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Rui R, Zhou L, He S. Advances in the research of exosomes in renal cell carcinoma: from mechanisms to applications. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1271669. [PMID: 37942325 PMCID: PMC10628008 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1271669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is one of the most malignant urological tumors. Currently, there is a lack of molecular markers for early diagnosis of RCC. The 5-year survival rate for early-stage RCC is generally favorable; however, the prognosis takes a significant downturn when the tumor progresses to distant metastasis. Therefore, the identification of molecular markers for RCC is crucial in enhancing early diagnosis rates. Exosomes are a type of extracellular vesicle (EV) typically ranging in size from 30 nm to 150 nm, which contain RNA, DNA, proteins, lipids, etc. They can impact neighboring receptor cells through the autocrine or paracrine pathway, influence cellular communication, and regulate the local immune cells, consequently shaping the tumor immune microenvironment and closely associating with tumor development. The clinical application of exosomes as tumor markers and therapeutic targets has ignited significant interest within the research community. This review aims to provide a comprehensive summary of the advancements in exosome research within the context of RCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Rui
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
- The Institution of Urology, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Urogenital Diseases (Male) Molecular Diagnosis and Treatment Center, Beijing, China
- National Urological Cancer Center, Beijing, China
| | - Liqun Zhou
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
- The Institution of Urology, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Urogenital Diseases (Male) Molecular Diagnosis and Treatment Center, Beijing, China
- National Urological Cancer Center, Beijing, China
| | - Shiming He
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
- The Institution of Urology, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Urogenital Diseases (Male) Molecular Diagnosis and Treatment Center, Beijing, China
- National Urological Cancer Center, Beijing, China
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2
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Lv CG, Cheng Y, Zhang L, Wu GG, Liang CY, Tao Z, Chen B. EXOSC2 Mediates the Pro-tumor Role of WTAP in Breast Cancer Cells via Activating the Wnt/β-Catenin Signal. Mol Biotechnol 2023:10.1007/s12033-023-00834-8. [PMID: 37856011 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-023-00834-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
BC (breast cancer) is the leading cause of cancer death in women. Exosome component 2 (EXOSC2), an RNA exosome component, is elevated in BC tissues and may relate to BC carcinogenesis. In this work, the high EXOSC2 expression was correlated with TNM (Tumor Node Metastasis) stage. Moreover, overexpression of EXOSC2 enhanced tumorigenic capacity of BC cells via facilitating cell proliferation and cell cycle progression, increasing migration and angiogenesis, as well as exacerbating xenograft formation in vivo. Whereas, EXOSC2 knockdown showed anti-cancer effects, including inhibition of cell proliferation and angiogenesis. Mechanistically, EXOSC2 activated the wnt/β-catenin pathway, which was also abolished by EXOSC2 knockdown. In addition, there were m6A methylation modification sites in the mRNA of EXOSC2. WTAP (Wilms tumor 1-associated protein) bound to EXOSC2 mRNA and increased its m6A methylation, resulting in extending the half-life of EXOSC2 mRNA. Luciferase data also confirmed that WTAP enhanced EXOSC2 mRNA stability through binding with the 3'-UTR containing m6A sites. Furthermore, WTAP silencing exhibited cancer-inhibiting effects on cell viability, cell cycle progression and tube formation, which was effectively reversed by EXOSC2 overexpression. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that EXOSC2 promotes the malignant behaviors of BC cells via activating the wnt/β-catenin pathway. In addition, EXOSC2 mediates the function of WTAP which contributes to the m6A modification of EXOSC2. Totally, this study suggested that EXOSC2 mediated the pro-tumor role of WTAP via activating the wnt/β-catenin signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Guang Lv
- Department of General Surgery, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yao Cheng
- Department of Oncology, Panjin Central Hospital, Panjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, No. 155, Nanjing North Street, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Guo-Gang Wu
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Ansteel Group General Hospital, Anshan, People's Republic of China
| | - Chun-Yan Liang
- Department of Oncology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Zuo Tao
- Department of General Surgery, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Chen
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, No. 155, Nanjing North Street, Shenyang, People's Republic of China.
