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Lee D, Ahn H, Lee KG. Analysis of 207 residual pesticides in hot pepper powder using LC-MS/MS. Food Sci Biotechnol 2024; 33:1337-1350. [PMID: 38585557 PMCID: PMC10992101 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-023-01443-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the determination of 207 pesticides in hot pepper powder and found patterns of pesticide use by production from five regions, detecting a total of 50 pesticides. The LOD, LOQ and recoveries of pesticides were 0.08-2.53, 0.25-7.60 μg kg-1, and 81.0-132.1%, respectively. The Horrat values ranged from 0.07 to 1.97. A total of 50 residual pesticides were detected in 963 hot pepper powder samples. All residual pesticide levels were below the Korean maximum residue level (MRL) and the %ADI was ≤ 0.001-0.076%. Seven pesticides had a detection rate above 50% (tebuconazole, pyraclostrobin, etofenprox, flonicamid, imidacloprid, carbendazim, and flubendiamide). The region where the most pesticide types were detected was Ham-pyeong with 38 types. Tebuconazole had detection rates of > 90% in all regions. In the PCA results with factor analysis, each region shows patterns of pesticide use. Four regions focus on Aphidoidea control and one region on Colletotrichum acutatum control. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10068-023-01443-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghun Lee
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Dongguk University-Seoul, 32 Dongguk-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do 10326 Republic of Korea
- Korea Research Institute for Defense Technology Planning and Advancement, 37 Hoegiro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02455 Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunwoo Ahn
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Dongguk University-Seoul, 32 Dongguk-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do 10326 Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Geun Lee
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Dongguk University-Seoul, 32 Dongguk-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do 10326 Republic of Korea
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Lee H, Jung G, Min J, Kim H, Jeong W, Kim T. Korean Proficiency Tests for Pesticide Residues in Rice: Comparison of Various Proficiency Testing Evaluation Methods and Identification of Critical Factors for Multiresidue Analysis. Foods 2023; 12:foods12102085. [PMID: 37238903 DOI: 10.3390/foods12102085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Establishing pesticide safety management for agricultural products necessitates accurate pesticide analysis at analytical laboratories. Proficiency testing is regarded an effective method for quality control. Herein, proficiency tests were carried out for residual pesticide analysis in laboratories. All samples satisfied the homogeneity and stability criteria of the ISO 13528 standard. The obtained results were analyzed using the ISO 17043 z-score evaluation. Both individual pesticide and multiresidue proficiency evaluations were performed, and the proportion of z-scores within the ±2 range ("Satisfactory" rating) obtained for seven pesticides ranged 79-97%. Of the laboratories, 83% were classified as Category A using the category A/B method, and these also received AAA ratings in the triple-A evaluations. Furthermore, 66-74% of the laboratories were rated "Good" via five evaluation methods based on their z-scores. The sum of weighted z-scores and scaled sum of squared z-scores were considered as the most suitable evaluation techniques, as they compensated for the drawbacks of good results and corrected the poor results. To identify the main factors affecting laboratory analysis, the experience of the analyst, sample weight, calibration curve preparation method, and cleanup status were considered. A dispersive solid phase extraction cleanup significantly improved the results (p < 0.01).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyosub Lee
- National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, 166 Nongsaengmyeong-ro, Iseo-myeon, Wanju-gun 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Gunhee Jung
- National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, 166 Nongsaengmyeong-ro, Iseo-myeon, Wanju-gun 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Juhyeon Min
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Kyungpook National University, 25, Sangyeok-ro 14-gil, Buk-gu, Daegu 41536, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyanghee Kim
- National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, 166 Nongsaengmyeong-ro, Iseo-myeon, Wanju-gun 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Wontae Jeong
- National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, 166 Nongsaengmyeong-ro, Iseo-myeon, Wanju-gun 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Taekkyum Kim
- National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, 166 Nongsaengmyeong-ro, Iseo-myeon, Wanju-gun 55365, Republic of Korea
