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Parr BL, Smith JB, Jenks JA, Thompson DJ. Population Dynamics of a Bighorn Sheep (Ovis canadensis) Herd in the Southern Black Hills of South Dakota and Wyoming. AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST 2018. [DOI: 10.1674/0003-0031-179.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brynn L. Parr
- Department of Natural Resource Management, South Dakota State University, Brookings 57007
| | - Joshua B. Smith
- Department of Natural Resource Management, South Dakota State University, Brookings 57007
| | - Jonathan A. Jenks
- Department of Natural Resource Management, South Dakota State University, Brookings 57007
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Forzan M, Maan S, Mazzei M, Belaganahalli MN, Bonuccelli L, Calamari M, Carrozza ML, Cappello V, Di Luca M, Bandecchi P, Mertens PPC, Tolari F. Generation of virus like particles for epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus. Res Vet Sci 2016; 107:116-122. [PMID: 27473984 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2016.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Revised: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV) is a distinct species within the genus Orbivirus, within the family Reoviridae. The epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus genome comprises ten segments of linear, double stranded (ds) RNA, which are packaged within each virus particle. The EHDV virion has a three layered capsid-structure, generated by four major viral proteins: VP2 and VP5 (outer capsid layer); VP7 (intermediate, core-surface layer) and VP3 (innermost, sub-core layer). Although EHDV infects cattle sporadically, several outbreaks have recently occurred in this species in five Mediterranean countries, indicating a potential threat to the European cattle industry. EHDV is transmitted by biting midges of the genus Culicoides, which can travel long distances through wind-born movements (particularly over water), increasing the potential for viral spread in new areas/countries. Expression systems to generate self-assembled virus like particles (VLPs) by simultaneous expression of the major capsid-proteins, have been established for several viruses (including bluetongue virus). This study has developed expression systems for production of EHDV VLPs, for use as non-infectious antigens in both vaccinology and serology studies, avoiding the risk of genetic reassortment between vaccine and field strains and facilitating large scale antigen production. Genes encoding the four major-capsid proteins of a field strain of EHDV-6, were isolated and cloned into transfer vectors, to generate two recombinant baculoviruses. The expression of these viral genes was assessed in insect cells by monitoring the presence of specific viral mRNAs and by western blotting. Electron microscopy studies confirmed the formation and purification of assembled VLPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Forzan
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università di Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Maurizio Mazzei
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università di Pisa, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - Valentina Cappello
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Center for Nanotechnology Innovation, NEST, Pisa, Italy
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Eschbaumer M, Wernike K, Batten CA, Savini G, Edwards L, Di Gennaro A, Teodori L, Oura CAL, Beer M, Hoffmann B. Epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus serotype 7 in European cattle and sheep: diagnostic considerations and effect of previous BTV exposure. Vet Microbiol 2012; 159:298-306. [PMID: 22560764 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2012.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2012] [Revised: 03/30/2012] [Accepted: 04/12/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV), an arthropod-borne orbivirus (family Reoviridae), is an emerging pathogen of wild and domestic ruminants that is closely related to bluetongue virus (BTV). The present study examines the outcome of an experimental EHDV-7 infection of Holstein cattle and East Frisian sheep. Apart from naïve animals that had not been exposed to BTV, it included animals that had been experimentally infected with either BTV-6 or BTV-8 two months earlier. In addition, EHDV-infected cattle were subsequently challenged with BTV-8. Samples were tested with commercially available ELISA and real-time RT-PCR kits and a custom NS3-specific real-time RT-PCR assay. Virus isolation was attempted in Vero, C6/36 and KC cells (from Culicoides variipennis), embryonated chicken eggs and type I interferon receptor-deficient IFNAR(-/-) mice. EHDV-7 productively infected Holstein cattle, but caused no clinical signs. The inoculation of East Frisian sheep, on the other hand, apparently did not lead to a productive infection. The commercial diagnostic kits performed adequately. KC cells proved to be the most sensitive means of virus isolation, but viremia was shorter than 2 weeks in most animals. No interference between EHDV and BTV infection was observed; therefore the pre-existing immunity to some BTV serotypes in Europe is not expected to protect against a possible introduction of EHDV, in spite of the close relation between the viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Eschbaumer
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Suedufer 10, 17493 Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany.
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Miller DS, Hoberg E, Weiser G, Aune K, Atkinson M, Kimberling C. A Review of Hypothesized Determinants Associated with Bighorn Sheep (Ovis canadensis) Die-Offs. Vet Med Int 2012; 2012:796527. [PMID: 22567546 PMCID: PMC3329887 DOI: 10.1155/2012/796527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2011] [Accepted: 01/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple determinants have been hypothesized to cause or favor disease outbreaks among free-ranging bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis) populations. This paper considered direct and indirect causes of mortality, as well as potential interactions among proposed environmental, host, and agent determinants of disease. A clear, invariant relationship between a single agent and field outbreaks has not yet been documented, in part due to methodological limitations and practical challenges associated with developing rigorous study designs. Therefore, although there is a need to develop predictive models for outbreaks and validated mitigation strategies, uncertainty remains as to whether outbreaks are due to endemic or recently introduced agents. Consequently, absence of established and universal explanations for outbreaks contributes to conflict among wildlife and livestock stakeholders over land use and management practices. This example illustrates the challenge of developing comprehensive models for understanding and managing wildlife diseases in complex biological and sociological environments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eric Hoberg
- U.S. National Parasite Collection, ARS, USDA Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory BARC, East 1180 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Glen Weiser
- Caine Veterinary Teaching Center, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Idaho, 1020 East Homedale Road, Caldwell, ID 83607, USA
| | - Keith Aune
- Montana Fish Wildlife and Parks, 1400 South 19th Avenue, Bozeman, MT 59715, USA
- Wildlife Conservation Society, 2023 Stadium Drive, Suite. 1A, Bozeman, MT 59715, USA
| | - Mark Atkinson
- Montana Fish Wildlife and Parks, 1400 South 19th Avenue, Bozeman, MT 59715, USA
- Wildlife Conservation Society, 2300 Southern Boulevard, Bronx, NY 10460, USA
| | - Cleon Kimberling
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
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Savini G, Afonso A, Mellor P, Aradaib I, Yadin H, Sanaa M, Wilson W, Monaco F, Domingo M. Epizootic heamorragic disease. Res Vet Sci 2011; 91:1-17. [PMID: 21665237 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2011.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2011] [Revised: 04/29/2011] [Accepted: 05/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Epizootic haemorrhagic disease (EHD) is an infectious non-contagious viral disease transmitted by insects of the genus Culicoides which affects wild and domestic ruminants. The causative agent, the epizootic haemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV), belongs to the family Reoviridae, genus Orbivirus and shares many morphological and structural characteristics with the other members of the genus such as bluetongue, African horse sickness and equine encephalosis viruses. In recent years EHD outbreaks have been reported in countries bordering the European Union. They caused disease in cattle and severe repercussion on the livestock industry of the affected countries. In the light of recent European bluetongue epizootic these events pose an increasing threat to the European Union. This review includes the most recent information regarding the virus and the disease as well as tools for its diagnosis and control. It is our conviction that more attention should be drawn to both EHDV and the disease itself in order to fulfil all these gaps and not to be unprepared in case future possible incursions.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Savini
- Istituto G. Caporale, Teramo, Italy.
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