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Luo X, Li Y, Hua Z, Xue X, Wang X, Pang M, Xiao C, Zhao H, Lyu A, Liu Y. Exosomes-mediated tumor metastasis through reshaping tumor microenvironment and distant niche. J Control Release 2023; 353:327-336. [PMID: 36464063 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.11.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Tumor-derived exosomes (TDEs) are the particular communicator and messenger between tumor cells and other cells containing cancer-associated genetic materials and proteins. And TDEs who are also one of the important components consisting of the tumor microenvironment (TME) can reshape and interact with TME to promote tumor development and metastasis. Moreover, due to their long-distance transmission by body fluids, TDEs can facilitate the formation of pre-metastatic niche to support tumor colonization. We discuss the main characteristics and mechanism of TDE-mediated tumor metastasis by reshaping TME and pre-metastatic niche as well as the potential of TDEs for diagnosing tumor and predicting future metastatic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Luo
- School of Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yang Li
- School of Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Zhenglai Hua
- School of Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xiaoxia Xue
- School of Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xiangpeng Wang
- School of Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Mingshi Pang
- School of Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Cheng Xiao
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China.
| | - Hongyan Zhao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Research of Chinese Medicine on Prevention and Treatment for Major Diseases, Experimental Research Center, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Aiping Lyu
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, Hongkong, China.
| | - Yuanyan Liu
- School of Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China.
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4
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Cui K, Gong L, Zhang H, Chen Y, Liu B, Gong Z, Li J, Wang Y, Sun S, Li Y, Zhang Q, Cao Y, Li Q, Fei B, Huang Z. EXOSC8 promotes colorectal cancer tumorigenesis via regulating ribosome biogenesis-related processes. Oncogene 2022; 41:5397-5410. [PMID: 36348012 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-022-02530-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Extensive protein synthesis is necessary for uncontrolled cancer cell proliferation, requiring hyperactive ribosome biogenesis. Our previous Pan-cancer study has identified EXOSC8 as a potential copy number variation (CNV)-driven rRNA metabolism-related oncogene in colorectal cancer (CRC). Herein, we further investigated proliferation-prompting functions and mechanisms of EXOSC8 in CRC by performing in silico analyses and wet-lab experiments. We uncovered that increased EXOSC8 expression and CNV levels are strongly associated with ribosome biogenesis-related factor levels in CRC, including ribosome proteins (RPs), eukaryotic translation initiation factors and RNA polymerase I/III. EXOSC8 silence decreases nucleolar protein and proliferation marker levels, as well as rRNA/DNA and global protein syntheses. Clinically, EXOSC8 is upregulated across human cancers, particularly CNV-driven upregulation in CRC was markedly associated with poor clinical outcomes. Mechanistically, EXOSC8 knockdown increased p53 levels in CRC, and the oncogenic proliferation phenotypes of EXOSC8 depended on p53 in vitro and in vivo. We discovered that EXOSC8 knockdown in CRC cells triggers ribosomal stress, nucleolar RPL5/11 being released into the nucleoplasm and "hijacking" Mdm2 to block its E3 ubiquitin ligase function, thus releasing and activating p53. Furthermore, our therapeutic experiments provided initial evidence that EXOSC8 might serve as a potential therapeutic target in CRC. Our findings revealed, for the first time, that the RNA exosome gene (EXOSC8) promotes CRC tumorigenesis by regulating cancer-related ribosome biogenesis in CRC. This study further extends our previous Pan-cancer study of the rRNA metabolism-related genes. The inhibition of EXOSC8 is a novel therapeutic strategy for the RPs-Mdm2-p53 ribosome biogenesis surveillance pathway in CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaisa Cui
- Wuxi Cancer Institute, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214062, China.
