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Grunert RKA, Kunkel MR, Radisic R, Nemeth NM, Burrell CE, Shender LA, Guzman-Vargas V, Cunningham MW, Yabsley MJ. Notoedric mange (Notoedres centrifera) in two species of free-ranging rabbits from Florida, USA. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports 2022; 33:100748. [PMID: 35820720 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2022.100748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Mange is a contagious skin disease caused by different mite species affecting numerous domestic and wild animals, worldwide. This report details notoedric mange in an eastern cottontail (Sylvilagus floridanus) and in a marsh rabbit (Sylvilagus palustris) from Florida, USA. Clinical examination revealed similar gross lesions including poor nutritional condition, multifocal alopecia and hyperkeratosis. Skin scrapings from both rabbits revealed numerous subcutaneous mites identified as Notoedres centrifera, a species previously only associated with rodents, primarily squirrels. Mites from both rabbits were identified based on morphology and confirmed by sequencing the internal transcribed spacer-2 (ITS-2) region. These cases emphasize the need for continued surveillance and accurate diagnostic evaluation to determine the cause and characterization of the skin disease, while distinguishing it from other potential pathogens that may manifest similarly in rabbits, such as Notoedres cati, Sarcoptes scabiei or Psoroptes cuniculi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan K A Grunert
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
| | - Melanie R Kunkel
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Rebecca Radisic
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Nicole M Nemeth
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Caitlin E Burrell
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; Zoo and Exotic Animal Pathology Service, Infectious Diseases Laboratory, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Lisa A Shender
- Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, Gainesville, FL 32601, USA
| | | | - Mark W Cunningham
- Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, Gainesville, FL 32601, USA
| | - Michael J Yabsley
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
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St Clair L, Hopf C, Peters-Kennedy J, Mazulis C, Miller J, Scott DW, Childs-Sanford S. Regional alopecia and dermatitis due to Lodderomyces elongisporus in a North American porcupine (Erethizon dorsatum). Vet Dermatol 2020; 32:188-e48. [PMID: 33185315 DOI: 10.1111/vde.12911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lodderomyces elongisporus is a yeast with a worldwide distribution that has been reported as a cause of infection in immunocompromised humans and in a dog that had been quilled by a porcupine. OBJECTIVES The objective of this report is to describe the clinical presentation, diagnosis and treatment of dermatitis caused by L. elongisporus in a North American porcupine (Erethizon dorsatum). ANIMAL One wild adult male North American porcupine from New York state, USA. METHODS AND MATERIALS The porcupine was presented for alopecia and scaling dermatitis over the caudal dorsum. Diagnostic testing included cytological evaluation, trichogram, bacterial and fungal culture, and histopathological examination of skin biopsies. RESULTS Histopathological findings from skin specimens demonstrated mild eosinophilic perivascular-to-interstitial dermatitis with superficial dermal fibrosis, mild epidermal hyperplasia with moderate-to-marked intracorneal and intrafollicular yeast. Fungal culture with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization confirmed L. elongisporus as the cause of the dermatitis. The porcupine was treated with a six week course of oral itraconazole with clinical resolution. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Infection with L. elongisporus should be included as a differential diagnosis for North American porcupines exhibiting signs of dermatitis including scaling and alopecia. This case report may be relevant for the diagnosis and treatment of porcupines with dermatitis and for animals or humans that have been quilled by a porcupine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura St Clair
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Cynthia Hopf
- Janet L. Swanson Wildlife Hospital, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.,Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Jeanine Peters-Kennedy
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Christina Mazulis
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Julia Miller
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Danny W Scott
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Sara Childs-Sanford
- Janet L. Swanson Wildlife Hospital, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.,Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
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DETECTION OF SKUNK ADENOVIRUS 1 IN TWO NORTH AMERICAN PORCUPINES ( ERETHIZON DORSATUM) WITH RESPIRATORY DISEASE. J Zoo Wildl Med 2020; 50:1012-1015. [PMID: 31926539 DOI: 10.1638/2019-0063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenoviruses have been reported to affect a broad range of host species, tend to be species specific, and often affect the respiratory system. This report describes the isolation of an adenovirus from deep nasal swabs of two wild North American porcupines (Erethizon dorsatum) with respiratory diseases that presented to a wildlife hospital. Partial sequences of the deoxyribonucleic acid polymerase gene of the isolated virus were identical to skunk adenovirus (SkAdV-1), also known as pygmy marmoset adenovirus. Both porcupines survived and were released back to the wild after successful medical treatment and rehabilitation. The significance of the adenovirus isolated from these porcupines is unknown; however, this is the first report of an adenovirus in porcupines, and the first report of SkAdV-1 in a rodent.
