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Cui Y, Liao Y, Chen Y, Zhao X, Zhang Y, Wang H, Li L, Zhang X, Chen K, Jia M, Tian J, Ruan X, Shi Y, Yang P, Chen J. Low expression of selenoprotein S induces oxidative damage in cartilages. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2024; 85:127492. [PMID: 38964025 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2024.127492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
Low levels of the indispensable trace element selenium (Se) can cause oxidative stress and disrupt environmental homeostasis in humans and animals. Selenoprotein S (Selenos), of which Se is a key component, is a member of the selenoprotein family involved in various biological processes. This study aimed to investigate whether low-level SELENOS gene expression can induce oxidative stress and decrease the antioxidative capacity of chondrocytes. Compared with control cells, SELENOS-knockdown ATDC5 cells showed substantially higher dihydroethidium, reactive oxygen species and malondialdehyde levels, and lower superoxide dismutase (SOD) expression. Knockout of the gene in C57BL/6 mice increased the 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine level considerably and decreased SOD expression in cartilages relative to the levels in wild-type mice. The results showed that the increased nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2/heme oxygenase-1 signaling mediated by low-level SELENOS expression was involved in oxidative damage. The proliferative zone of the cartilage growth plate of SELENOS-knockout mice was shortened, suggesting cartilage differentiation dysfunction. In conclusion, this study confirmed that low-level Selenos expression plays a role in oxidative stress in cartilages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixin Cui
- School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases, National Health and Family Planning Commission, No. 76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yucheng Liao
- School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases, National Health and Family Planning Commission, No. 76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yonghui Chen
- School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases, National Health and Family Planning Commission, No. 76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xu Zhao
- School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases, National Health and Family Planning Commission, No. 76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yi Zhang
- School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases, National Health and Family Planning Commission, No. 76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hui Wang
- School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases, National Health and Family Planning Commission, No. 76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, People's Republic of China.
| | - Lian Li
- School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases, National Health and Family Planning Commission, No. 76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xinhe Zhang
- School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases, National Health and Family Planning Commission, No. 76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, People's Republic of China.
| | - Kunpan Chen
- School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases, National Health and Family Planning Commission, No. 76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, People's Republic of China.
| | - Mingzhao Jia
- School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases, National Health and Family Planning Commission, No. 76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jing Tian
- School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases, National Health and Family Planning Commission, No. 76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xingran Ruan
- School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases, National Health and Family Planning Commission, No. 76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yawen Shi
- School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases, National Health and Family Planning Commission, No. 76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, People's Republic of China.
| | - Pinglin Yang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Medical School of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jinghong Chen
- School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases, National Health and Family Planning Commission, No. 76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, People's Republic of China.
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Białek W, Hryniewicz-Jankowska A, Czechowicz P, Sławski J, Collawn JF, Czogalla A, Bartoszewski R. The lipid side of unfolded protein response. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2024; 1869:159515. [PMID: 38844203 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2024.159515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
Although our current knowledge of the molecular crosstalk between the ER stress, the unfolded protein response (UPR), and lipid homeostasis remains limited, there is increasing evidence that dysregulation of either protein or lipid homeostasis profoundly affects the other. Most research regarding UPR signaling in human diseases has focused on the causes and consequences of disrupted protein folding. The UPR itself consists of very complex pathways that function to not only maintain protein homeostasis, but just as importantly, modulate lipid biogenesis to allow the ER to adjust and promote cell survival. Lipid dysregulation is known to activate many aspects of the UPR, but the complexity of this crosstalk remains a major research barrier. ER lipid disequilibrium and lipotoxicity are known to be important contributors to numerous human pathologies, including insulin resistance, liver disease, cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, and cancer. Despite their medical significance and continuous research, however, the molecular mechanisms that modulate lipid synthesis during ER stress conditions, and their impact on cell fate decisions, remain poorly understood. Here we summarize the current view on crosstalk and connections between altered lipid metabolism, ER stress, and the UPR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Białek
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland
| | | | - Paulina Czechowicz
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Jakub Sławski
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - James F Collawn
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
| | - Aleksander Czogalla
- Department of Cytobiochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Rafał Bartoszewski
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland.
