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Simons M, Gibson EM, Nave KA. Oligodendrocytes: Myelination, Plasticity, and Axonal Support. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2024; 16:a041359. [PMID: 38621824 PMCID: PMC11444305 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a041359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
The myelination of axons has evolved to enable fast and efficient transduction of electrical signals in the vertebrate nervous system. Acting as an electric insulator, the myelin sheath is a multilamellar membrane structure around axonal segments generated by the spiral wrapping and subsequent compaction of oligodendroglial plasma membranes. These oligodendrocytes are metabolically active and remain functionally connected to the subjacent axon via cytoplasmic-rich myelinic channels for movement of metabolites and macromolecules to and from the internodal periaxonal space under the myelin sheath. Increasing evidence indicates that oligodendrocyte numbers, specifically in the forebrain, and myelin as a dynamic cellular compartment can both respond to physiological demands, collectively referred to as adaptive myelination. This review summarizes our current understanding of how myelin is generated, how its function is dynamically regulated, and how oligodendrocytes support the long-term integrity of myelinated axons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikael Simons
- Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology, Technical University Munich, Munich 80802, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, Munich 81377, Germany
| | - Erin M Gibson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford 94305, California, USA
| | - Klaus-Armin Nave
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen 37075, Germany
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2
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Siems SB, Gargareta VI, Schadt LC, Daguano Gastaldi V, Jung RB, Piepkorn L, Casaccia P, Sun T, Jahn O, Werner HB. Developmental maturation and regional heterogeneity but no sexual dimorphism of the murine CNS myelin proteome. Glia 2024. [PMID: 39344832 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2024] [Revised: 08/08/2024] [Accepted: 08/20/2024] [Indexed: 10/01/2024]
Abstract
The molecules that constitute myelin are critical for the integrity of axon/myelin-units and thus speed and precision of impulse propagation. In the CNS, the protein composition of oligodendrocyte-derived myelin has evolutionarily diverged and differs from that in the PNS. Here, we hypothesized that the CNS myelin proteome also displays variations within the same species. We thus used quantitative mass spectrometry to compare myelin purified from mouse brains at three developmental timepoints, from brains of male and female mice, and from four CNS regions. We find that most structural myelin proteins are of approximately similar abundance across all tested conditions. However, the abundance of multiple other proteins differs markedly over time, implying that the myelin proteome matures between P18 and P75 and then remains relatively constant until at least 6 months of age. Myelin maturation involves a decrease of cytoskeleton-associated proteins involved in sheath growth and wrapping, along with an increase of all subunits of the septin filament that stabilizes mature myelin, and of multiple other proteins which potentially exert protective functions. Among the latter, quinoid dihydropteridine reductase (QDPR) emerges as a highly specific marker for mature oligodendrocytes and myelin. Conversely, female and male mice display essentially similar myelin proteomes. Across the four CNS regions analyzed, we note that spinal cord myelin exhibits a comparatively high abundance of HCN2-channels, required for particularly long sheaths. These findings show that CNS myelination involves developmental maturation of myelin protein composition, and regional differences, but absence of evidence for sexual dimorphism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie B Siems
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Vasiliki-Ilya Gargareta
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Leonie C Schadt
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Ramona B Jung
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lars Piepkorn
- Neuroproteomics Group, Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
- Translational Neuroproteomics Group, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Patrizia Casaccia
- Neuroscience Initiative, Advanced Science Research Center, The City University of New York, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ting Sun
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Olaf Jahn
- Neuroproteomics Group, Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
- Translational Neuroproteomics Group, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Hauke B Werner
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
- Faculty for Biology and Psychology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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3
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Mishra SK, Tiwari SP. Bioenergetics of Axon Integrity and Its Regulation by Oligodendrocytes and Schwann Cells. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:5928-5934. [PMID: 38252382 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-03950-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Axons are long slender portions of neurons that transmit electrical impulses to maintain proper physiological functioning. Axons in the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS) do not exist in isolation but are found to form a complex association with their surrounding glial cells, oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells. These cells not only myelinate them for faster nerve impulse conduction but are also known to provide metabolic support. Due to their incredible length, continuous growth, and distance from the cell body (where major energy synthesis takes place), axons are in high energetic demand. The stability and integrity of axons have long been associated with axonal energy levels. The current mini-review is thus focused on how axons accomplish their high energetic requirement in a cell-autonomous manner and how the surrounding glial cells help them in maintaining their integrity by fulfilling their energy demands (non-cell autonomous trophic support). The concept that adjacent glial cells (oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells) provide trophic support to axons and assist them in maintaining their integrity comes from the conditional knockout research and the studies in which the metabolic pathways controlling metabolism in these glial cells are modulated and its effect on axonal integrity is evaluated. In the later part of the mini-review, the current knowledge of axon-glial metabolic coupling during various neurodegenerative conditions was discussed, along with the potential lacunae in our current understanding of axon-glial metabolic coupling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep K Mishra
- Institute for Myelin and Glia Exploration, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA.