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Wang W, Cho YJ, Song JW, Kim YJ, Seo JS, Kim JH. Residue Behavior of Methoxyfenozide and Pymetrozine in Chinese Cabbage and Their Health Risk Assessment. Foods 2022; 11:foods11192995. [PMID: 36230071 PMCID: PMC9563777 DOI: 10.3390/foods11192995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Methoxyfenozide and pymetrozine are used for pest control in the cultivation of Chinese cabbage. This has raised concerns in recent years due to health risks. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the residual concentrations of pesticides in the target crop and associated health risks. The dynamics and influence of environmental factors on the dissipation of methoxyfenozide and pymetrozine residues in Chinese cabbage were investigated. Analyses were performed using a modified QuEchERS (Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, and Safe) and an optimized high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). The observed half-lives of methoxyfenozide and pymetrozine in cabbage samples ranged between two sampling seasons: in May−June, half-lives of methoxyfenozide and pymetrozine were 1.20 days and 1.89 days, respectively; during October−November, half-lives of methoxyfenozide and pymetrozine were 11.8 and 2.80 days, respectively. Meanwhile, a negative Spearman correlation was found between the residual concentrations and temperature (p < 0.01). This indicates that higher temperatures resulted in higher dissipation rates for methoxyfenozide and pymetrozine, suggesting that these pesticides degraded faster at higher temperatures. Additionally, higher pesticide residues in Chinese cabbage during low-temperature seasons resulted in higher risk quotients (RQ) (RQ > 1) for both analyzed compounds, which suggests that the effect of temperature on pesticide degradation needs to be considered as an essential factor while setting up the maximum residue limits (MRL).
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Baek S, Noh HH, Kim CJ, Son K, Lee HD, Kim L. Easy and effective analytical method of carbendazim, dimethomorph, and fenoxanil from Protaetia brevitarsis seulensis using LC-MS/MS. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0258266. [PMID: 34648540 PMCID: PMC8516223 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0258266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditionally in Korea, Protaetia brevitarsis seulensis (white-spotted flower chafer) has been used as a medicine, and recently has attracted increased attention due to its antithrombotic efficacy. Some of spent mushroom compost or fermented oak sawdust, a feedstock for P. brevitarsis, were contaminated with three fungicides, carbendazim, dimethomorph, and fenoxanil, which could be transferred to the insect. This study was aimed to optimize a simple extraction method combined with liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry and apply it to the real samples. After the pulverized samples (5 g) were extracted with acetonitrile (10 mL) and formic acid (100 μL), fat and lipids in the samples were slowly precipitated at -20°C for 24 hours. After eight different clean-up methods were investigated, the mixture of 150 mg MgSO4/25 mg PSA/25 mg C18 was selected due to optimal recovery of the target compounds. Recovery (77.9%‒80.8% for carbendazim, 111.2%‒116.7% for dimethomorph, and 111.9%‒112.5% for fenoxanil) was achieved with reasonable relative standard deviation (<5.5%) The analytical method developed in this study was used to analyze three compounds in the 24 insect samples donated by the insect farm owners but no target compounds were detected. These results can provide important data for establishing the pesticide safety standards for P. brevitarsis before the medical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujin Baek
- Residual Agrochemical Assessment Division, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Ho Noh
- Residual Agrochemical Assessment Division, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Jo Kim
- Residual Agrochemical Assessment Division, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungae Son
- Residual Agrochemical Assessment Division, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Dong Lee
- Residual Agrochemical Assessment Division, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju, Republic of Korea
| | - Leesun Kim
- Residual Agrochemical Assessment Division, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
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Lee D, Jeong M, Byun JE, Lee KG. Determination of 113 pesticides in hot pepper powder in Korea. JOURNAL OF PESTICIDE SCIENCE 2021; 46:173-181. [PMID: 36380968 PMCID: PMC9641238 DOI: 10.1584/jpestics.d20-063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In five regions of Korea, a total of 963 hot pepper powder samples were analyzed for 113 pesticides and one synergist using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. For three years, sampling was performed every producing day in production plants according to ISO 24153 : 2009 methods. The limit of detection and limit of quantification ranges were 0.17-1.46 and 0.52-4.44 µg kg-1, respectively. The recovery ranges were 62.8-128.6% when spiked with 10 and 100 µg kg-1 of pesticides. Certified reference materials, such as chlorfenapyr and indoxacarb, were used for the validation of the analytical method. In total, 21 pesticides and one synergist were detected. Six pesticides, chlorfenapyr, indoxacarb, chlorantraniliprole, cypermethrin, difenoconazole, and pendimethalin, were detected at more than 50%, and nine pesticides, cyhalothrin, fenvalerate, picoxystrobin, deltamethrin, pyridalyl, propiconazole, iprodione, prochloraz, and bifenthrin, were detected at more than 10%. All monitoring results were under the Korean maximum residue limit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghun Lee