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Fu L, Zhang J, Wang Y, Wu H, Xu X, Li C, Li J, Liu J, Wang H, Jiang X, Li Z, He Y, Liu P, Wu Y, Zou X, Liang B. LET-767 determines lipid droplet protein targeting and lipid homeostasis. J Cell Biol 2024; 223:e202311024. [PMID: 38551495 PMCID: PMC10982117 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202311024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Lipid droplets (LDs) are composed of a core of neutral lipids wrapped by a phospholipid (PL) monolayer containing several hundred proteins that vary between different cells or organisms. How LD proteins target to LDs is still largely unknown. Here, we show that RNAi knockdown or gene mutation of let-767, encoding a member of hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSD), displaced the LD localization of three well-known LD proteins: DHS-3 (dehydrogenase/reductase), PLIN-1 (perilipin), and DGAT-2 (diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase 2), and also prevented LD growth in Caenorhabditis elegans. LET-767 interacts with ARF-1 (ADP-ribosylation factor 1) to prevent ARF-1 LD translocation for appropriate LD protein targeting and lipid homeostasis. Deficiency of LET-767 leads to the release of ARF-1, which further recruits and promotes translocation of ATGL-1 (adipose triglyceride lipase) to LDs for lipolysis. The displacement of LD proteins caused by LET-767 deficiency could be reversed by inhibition of either ARF-1 or ATGL-1. Our work uncovers a unique LET-767 for determining LD protein targeting and maintaining lipid homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Fu
- Center for Life Sciences, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Cell Metabolism and Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Jingjing Zhang
- Center for Life Sciences, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Cell Metabolism and Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Yanli Wang
- Center for Life Sciences, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Cell Metabolism and Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Huiyin Wu
- Center for Life Sciences, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Cell Metabolism and Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Xiumei Xu
- Center for Life Sciences, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Cell Metabolism and Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Chunxia Li
- Center for Life Sciences, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Cell Metabolism and Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Jirong Li
- Center for Life Sciences, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Cell Metabolism and Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Center for Life Sciences, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Cell Metabolism and Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Haizhen Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Xue Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Zhihao Li
- Center for Life Sciences, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Cell Metabolism and Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Yaomei He
- Center for Life Sciences, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Cell Metabolism and Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Pingsheng Liu
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yingjie Wu
- School of Laboratory Animal and Shandong Laboratory Animal Center, Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
- Institute for Genome Engineered Animal Models of Human Diseases, National Center of Genetically Engineered Animal Models for International Research, Liaoning Provence Key Lab of Genome Engineered Animal Models Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Xiaoju Zou
- College of Chinese Materia Medica and Yunnan Key Laboratory of Southern Medicinal Utilization, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Bin Liang
- Center for Life Sciences, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Cell Metabolism and Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
- Southwest United Graduate School, Kunming, China
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Lee J, Jang S, Im J, Han Y, Kim S, Jo H, Wang W, Cho U, Kim SI, Seol A, Kim B, Song YS. Stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 inhibition induces ER stress-mediated apoptosis in ovarian cancer cells. J Ovarian Res 2024; 17:73. [PMID: 38566208 PMCID: PMC10988872 DOI: 10.1186/s13048-024-01389-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is a leading cause of death among gynecologic tumors, often detected at advanced stages. Metabolic reprogramming and increased lipid biosynthesis are key factors driving cancer cell growth. Stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 (SCD1) is a crucial enzyme involved in de novo lipid synthesis, producing mono-unsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs). Here, we aimed to investigate the expression and significance of SCD1 in epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC). Comparative analysis of normal ovarian surface epithelial (NOSE) tissues and cell lines revealed elevated SCD1 expression in EOC tissues and cells. Inhibition of SCD1 significantly reduced the proliferation of EOC cells and patient-derived organoids and induced apoptotic cell death. Interestingly, SCD1 inhibition did not affect the viability of non-cancer cells, indicating selective cytotoxicity against EOC cells. SCD1 inhibition on EOC cells induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress by activating the unfolded protein response (UPR) sensors and resulted in apoptosis. The addition of exogenous oleic acid, a product of SCD1, rescued EOC cells from ER stress-mediated apoptosis induced by SCD1 inhibition, underscoring the importance of lipid desaturation for cancer cell survival. Taken together, our findings suggest that the inhibition of SCD1 is a promising biomarker as well as a novel therapeutic target for ovarian cancer by regulating ER stress and inducing cancer cell apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juwon Lee
- WCU Biomodulation, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Cancer Research Institute, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Suin Jang
- Cancer Research Institute, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihye Im
- Cancer Research Institute, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngjin Han
- Cancer Research Institute, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Soochi Kim
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Paul F. Glenn Laboratories for the Biology of Aging, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - HyunA Jo
- WCU Biomodulation, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Cancer Research Institute, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Wenyu Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Untack Cho
- Cancer Research Institute, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Se Ik Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Aeran Seol
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Boyun Kim
- Department of SmartBio, College of Life and Health Science, Kyungsung University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Sang Song
- WCU Biomodulation, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Cancer Research Institute, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Myongji Hospital, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Goyang, Republic of Korea.