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Kalinga University, Raipur, (C.G.), 492101, India.
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Zhang Y, Zeng H, Lou F, Tan X, Zhang X, Chen G. SLC45A3 Serves as a Potential Therapeutic Biomarker to Attenuate White Matter Injury After Intracerebral Hemorrhage. Transl Stroke Res 2024; 15:556-571. [PMID: 36913120 PMCID: PMC11106206 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-023-01145-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a severe cerebrovascular disease, which impairs patients' white matter even after timely clinical interventions. Indicated by studies in the past decade, ICH-induced white matter injury (WMI) is closely related to neurological deficits; however, its underlying mechanism and pertinent treatment are yet insufficient. We gathered two datasets (GSE24265 and GSE125512), and by taking an intersection among interesting genes identified by weighted gene co-expression networks analysis, we determined target genes after differentially expressing genes in two datasets. Additional single-cell RNA-seq analysis (GSE167593) helped locate the gene in cell types. Furthermore, we established ICH mice models induced by autologous blood or collagenase. Basic medical experiments and diffusion tensor imaging were applied to verify the function of target genes in WMI after ICH. Through intersection and enrichment analysis, gene SLC45A3 was identified as the target one, which plays a key role in the regulation of oligodendrocyte differentiation involving in fatty acid metabolic process, etc. after ICH, and single-cell RNA-seq analysis also shows that it mainly locates in oligodendrocytes. Further experiments verified overexpression of SLC45A3 ameliorated brain injury after ICH. Therefore, SLC45A3 might serve as a candidate therapeutic biomarker for ICH-induced WMI, and overexpression of it may be a potential approach for injury attenuation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, China
- Key Laboratory of Precise Treatment and Clinical Translational Research of Neurological Diseases, Hangzhou, 310016, China
| | - Hanhai Zeng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, China
- Key Laboratory of Precise Treatment and Clinical Translational Research of Neurological Diseases, Hangzhou, 310016, China
| | - Feiyang Lou
- The Interdisciplinary Institute of Neuroscience and Technology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310020, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Tan
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, China
- Key Laboratory of Precise Treatment and Clinical Translational Research of Neurological Diseases, Hangzhou, 310016, China
| | - Xiaotong Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, China.
- The Interdisciplinary Institute of Neuroscience and Technology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310020, China.
- College of Electrical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.
- MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science and Brain-machine Integration, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| | - Gao Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, China.
- Key Laboratory of Precise Treatment and Clinical Translational Research of Neurological Diseases, Hangzhou, 310016, China.
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Nave KA, Asadollahi E, Sasmita A. Expanding the function of oligodendrocytes to brain energy metabolism. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2023; 83:102782. [PMID: 37703600 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2023.102782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Oligodendrocytes are best known for wrapping myelin, a unique specialization that enables energy-efficient and fast axonal impulse propagation in white matter tracts and fibers of the cortical circuitry. However, myelinating oligodendrocytes have additional metabolic functions that are only gradually understood, including the regulated release of pyruvate/lactate and extracellular vesicles, both of which are in support of the axonal energy balance. The axon-supportive functions of glial cells are older than myelin in nervous system evolution and implicate oligodendrocyte dysfunction and loss of myelin integrity as a risk factor for progressive neurodegeneration in brain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus-Armin Nave
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen.