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Dongguk University-Seoul, 32 Dongguk-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, 10326, Republic of Korea
- Korea Research Institute for Defense Technology Planning and Advancement, 37 Hoegiro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02455, Republic of Korea
| | - Minhong Jeong
- Korea Research Institute for Defense Technology Planning and Advancement, 37 Hoegiro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02455, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Eun Byun
- Korea Research Institute for Defense Technology Planning and Advancement, 37 Hoegiro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02455, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Geun Lee
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Dongguk University-Seoul, 32 Dongguk-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, 10326, Republic of Korea
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Atzei A, Pusceddu C, Caboni P, Corrias F. Simultaneous determination and dietary risk assessment of clethodim and its metabolites in different fruits and vegetables. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2021; 38:830-841. [PMID: 33784219 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2021.1891302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Clethodim is one of the most widely used herbicides in agriculture and, after field application, is metabolised to several metabolites. The potential toxicological negative effects of these compounds are poorly understood. Thus, recently, within the risk assessment framework, the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) proposed to include the minor metabolites in the definition of clethodim residue. In this work, an easy to use and reliable UHPLC method coupled with a triple quadrupole MS/MS was developed and validated for the detection and quantification of the herbicide clethodim and related metabolites clethodim sulphone, clethodim sulphoxide, metabolites M17R and M18R in apple, grape, olive and rice. The five analytes were extracted by using a modified QuEChERS procedure, while the active ingredients were determined in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) ion-switching mode. The proposed method showed calibration curve linearity with r2 ≥ 0.990 for all active ingredients (a.is.) both in solvent and matrix extracts. Limits of quantitation (LOQ) of the five compounds ranged from 9.44 µg/kg for M17R in olive extract to 11.01 µg/kg for clethodim in apple extract. Recoveries values ranged from 86% to 119% at two concentration levels (LOQ and 10xLOQ), while the intraday and interday precisions of the method were both below 10% in all cases. The method was successfully used for the quantification of the five a.is. in different food matrices. Furthermore, chronic dietary risk was investigated using a hazard quotients (HQ) method based on European dietary habits. The chronic dietary exposure risk quotients ranged from 1.0 × 10-5 (lower bound scenario) to 2.7 × 10-4 (upper bound scenario) which were significantly lower than 1. Data obtained indicate that the dietary exposure risks were acceptable for clethodim and its major and minor metabolites applied in apple, table grape, rice and table olive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Atzei
- Department of Life and Environmental Science, Chemical Food Analysis Laboratory, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Cristina Pusceddu
- Department of Life and Environmental Science, Chemical Food Analysis Laboratory, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Pierluigi Caboni
- Department of Life and Environmental Science, Chemical Food Analysis Laboratory, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Francesco Corrias
- Department of Life and Environmental Science, Chemical Food Analysis Laboratory, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
