from studies of transcriptional bursting. Exp Eye Res 2021; 207:108564. [PMID: 33894228 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2021.108564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Cellular differentiation is marked by temporally and spatially regulated gene expression. The ocular lens is one of the most powerful mammalian model system since it is composed from only two cell subtypes, called lens epithelial and fiber cells. Lens epithelial cells differentiate into fiber cells through a series of spatially and temporally orchestrated processes, including massive production of crystallins, cellular elongation and the coordinated degradation of nuclei and other organelles. Studies of transcriptional and posttranscriptional gene regulatory mechanisms in lens provide a wide range of opportunities to understand global molecular mechanisms of gene expression as steady-state levels of crystallin mRNAs reach very high levels comparable to globin genes in erythrocytes. Importantly, dysregulation of crystallin gene expression results in lens structural abnormalities and cataracts. The mRNA life cycle is comprised of multiple stages, including transcription, splicing, nuclear export into cytoplasm, stabilization, localization, translation and ultimate decay. In recent years, development of modern mRNA detection methods with single molecule and single cell resolution enabled transformative studies to visualize the mRNA life cycle to generate novel insights into the sequential regulatory mechanisms of gene expression during embryogenesis. This review is focused on recent major advancements in studies of transcriptional bursting in differentiating lens fiber cells, analysis of nascent mRNA expression from bi-directional promoters, transient nuclear accumulation of specific mRNAs, condensation of chromatin prior lens fiber cell denucleation, and outlines future studies to probe the interactions of individual mRNAs with specific RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) in the cytoplasm and regulation of translation and mRNA decay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ales Cvekl
- Department of Ophthalmology and VIsual Sciences, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA; Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA.
| | - Carolina Eliscovich
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA; Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
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10
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Capturing and Understanding the Dynamics and Heterogeneity of Gene Expression in the Living Cell. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21218278. [PMID: 33167354 PMCID: PMC7663833 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The regulation of gene expression is a fundamental process enabling cells to respond to internal and external stimuli or to execute developmental programs. Changes in gene expression are highly dynamic and depend on many intrinsic and extrinsic factors. In this review, we highlight the dynamic nature of transient gene expression changes to better understand cell physiology and development in general. We will start by comparing recent in vivo procedures to capture gene expression in real time. Intrinsic factors modulating gene expression dynamics will then be discussed, focusing on chromatin modifications. Furthermore, we will dissect how cell physiology or age impacts on dynamic gene regulation and especially discuss molecular insights into acquired transcriptional memory. Finally, this review will give an update on the mechanisms of heterogeneous gene expression among genetically identical individual cells. We will mainly focus on state-of-the-art developments in the yeast model but also cover higher eukaryotic systems.
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Higuchi Y, Takegawa K. Single-Molecule FISH Reveals Subcellular Localization of α-Amylase and Actin mRNAs in the Filamentous Fungus Aspergillus oryzae. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:578862. [PMID: 33072046 PMCID: PMC7536267 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.578862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The machinery for mRNA localization is one of crucial molecular structures allowing cellular spatiotemporal organization of protein synthesis. Although the molecular mechanisms underlying mRNA localization have been thoroughly investigated in unicellular organisms, little is known about multicellular and multinuclear filamentous fungi. Here, we conducted single-molecule fluorescence in situ hybridization (smFISH) to first visualize the mRNA molecules of α-amylase, which are encoded by amyB, and which are thought to be abundantly secreted from the hyphal tips of the industrially important fungus Aspergillus oryzae. Consistent with previous biochemical studies, fluorescein amidite (FAM) fluorescence derived from amyB expression was observed in A. oryzae hyphae cultured in a minimal medium containing maltose instead of glucose as the sole carbon source. Moreover, after more than 1 h incubation with fresh maltose-containing medium, the fluorescence of amyB mRNAs was observed throughout the cells, suggesting α-amylase secretion potentially from each cell, instead of the hyphal tip only. Furthermore, in cultures with complete medium containing maltose, amyB mRNAs were excluded from the tip regions, where no nuclei exist. In contrast, mRNAs of actin, encoded by actA, were localized mainly to the tip, where actin proteins also preferentially reside. Collectively, our smFISH analyses revealed distinct localization patterns of α-amylase and actin mRNAs in A. oryzae hyphal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujiro Higuchi
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kaoru Takegawa
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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