| | - Ebrahim Asadollahi
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen. https://twitter.com/EbrahimAsadoll3
| | - Andrew Sasmita
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen. https://twitter.com/AOSasmita
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Dustin E, McQuiston AR, Honke K, Palavicini JP, Han X, Dupree JL. Adult-onset depletion of sulfatide leads to axonal degeneration with relative myelin sparing. Glia 2023; 71:2285-2303. [PMID: 37283058 PMCID: PMC11007682 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
3-O-sulfogalactosylceramide (sulfatide) constitutes a class of sphingolipids that comprise about 4% of myelin lipids in the central nervous system. Previously, our group characterized a mouse with sulfatide's synthesizing enzyme, cerebroside sulfotransferase (CST), constitutively disrupted. Using these mice, we demonstrated that sulfatide is required for establishment and maintenance of myelin, axoglial junctions, and axonal domains and that sulfatide depletion results in structural pathologies commonly observed in Multiple Sclerosis (MS). Interestingly, sulfatide is reduced in regions of normal appearing white matter (NAWM) of MS patients. Sulfatide reduction in NAWM suggests depletion occurs early in disease development and consistent with functioning as a driving force of disease progression. To closely model MS, an adult-onset disease, our lab generated a "floxed" CST mouse and mated it against the PLP-creERT mouse, resulting in a double transgenic mouse that provides temporal and cell-type specific ablation of the Cst gene (Gal3st1). Using this mouse, we demonstrate adult-onset sulfatide depletion has limited effects on myelin structure but results in the loss of axonal integrity including deterioration of domain organization accompanied by axonal degeneration. Moreover, structurally preserved myelinated axons progressively lose the ability to function as myelinated axons, indicated by the loss of the N1 peak. Together, our findings indicate that sulfatide depletion, which occurs in the early stages of MS progression, is sufficient to drive the loss of axonal function independent of demyelination and that axonal pathology, which is responsible for the irreversible loss of neuronal function that is prevalent in MS, may occur earlier than previously recognized.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Dustin
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
- Research Service, Central Virginia Veterans Affairs Health Care Systems, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - A R McQuiston
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - K Honke
- Department of Biochemistry, Kochi University Medical School, Kochi, Japan
| | - J P Palavicini
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - X Han
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - J L Dupree
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
- Research Service, Central Virginia Veterans Affairs Health Care Systems, Richmond, Virginia, USA
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Zhan J, Gao Y, Heinig L, Beecken M, Huo Y, Zhang W, Wang P, Wei T, Tian R, Han W, Yu ACH, Kipp M, Kaddatz H. Loss of the Novel Myelin Protein CMTM5 in Multiple Sclerosis Lesions and Its Involvement in Oligodendroglial Stress Responses. Cells 2023; 12:2085. [PMID: 37626895 PMCID: PMC10453064 DOI: 10.3390/cells12162085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Revised: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
This study comprehensively addresses the involvement of the protein CKLF-like Marvel transmembrane domain-containing family member 5 (CMTM5) in the context of demyelination and cytodegenerative autoimmune diseases, particularly multiple Sclerosis (MS). An observed reduction in CMTM5 expression in post-mortem MS lesions prompted further investigations in both in vitro and in vivo animal models. In the cuprizone animal model, we detected a decrease in CMTM5 expression in oligodendrocytes that is absent in other members of the CMTM protein family. Our findings also confirm these results in the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model with decreased CMTM5 expression in both cerebellum and spinal cord white matter. We also examined the effects of a Cmtm5 knockdown in vitro in the oligodendroglial Oli-neu mouse cell line using the CRISPR interference technique. Interestingly, we found no effects on cell response to thapsigargin-induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress as determined by Atf4 activity, an indicator of cellular stress responses. Overall, these results substantiate previous findings suggesting that CMTM5, rather than contributing to myelin biogenesis, is involved in maintaining axonal integrity. Our study further demonstrates that the knockdown of Cmtm5 in vitro does not modulate oligodendroglial responses to ER stress. These results warrant further investigation into the functional role of CMTM5 during axonal degeneration in the context of demyelinating conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangshan Zhan
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China; (J.Z.); (Y.H.); (P.W.); (W.H.); (A.C.H.Y.)
- Institute of Anatomy, Rostock University Medical Center, Gertrudenstraße 9, 18057 Rostock, Germany; (L.H.); (M.B.); (M.K.)
| | - Yuanxu Gao
- Center for Biomedicine and Innovations, Faculty of Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau 999078, China;
| | - Leo Heinig
- Institute of Anatomy, Rostock University Medical Center, Gertrudenstraße 9, 18057 Rostock, Germany; (L.H.); (M.B.); (M.K.)
| | - Malena Beecken
- Institute of Anatomy, Rostock University Medical Center, Gertrudenstraße 9, 18057 Rostock, Germany; (L.H.); (M.B.); (M.K.)
| | - Yangbo Huo
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China; (J.Z.); (Y.H.); (P.W.); (W.H.); (A.C.H.Y.)
| | - Wansong Zhang
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China; (W.Z.); (T.W.); (R.T.)
| | - Pingzhang Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China; (J.Z.); (Y.H.); (P.W.); (W.H.); (A.C.H.Y.)
| | - Tianzi Wei
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China; (W.Z.); (T.W.); (R.T.)
| | - Ruilin Tian
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China; (W.Z.); (T.W.); (R.T.)
| | - Wenling Han
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China; (J.Z.); (Y.H.); (P.W.); (W.H.); (A.C.H.Y.)
| | - Albert Cheung Hoi Yu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China; (J.Z.); (Y.H.); (P.W.); (W.H.); (A.C.H.Y.)
| | - Markus Kipp
- Institute of Anatomy, Rostock University Medical Center, Gertrudenstraße 9, 18057 Rostock, Germany; (L.H.); (M.B.); (M.K.)
| | - Hannes Kaddatz
- Institute of Anatomy, Rostock University Medical Center, Gertrudenstraße 9, 18057 Rostock, Germany; (L.H.); (M.B.); (M.K.)
