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Xu X, Gong X, Zhang L, Zhang H, Sun Y. PRX1-positive mesenchymal stem cells drive molar morphogenesis. Int J Oral Sci 2024; 16:15. [PMID: 38369512 PMCID: PMC10874978 DOI: 10.1038/s41368-024-00277-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Mammalian teeth, developing inseparable from epithelial-mesenchymal interaction, come in many shapes and the key factors governing tooth morphology deserve to be answered. By merging single-cell RNA sequencing analysis with lineage tracing models, we have unearthed a captivating correlation between the contrasting morphology of mouse molars and the specific presence of PRX1+ cells within M1. These PRX1+ cells assume a profound responsibility in shaping tooth morphology through a remarkable divergence in dental mesenchymal cell proliferation. Deeper into the mechanisms, we have discovered that Wnt5a, bestowed by mesenchymal PRX1+ cells, stimulates mesenchymal cell proliferation while orchestrating molar morphogenesis through WNT signaling pathway. The loss of Wnt5a exhibits a defect phenotype similar to that of siPrx1. Exogenous addition of WNT5A can successfully reverse the inhibited cell proliferation and consequent deviant appearance exhibited in Prx1-deficient tooth germs. These findings bestow compelling evidence of PRX1-positive mesenchymal cells to be potential target in regulating tooth morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqiao Xu
- Department of Implantology, Stomatological Hospital and Dental School of Tongji University, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuyan Gong
- Department of Implantology, Stomatological Hospital and Dental School of Tongji University, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Implantology, Stomatological Hospital and Dental School of Tongji University, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Shanghai, China
| | - Han Zhang
- Department of Implantology, Stomatological Hospital and Dental School of Tongji University, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Shanghai, China
| | - Yao Sun
- Department of Implantology, Stomatological Hospital and Dental School of Tongji University, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Shanghai, China.
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Fang Z, Atukorallaya D. Count Me in, Count Me out: Regulation of the Tooth Number via Three Directional Developmental Patterns. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15061. [PMID: 37894742 PMCID: PMC10606784 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242015061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Tooth number anomalies, including hyperdontia and hypodontia, are common congenital dental problems in the dental clinic. The precise number of teeth in a dentition is essential for proper speech, mastication, and aesthetics. Teeth are ectodermal organs that develop from the interaction of a thickened epithelium (dental placode) with the neural-crest-derived ectomesenchyme. There is extensive histological, molecular, and genetic evidence regarding how the tooth number is regulated in this serial process, but there is currently no universal classification for tooth number abnormalities. In this review, we propose a novel regulatory network for the tooth number based on the inherent dentition formation process. This network includes three intuitive directions: the development of a single tooth, the formation of a single dentition with elongation of the continual lamina, and tooth replacement with the development of the successional lamina. This article summarizes recent reports on early tooth development and provides an analytical framework to classify future relevant experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Devi Atukorallaya
- Department of Oral Biology, Dr. Gerald Niznick College of Dentistry, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E0W2, Canada;
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Zimm R, Berio F, Debiais-Thibaud M, Goudemand N. A shark-inspired general model of tooth morphogenesis unveils developmental asymmetries in phenotype transitions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2216959120. [PMID: 37027430 PMCID: PMC10104537 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2216959120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Developmental complexity stemming from the dynamic interplay between genetic and biomechanic factors canalizes the ways genotypes and phenotypes can change in evolution. As a paradigmatic system, we explore how changes in developmental factors generate typical tooth shape transitions. Since tooth development has mainly been researched in mammals, we contribute to a more general understanding by studying the development of tooth diversity in sharks. To this end, we build a general, but realistic, mathematical model of odontogenesis. We show that it reproduces key shark-specific features of tooth development as well as real tooth shape variation in small-spotted catsharks Scyliorhinus canicula. We validate our model by comparison with experiments in vivo. Strikingly, we observe that developmental transitions between tooth shapes tend to be highly degenerate, even for complex phenotypes. We also discover that the sets of developmental parameters involved in tooth shape transitions tend to depend asymmetrically on the direction of that transition. Together, our findings provide a valuable base for furthering our understanding of how developmental changes can lead to both adaptive phenotypic change and trait convergence in complex, phenotypically highly diverse, structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Zimm
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS UMR 5242, Lyon Cedex07 69364, France
| | - Fidji Berio