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Kim C, Choe H, Park J, Kim G, Kim K, Jeon HJ, Moon JK, Kim MJ, Lee SE. Molecular mechanisms of developmental toxicities of azoxystrobin and pyraclostrobin toward zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos: Visualization of abnormal development using two transgenic lines. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 270:116087. [PMID: 33234374 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.116087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Azoxystrobin (AZ) and pyraclostrobin (PY) are strobilurin fungicides that inhibit fungal mitochondrial respiration. In this study, a representative model, zebrafish (Danio rerio), was used as a test species for acute and developmental toxicity. Survival and malformation rates were observed only PY-treated embryos, with an LC50 value of 77.75 ppb accompanied by a dramatic decrease in hatching rate, while AZ did not show great mortality. Morphological changes were observed in PY-treated embryos with the occurrence of pericadial edema at 25 ppb. A delay in growth was observed after treatment with pyraclostrobin at 50 ppb. Use of genetically engineered Tg(cmlc:EGFP) allowed fluorescence observation during heart development. PY interfered with normal heart development via upregulation of the nppa gene responsible for the expression of natriuretic peptides. Heart function was dramatically reduced as indicated by reduced heart rates. Increased expression of the nppa gene was also seen in AZ-treated embryos. The expression level of cyp24a1 was also up-regulated, while ugt1a1 and sult1st6 were down-regulated after treatment of zebrafish embryos with AZ or PY. Overall, strobilurin fungicides might inhibit normal heart formation and function within the range of concentrations tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaeeun Kim
- Department of Integrative Biology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeseung Choe
- School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungeun Park
- Department of Integrative Biology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Gayoung Kim
- School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeongnam Kim
- School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwang-Ju Jeon
- School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon-Kwan Moon
- Department of Plant Life and Environmental Sciences, Hankyong National University, Ansung 17579, Republic of Korea
| | - Myoung-Jin Kim
- School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Eun Lee
- Department of Integrative Biology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea; School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea.
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Gong W, Huang Y, Ji A, Peng W, Liu C, Zeng Y, Yang R, Yan L, Wang X, Sheng J. Optimisation of saponin extraction conditions with Camellia sinensis var. assamica seed and its application for a natural detergent. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2018; 98:2312-2319. [PMID: 28990656 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.8721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Revised: 09/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Camellia sinensis var. assamica seed cake (a by-product of tea-seed oil) is an abundant resource with poor utilisation. C. sinensis var. assamica seed saponin (CSS) is one kind of non-ionic surfactant. In this study, the CSS extraction conditions were optimised by response surface methodology (RSM) and then the CSS detergent was developed. Additionally, the safety and decontamination ability of the developed detergent were evaluated. RESULTS The optimised extraction conditions were including the extracting temperature of 40.04 °C, extraction time of 4.97 h, ethanol concentration of 64.11% and liquid-solid ratio of 14.57:1 mL g-1 . The formula of the CSS detergent was as follows: 20% crude CSS, 0.3% oxidised tea polyphenols (OTPs), 0.2% nisin, 0.3% sodium dehydroacetate, 0.7% sodium alginate and 0.5% sodium polyacrylate. The LD50 of the CSS detergent exceeds 14 g kg-1 in mice, indicating the detergent was non-toxic. Both of the emulsifying and the pesticide residues removal abilities of the CSS detergent were significantly stronger than the commercial detergent. CONCLUSION A natural tea seed saponin detergent with good safety and decontamination ability was successfully developed. This can make better use of the tea seed cake, thereby creating added value in the tea seed oil industry. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanying Gong
- Key Laboratory of Pu-er Tea Science, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
- Pu'er Institute of Pu-erh Tea, Pu-er, China
| | - Yewei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Pu-er Tea Science, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Aibing Ji
- Pu'er Institute of Pu-erh Tea, Pu-er, China
| | | | - Cong Liu
- Pu'er Institute of Pu-erh Tea, Pu-er, China
| | - Yin Zeng
- Pu'er Institute of Pu-erh Tea, Pu-er, China
| | | | - Liang Yan
- Pu'er Institute of Pu-erh Tea, Pu-er, China
- College of Tea (Pu-er), West Yunnan University of Applied Sciences, Pu-er, China
| | - Xuanjun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pu-er Tea Science, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Jun Sheng
- Key Laboratory of Pu-er Tea Science, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
- Pu'er Institute of Pu-erh Tea, Pu-er, China
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Kim YJ, Kim JH, Kwon YS, Song JW, Seo JS. Residual Characteristics and Monitoring of Cyenopyrafen and Cyflumetofen in Strawberries for Export. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.5338/kjea.2017.36.4.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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