| | - Liang Gong
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry & Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Han Zhang
- Wuxi Cancer Institute, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214062, China
| | - Ying Chen
- Wuxi Cancer Institute, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214062, China
| | - Bingxin Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China
| | - Zhicheng Gong
- Wuxi Cancer Institute, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214062, China
| | - Jiuming Li
- Key Laboratory of Environment Medicine and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, China
| | - Yuanben Wang
- Wuxi Cancer Institute, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214062, China
| | - Shengbai Sun
- Wuxi Cancer Institute, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214062, China
| | - Yajun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Regulation, Henan International Joint Laboratory of Pulmonary Fibrosis, Outstanding Overseas Scientists Center for Pulmonary Fibrosis of Henan Province, College of Life Science, Institute of Biomedical Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453000, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Cancer Research Center, School of Medicine, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518107, China
| | - Yulin Cao
- Wuxi Cancer Institute, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214062, China
| | - Qilin Li
- Computer Vision Lab, Department of Electrical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Bojian Fei
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Zhaohui Huang
- Wuxi Cancer Institute, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214062, China.
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DNA mechanical flexibility controls DNA potential to activate cGAS-mediated immune surveillance. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7107. [PMID: 36402783 PMCID: PMC9675814 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34858-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA is well-documented to stimulate immune response. However, the nature of the DNA to activate immune surveillance is less understood. Here, we show that the activation of cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) depends on DNA mechanical flexibility, which is controlled by DNA-sequence, -damage and -length. Consistently, DNA-sequence was shown to control cGAS activation. Structural analyses revealed that a conserved cGAS residue (mouse R222 or human R236) contributed to the DNA-flexibility detection. And the residue substitution neutralised the flexibility-controlled DNA-potential to activate cGAS, and relaxed the DNA-length specificity of cGAS. Moreover, low dose radiation was shown to mount cGAS-mediated acute immune surveillance (AIS) via repairable (reusable) DNAs in hrs. Loss of cGAS-mediated AIS decreased the regression of local and abscopal tumours in the context of focal radiation and immune checkpoint blockade. Our results build a direct link between immunosurveillance and DNA mechanical feature.
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Zhang Y, Yang X, Hu Y, Huang X. Integrated Bioinformatic Investigation of EXOSCs in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Followed by the Preliminary Validation of EXOSC5 in Cell Proliferation. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012161. [PMID: 36293016 PMCID: PMC9603681 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Revised: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The Exosome complex (EXOSC) is a multiprotein complex that was originally discovered as the machinery of RNA degradation. Interestingly, recent studies have reported that EXOSC family members (EXOSCs) are associated with various human diseases, including cancers. It will be interesting to investigate whether EXOSCs are related to the processes of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In this study, multiple public databases and experimental validation were utilized to systemically investigate the role of EXOSCs, especially EXOSC5, in HCC. It is worth considering that the mRNA and protein levels of many EXOSCs were elevated in HCC, although there were some differences in the results from different database analyses. The over-expression of EXOSCs could predict HCC to some extent, as evidenced by the positive correlation between the elevated EXOSCs and alpha fetoprotein (AFP) levels, as well as with a high accuracy, as shown by the receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. Additionally, higher mRNA expressions of specific EXOSCs were significantly related to clinical cancer stage, shorter overall survival and disease-free survival in HCC patients. A moderate mutation rate of EXOSCs was also observed in HCC. Furthermore, a gene functional enrichment analysis indicated that EXOSCs were mainly involved in the metabolism of RNA. Moreover, we revealed that the expression of EXOSCs is remarkably related to immune cell infiltration. Finally, EXOSC5 was upregulated in HCC tissues and cell lines, promoting cell growth and proliferation via activated signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3). The bioinformatic analyses, following verification in situ and in vitro, provided a direction for further functions and underlying mechanism of EXOSCs in HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Xin Huang