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS UMR 5242, Lyon Cedex07 69364, France
- Institut des Sciences de l’Evolution de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Institut de la Recherche pour le Développement, Montpellier34095, France
| | - Mélanie Debiais-Thibaud
- Institut des Sciences de l’Evolution de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Institut de la Recherche pour le Développement, Montpellier34095, France
| | - Nicolas Goudemand
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS UMR 5242, Lyon Cedex07 69364, France
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Rees JM, Sleight VA, Clark SJ, Nakamura T, Gillis JA. Ectodermal Wnt signaling, cell fate determination, and polarity of the skate gill arch skeleton. eLife 2023; 12:79964. [PMID: 36940244 PMCID: PMC10027317 DOI: 10.7554/elife.79964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The gill skeleton of cartilaginous fishes (sharks, skates, rays, and holocephalans) exhibits a striking anterior-posterior polarity, with a series of fine appendages called branchial rays projecting from the posterior margin of the gill arch cartilages. We previously demonstrated in the skate (Leucoraja erinacea) that branchial rays derive from a posterior domain of pharyngeal arch mesenchyme that is responsive to Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling from a distal gill arch epithelial ridge (GAER) signaling centre. However, how branchial ray progenitors are specified exclusively within posterior gill arch mesenchyme is not known. Here, we show that genes encoding several Wnt ligands are expressed in the ectoderm immediately adjacent to the skate GAER, and that these Wnt signals are transduced largely in the anterior arch environment. Using pharmacological manipulation, we show that inhibition of Wnt signalling results in an anterior expansion of Shh signal transduction in developing skate gill arches, and in the formation of ectopic anterior branchial ray cartilages. Our findings demonstrate that ectodermal Wnt signalling contributes to gill arch skeletal polarity in skate by restricting Shh signal transduction and chondrogenesis to the posterior arch environment and highlights the importance of signalling interactions at embryonic tissue boundaries for cell fate determination in vertebrate pharyngeal arches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenaid M Rees
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Victoria A Sleight
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | | | - Tetsuya Nakamura
- Department of Genetics, Rutgers University, Piscataway, United States
| | - J Andrew Gillis
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Josephine Bay Paul Center for Comparative Molecular Biology and Evolution, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, United States
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Cooper RL, Nicklin EF, Rasch LJ, Fraser GJ. Teeth outside the mouth: The evolution and development of shark denticles. Evol Dev 2023; 25:54-72. [PMID: 36594351 DOI: 10.1111/ede.12427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Vertebrate skin appendages are incredibly diverse. This diversity, which includes structures such as scales, feathers, and hair, likely evolved from a shared anatomical placode, suggesting broad conservation of the early development of these organs. Some of the earliest known skin appendages are dentine and enamel-rich tooth-like structures, collectively known as odontodes. These appendages evolved over 450 million years ago. Elasmobranchs (sharks, skates, and rays) have retained these ancient skin appendages in the form of both dermal denticles (scales) and oral teeth. Despite our knowledge of denticle function in adult sharks, our understanding of their development and morphogenesis is less advanced. Even though denticles in sharks appear structurally similar to oral teeth, there has been limited data directly comparing the molecular development of these distinct elements. Here, we chart the development of denticles in the embryonic small-spotted catshark (Scyliorhinus canicula) and characterize the expression of conserved genes known to mediate dental development. We find that shark denticle development shares a vast gene expression signature with developing teeth. However, denticles have restricted regenerative potential, as they lack a sox2+ stem cell niche associated with the maintenance of a dental lamina, an essential requirement for continuous tooth replacement. We compare developing denticles to other skin appendages, including both sensory skin appendages and avian feathers. This reveals that denticles are not only tooth-like in structure, but that they also share an ancient developmental gene set that is likely common to all epidermal appendages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rory L Cooper
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, The University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Ella F Nicklin
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Liam J Rasch
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Gareth J Fraser
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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Pantalacci S. What sharks and mammals share. eLife 2022; 11:80392. [PMID: 35775469 PMCID: PMC9249391 DOI: 10.7554/elife.80392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The tooth shape of sharks and mice are regulated by a similar signaling center despite their teeth having very different geometries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Pantalacci
- Laboratoire de Biologie et Modélisation de la Cellule, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5239, Inserm, U1293, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
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