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Atypical Dermatophytosis in 12 North American Porcupines ( Erethizon dorsatum) from the Northeastern United States 2010-2017. Pathogens 2019; 8:pathogens8040171. [PMID: 31575004 PMCID: PMC6963859 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens8040171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Twelve wild North American porcupines (Erethizon dorsatum) out of a total of 44 of this species examined in an 8-year period were diagnosed with dermatopathies while being cared for at two wildlife rehabilitation clinics. Biopsy and necropsy were performed on seven and five animals, respectively. Atypical dermatophytosis was diagnosed in all cases. Lesions consisted of diffuse severe epidermal hyperkeratosis and mild hyperplasia with mild lymphoplasmacytic dermatitis and no folliculitis. Dermatophytes were noted histologically as hyphae and spores in hair shafts, and follicular and epidermal keratin. Trichophyton sp. was grown in 5/6 animals where culture was performed, with a molecular diagnosis of Arthroderma benhamiae/Trichophyton mentagrophytes in these five cases. Metagenomic analysis of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue samples from three cases identified fungi from 17 orders in phyla Basidiomycota and Ascomycota. Alteration of therapy from ketaconazole, which was unsuccessful in four out of five early cases, to terbinafine or nitraconazole led to the resolution of disease and recovery to release in four subsequent animals. In all, six animals were euthanized or died due to dermatopathy, no cases resolved spontaneously, and six cases were resolved with therapy. The work we present demonstrates an atypical lesion and anatomical distribution due to dermatophytosis in a series of free-ranging wild porcupines and the successful development of novel techniques for extracting and sequencing nucleic acids from fungus in archival formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded animal tissue.
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Gonzalez-Astudillo V, Leon-Alvarado OD, Ossa-Lopez PA, Rivera-Paez FA, Ramírez-Chaves HE. Sarcoptic mange in wild quichua porcupines ( Coendou quichua Thomas, 1899) in Colombia. Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl 2018; 7:95-98. [PMID: 29988810 PMCID: PMC6032029 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2018.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The Quichua porcupine (Coendou quichua) is a neotropical rodent with uncertain taxonomic and conservation status. Two Quichua porcupines with severe hyperkeratosis and alopecia were found in the Magdalena River Basin of Colombia. Sarcoptes scabiei, the mite causing mange, a disease carried mainly by domestic animals, was confirmed via parasitological and molecular methods. This is the first report of mange in neotropical porcupines to date. The population-level impact of mange in Coendou spp., related mammals and predators in Colombia might represent a threat and needs further investigation. Pathological characterisation of sarcoptic mange in cryptic Coendou quichua is carried out. The impact of sarcoptic mange on Coendou quichua is currently unknown. New data on Sarcoptes hosts carries significance for the economy and conservation. Sarcoptic mange is of low priority in Colombia, affecting the understanding of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviana Gonzalez-Astudillo
- School of Veterinary Science, Building 8114, The University of Queensland, Gatton Campus, Queensland, Australia, 4343
| | - Omar D Leon-Alvarado
- Laboratorio de Sistemática y Biogeografía, Escuela de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Cra. 27 Calle 9 A.A. 678, Bucaramanga, Colombia
| | - Paula Andrea Ossa-Lopez
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Caldas, Calle 65 # 26-10, Manizales, Colombia
| | - Fredy Arvey Rivera-Paez
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Caldas, Calle 65 # 26-10, Manizales, Colombia
| | - Héctor E Ramírez-Chaves
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Caldas, Calle 65 # 26-10, Manizales, Colombia