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +86-731-88912463
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Ran Z, Wu S, Ma Z, Chen X, Liu J, Yang J. Advances in exosome biomarkers for cervical cancer. Cancer Med 2022; 11:4966-4978. [PMID: 35578572 PMCID: PMC9761094 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.4828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Cervical cancer (CC) ranks as the fourth most frequently diagnosed malignancy in females worldwide. Exosomes are a subclass of extracellular vesicles released by nearly all types of cells that act as cargo transport vehicles, carrying proteins, and genetic material (such as miRNAs, long noncoding RNAs, and mRNAs) derived from their parent cells may affect receiving cells and thus have emerged as key players in several biological processes, including inflammatory pathways. In this review, we concentrated on the findings of exosome investigations in CC, particularly their components. They direct the actions of CC cells by inducing surface molecules associated with various biological pathways. We summarized the current knowledge of exosomal RNAs and proteins from CC cells and discussed the feasibility of exosomes as potential biomarkers for CC. We suggest that cancer-derived exosomes promote metastasis in CC by supporting EMT, controlling the proliferation, invasion, or migration of cancer cells, as well as influencing immune escape and aiding angiogenesis. Overall, cancer-derived exosomes are critical in the progression of CC, and further studies are necessary to advance our understanding of the clinical value of exosomes in CC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihan Ran
- Department of ResearchShanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences Affiliated Zhoupu HospitalShanghaiChina,Inspection and Quarantine Department, The College of Medical TechnologyShanghai University of Medicine & Health SciencesShanghaiChina,The Genius Medicine Consortium (TGMC)ShanghaiChina
| | - Shaobo Wu
- Inspection and Quarantine Department, The College of Medical TechnologyShanghai University of Medicine & Health SciencesShanghaiChina,The Genius Medicine Consortium (TGMC)ShanghaiChina
| | - Zijng Ma
- Inspection and Quarantine Department, The College of Medical TechnologyShanghai University of Medicine & Health SciencesShanghaiChina,The Genius Medicine Consortium (TGMC)ShanghaiChina
| | - Xiuwen Chen
- Inspection and Quarantine Department, The College of Medical TechnologyShanghai University of Medicine & Health SciencesShanghaiChina,The Genius Medicine Consortium (TGMC)ShanghaiChina
| | - Jing Liu
- Inspection and Quarantine Department, The College of Medical TechnologyShanghai University of Medicine & Health SciencesShanghaiChina
| | - Jingcheng Yang
- The Genius Medicine Consortium (TGMC)ShanghaiChina,State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Human Phenome Institute, School of Life Sciences and Shanghai Cancer CenterFudan UniversityShanghaiChina,Greater Bay Area Institute of Precision MedicineGuangzhouChina
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Ogami K, Suzuki HI. Nuclear RNA Exosome and Pervasive Transcription: Dual Sculptors of Genome Function. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:13401. [PMID: 34948199 PMCID: PMC8707817 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The genome is pervasively transcribed across various species, yielding numerous non-coding RNAs. As a counterbalance for pervasive transcription, various organisms have a nuclear RNA exosome complex, whose structure is well conserved between yeast and mammalian cells. The RNA exosome not only regulates the processing of stable RNA species, such as rRNAs, tRNAs, small nucleolar RNAs, and small nuclear RNAs, but also plays a central role in RNA surveillance by degrading many unstable RNAs and misprocessed pre-mRNAs. In addition, associated cofactors of RNA exosome direct the exosome to distinct classes of RNA substrates, suggesting divergent and/or multi-layer control of RNA quality in the cell. While the RNA exosome is essential for cell viability and influences various cellular processes, mutations and alterations in the RNA exosome components are linked to the collection of rare diseases and various diseases including cancer, respectively. The present review summarizes the relationships between pervasive transcription and RNA exosome, including evolutionary crosstalk, mechanisms of RNA exosome-mediated RNA surveillance, and physiopathological effects of perturbation of RNA exosome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Ogami
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Center for Neurological Diseases and Cancer, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan;
| | - Hiroshi I. Suzuki
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Center for Neurological Diseases and Cancer, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan;
- Institute for Glyco-core Research (iGCORE), Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
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