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Li JJ, Xin N, Yang C, Tavizon LA, Hong R, Moore TI, Tharyan RG, Antebi A, Kim HE. Unveiling the Intercompartmental Signaling Axis: Mitochondrial to ER Stress Response (MERSR) and its Impact on Proteostasis. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.09.07.556674. [PMID: 38187690 PMCID: PMC10769184 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.07.556674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Maintaining protein homeostasis is essential for cellular health. During times of proteotoxic stress, cells deploy unique defense mechanisms to achieve resolution. Our previous research uncovered a cross-compartmental Mitochondrial to Cytosolic Stress Response (MCSR), a unique stress response activated by the perturbation of mitochondrial proteostasis, which ultimately results in the improvement of proteostasis in the cytosol. Here, we found that this signaling axis also influences the unfolded protein response of the endoplasmic reticulum (UPR ER ), suggesting the presence of a Mitochondria to ER Stress Response (MERSR). During MERSR, the IRE1 branch of UPR ER is inhibited, introducing a previously unknown regulatory component of MCSR. Moreover, proteostasis is enhanced through the upregulation of the PERK-eIF2a signaling pathway, increasing phosphorylation of eIF2a and improving the ER's capacity to manage greater proteostasis load. MERSR activation in both poly-glutamine (poly-Q) and amyloid-beta (Aβ) C. elegans disease models also led to improvement in both aggregate burden and overall disease outcome. These findings shed light on the coordination between the mitochondria and the ER in maintaining cellular proteostasis and provides further evidence for the importance of intercompartmental signaling.
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Bravo JI, Mizrahi CR, Kim S, Zhang L, Suh Y, Benayoun BA. An eQTL-based Approach Reveals Candidate Regulators of LINE-1 RNA Levels in Lymphoblastoid Cells. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.15.553416. [PMID: 37645920 PMCID: PMC10461994 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.15.553416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Long interspersed element 1 (L1) are a family of autonomous, actively mobile transposons that occupy ~17% of the human genome. A number of pleiotropic effects induced by L1 (promoting genome instability, inflammation, or cellular senescence) have been observed, and L1's contributions to aging and aging diseases is an area of active research. However, because of the cell type-specific nature of transposon control, the catalogue of L1 regulators remains incomplete. Here, we employ an eQTL approach leveraging transcriptomic and genomic data from the GEUVADIS and 1000Genomes projects to computationally identify new candidate regulators of L1 RNA levels in lymphoblastoid cell lines. To cement the role of candidate genes in L1 regulation, we experimentally modulate the levels of top candidates in vitro, including IL16, STARD5, HSDB17B12, and RNF5, and assess changes in TE family expression by Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA). Remarkably, we observe subtle but widespread upregulation of TE family expression following IL16 and STARD5 overexpression. Moreover, a short-term 24-hour exposure to recombinant human IL16 was sufficient to transiently induce subtle, but widespread, upregulation of L1 subfamilies. Finally, we find that many L1 expression-associated genetic variants are co-associated with aging traits across genome-wide association study databases. Our results expand the catalogue of genes implicated in L1 RNA control and further suggest that L1-derived RNA contributes to aging processes. Given the ever-increasing availability of paired genomic and transcriptomic data, we anticipate this new approach to be a starting point for more comprehensive computational scans for transposon transcriptional regulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan I. Bravo
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
- Graduate program in the Biology of Aging, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Chanelle R. Mizrahi
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
- USC Gerontology Enriching MSTEM to Enhance Diversity in Aging Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Seungsoo Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Lucia Zhang
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
- Quantitative and Computational Biology Department, USC Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Yousin Suh
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Bérénice A. Benayoun
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
- Molecular and Computational Biology Department, USC Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
- Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine Department, USC Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
- USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
- USC Stem Cell Initiative, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
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Wang D, Qu S, Zhang Z, Tan L, Chen X, Zhong HJ, Chong CM. Strategies targeting endoplasmic reticulum stress to improve Parkinson's disease. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1288894. [PMID: 38026955 PMCID: PMC10667558 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1288894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder with motor symptoms, which is caused by the progressive death of dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc). Accumulating evidence shows that endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress occurring in the SNpc DA neurons is an early event in the development of PD. ER stress triggers the activation of unfolded protein response (UPR) to reduce stress and restore ER function. However, excessive and continuous ER stress and UPR exacerbate the risk of DA neuron death through crosstalk with other PD events. Thus, ER stress is considered a promising therapeutic target for the treatment of PD. Various strategies targeting ER stress through the modulation of UPR signaling, the increase of ER's protein folding ability, and the enhancement of protein degradation are developed to alleviate neuronal death in PD models. In this review, we summarize the pathological role of ER stress in PD and update the strategies targeting ER stress to improve ER protein homeostasis and PD-related events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danni Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Shuhui Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Zaijun Zhang
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liang Tan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University (Army Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Xiuping Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Hai-Jing Zhong
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Cheong-Meng Chong
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
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