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DIAGNOSIS AND SUCCESSFUL TREATMENT OF A POTENTIALLY ZOONOTIC DERMATOPHYTOSIS CAUSED BY MICROSPORUM GYPSEUM IN A ZOO-HOUSED NORTH AMERICAN PORCUPINE (ERETHIZON DORSATUM). J Zoo Wildl Med 2017; 48:549-553. [DOI: 10.1638/2016-0097r1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Abstract
SUMMARYNotoedric mange, caused by obligately parasitic sarcoptiform Notoedres mites, is associated with potentially fatal dermatitis with secondary systemic disease in small mammals, felids and procyonids among others, as well as an occasional zoonosis. We describe clinical spectra in non-chiropteran hosts, review risk factors and summarize ecological and epidemiological studies. The genus is disproportionately represented on rodents. Disease in felids and procyonids ranges from very mild to death. Knowledge of the geographical distribution of the mites is highly inadequate, with focal hot spots known for Notoedres cati in domestic cats and bobcats. Predisposing genetic and immunological factors are not known, except that co-infection with other parasites and anticoagulant rodenticide toxicoses may contribute to severe disease. Treatment of individual animals is typically successful with macrocytic lactones such as selamectin, but herd or wildlife population treatment has not been undertaken. Transmission requires close contact and typically is within a host species. Notoedric mange can kill half all individuals in a population and regulate host population below non-diseased density for decades, consistent with frequency-dependent transmission or spillover from other hosts. Epidemics are increasingly identified in various hosts, suggesting global change in suitable environmental conditions or increased reporting bias.
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Barigye R, Schamber E, Newell TK, Dyer NW. Hepatic Lipidosis and other Test Findings in Two Captive Adult Porcupines (Erethizon Dorsatum) Dying from a “Sudden Death Syndrome”. J Vet Diagn Invest 2016; 19:712-6. [DOI: 10.1177/104063870701900618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Routine postmortem examination and histologic evaluation of tissue sections demonstrated hepatic lipidosis (HL) in 2 adult captive porcupines with a history of sudden death. The male porcupine had a markedly enlarged pale liver that microscopically showed large unilocular vacuoles within hepatocellular cytoplasm. The periparturient female had similar but less marked hepatic lesions and an incidental pulmonary mycosis. These findings suggest HL as an important differential of spontaneous death in captive porcupines. It is hypothesized that in addition to the widely documented causes, HL in captive porcupines may be specifically associated with nutritional imbalances caused by the feeding of unsuitable commercial diets. The possible association of the condition with dietary and other factors in captive porcupines needs to be thoroughly investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Barigye
- From the Department of Veterinary Diagnostic Services, North Dakota State University
- The Department of Veterinary and Microbiological Sciences, North Dakota State University
| | - Ev Schamber
- From the Department of Veterinary Diagnostic Services, North Dakota State University
| | - Teresa K. Newell
- From the Department of Veterinary Diagnostic Services, North Dakota State University
| | - Neil W. Dyer
- From the Department of Veterinary Diagnostic Services, North Dakota State University
- The Department of Veterinary and Microbiological Sciences, North Dakota State University
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Hamir AN, Olsen S, Rupprecht CE. Granulomatous orchitis associated with Histoplasma-like organisms in porcupines (Erethizon dorsatum). Vet Rec 2002; 150:251-2. [PMID: 11916029 DOI: 10.1136/vr.150.8.251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A N Hamir
- National Animal Disease Center, ARS, USDA, Ames, IA 50010, USA
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