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Rostock, University of Rostock, 18057 Rostock, Germany
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Li Y, Yu H, Feng J. Role of chemokine-like factor 1 as an inflammatory marker in diseases. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1085154. [PMID: 36865551 PMCID: PMC9971601 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1085154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunoinflammatory mechanisms have been incrementally found to be involved in the pathogenesis of multiple diseases, with chemokines being the main drivers of immune cell infiltration in the inflammatory response. Chemokine-like factor 1 (CKLF1), a novel chemokine, is highly expressed in the human peripheral blood leukocytes and exerts broad-spectrum chemotactic and pro-proliferative effects by activating multiple downstream signaling pathways upon binding to its functional receptors. Furthermore, the relationship between CKLF1 overexpression and various systemic diseases has been demonstrated in both in vivo and in vitro experiments. In this context, it is promising that clarifying the downstream mechanism of CKLF1 and identifying its upstream regulatory sites can yield new strategies for targeted therapeutics of immunoinflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutong Li
- Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Haiyang Yu
- Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Juan Feng
- Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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Zhang K, Hu Y, Li R, Li T. Single-cell atlas of murine adrenal glands reveals immune-adrenal crosstalk during systemic <i>Candida albicans</i> infection. Front Immunol 2022; 13:966814. [PMID: 36389688 PMCID: PMC9664004 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.966814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal sepsis remains a major health threat with high mortality, where the adrenal gland stress response has been rarely reported. <i>Candida albicans</i> (<i>C.albicans</i>) is the most common opportunistic fungal pathogen of life-threatening disseminated candidiasis and fungal sepsis. In the present study, we performed single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-Seq) using the 10x Genomics platform to analyze the changes in murine adrenal transcriptome following systemic <i>C.albicans</i> infection. A total of 16 021 cells were categorized into 18 transcriptionally distinct clusters, representing adrenocortical cells, endothelial cells, various immune cells, mesenchymal cells, smooth muscle cells, adrenal capsule, chromaffin cells, neurons and glials. As the main cell component in the adrenal gland responsible for steroidogenesis, the adrenocortical cells dramatically diminished and were further grouped into 10 subclusters, which differently distributed in the infected and uninfected samples. Pseudo-time analysis revealed transitions of the adrenocortical cells from the initial normal states to active or dysfunctional states following systemic <i>C.albicans</i> infection <i>via</i> two trajectory paths. Endothelial cells in the highly vascularized organ of adrenal gland further proliferated following infection, with the upregulation of genes positively regulating angiogenesis and downregulation of protective genes of endothelial cells. Immune cells were also excessively infiltrated in adrenal glands of <i>C.albicans</i>-infected mice. Macrophages dominated the immune microenvironments in murine adrenal glands both before and after <i>C.albicans</i> infection, mediating the crosstalk among the steroid-producing cells, endothelial cells and immune cells within the adrenal gland. NLR family, pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3, encoded by <i>Nlrp3</i>) and complement receptor 3 (CR3, encoded by <i>Itgam</i>) were found to be significantly upregulated on the adrenal macrophages upon systemic <i>C.albicans</i> infection and might play critical roles in mediating the myeloid response. Meanwhile, the number and strength of the interactions between the infiltrating immune cells and adrenal resident cells were unveiled by cell-cell communication analysis to be dramatically increased after systemic <i>C.albicans</i> infection, indicating that the immune-adrenal crosstalk might contribute to the compromised functions of adrenal cells. Overall, our comprehensive picture of the murine adrenal gland microenvironment in systemic <i>C.albicans</i> infection provides deeper insights into the immune-adrenal cell communications during fungal sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zhang
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China,National Clinical Research Center for Skin and Immune Diseases, Beijing, China,Research Center for Medical Mycology, Peking University, Beijing, China,Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnosis on Dermatoses, Beijing, China
| | - Yuzhe Hu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China,Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Beijing, China,Peking University Center for Human Disease Genomics, Beijing, China
| | - Ruoyu Li
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China,National Clinical Research Center for Skin and Immune Diseases, Beijing, China,Research Center for Medical Mycology, Peking University, Beijing, China,Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnosis on Dermatoses, Beijing, China,*Correspondence: Ting Li, ; Ruoyu Li,
| | - Ting Li
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China,Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Beijing, China,Peking University Center for Human Disease Genomics, Beijing, China,*Correspondence: Ting Li, ; Ruoyu Li,
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