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Mastick N, Welicky R, Katla A, Odegaard B, Ng V, Wood CL. Opening a can of worms: Archived canned fish fillets reveal 40 years of change in parasite burden for four Alaskan salmon species. Ecol Evol 2024; 14:e11043. [PMID: 38576463 PMCID: PMC10994144 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.11043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Revised: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
How has parasitism changed for Alaskan salmon over the past several decades? Parasitological assessments of salmon are inconsistent across time, and though parasite data are sometimes noted when processing fillets for the market, those data are not retained for more than a few years. The landscape of parasite risk is changing for salmon, and long-term data are needed to quantify this change. Parasitic nematodes of the family Anisakidae (anisakids) use salmonid fishes as intermediate or paratenic hosts in life cycles that terminate in marine mammal definitive hosts. Alaskan marine mammals have been protected since the 1970s, and as populations recover, the density of definitive hosts in this region has increased. To assess whether the anisakid burden has changed in salmonids over time, we used a novel data source: salmon that were caught, canned, and thermally processed for human consumption in Alaska, USA. We examined canned fillets of chum (Oncorhynchus keta, n = 42), coho (Oncorhynchus kisutch, n = 22), pink (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha, n = 62), and sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka, n = 52) processed between 1979 and 2019. We dissected each fillet and quantified the number of worms per gram of salmon tissue. Anisakid burden increased over time in chum and pink salmon, but there was no change in sockeye or coho salmon. This difference may be due to differences in the prey preferences of each species, or to differences in the parasite species detected across hosts. Canned fish serve as a window into the past, providing information that would otherwise be lost, including information on changes over time in the parasite burden of commercially, culturally, and ecologically important fish species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Mastick
- School of Aquatic and Fishery SciencesUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashingtonUSA
- Yale Peabody MuseumYale UniversityNew HavenConnecticutUSA
| | - Rachel Welicky
- School of Aquatic and Fishery SciencesUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashingtonUSA
- Department of Arts and SciencesNeumann UniversityAstonPennsylvaniaUSA
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and ManagementNorth–West UniversityPotchefstroomSouth Africa
| | - Aspen Katla
- School of Aquatic and Fishery SciencesUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | | | - Virginia Ng
- Seafood Products AssociationSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | - Chelsea L. Wood
- School of Aquatic and Fishery SciencesUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashingtonUSA
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Eero M, Brander K, Baranova T, Krumme U, Radtke K, Behrens JW. New insights into the recent collapse of Eastern Baltic cod from historical data on stock health. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0286247. [PMID: 37228079 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0286247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The Eastern Baltic cod (Gadus morhua) stock is currently in a very poor state, with low biomass and adverse trends in several life history and demographic parameters. This raises concern over whether and to what level recovery is possible. Here, we look for new insights from a historical perspective, extending the time series of various stock health indicators back to the 1940s, i.e. to the beginning of intensive exploitation of the Eastern Baltic cod. The historical data confirm that the stock deterioration in recent years is unprecedented, as all indicators are presently in their worst states on record. Cod body condition and energy reserves were equally low in the 1940s-1950s, accompanied by high parasitic liver worm infection, comparable to that measured in recent years. However, other stock parameters (size structure, size at maturity, stock distribution) are currently in their worst states over the past 80 years. In contrast, the state of cod in the 1970s to early 1990s that is often perceived as a desirable target, was exceptional, with the most favorable indicator levels in the time series. Long-term observation data reveal concurrent or asynchronous trends in different indicators of stock health and to what extent these have coincided with changes in possible external drivers. In this way, the extended time series contribute to ongoing research on understanding the collapse of the cod and its recovery potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margit Eero
- National Institute for Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Keith Brander
- National Institute for Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Tatjana Baranova
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment "BIOR", Riga, Latvia
| | - Uwe Krumme
- Thünen Institute of Baltic Sea Fisheries, Rostock, Germany
| | | | - Jane W Behrens
- National Institute for Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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Buchmann K. Seals, fish, humans and parasites in the Baltic: ecology, evolution and history. Folia Parasitol (Praha) 2023; 70. [PMID: 37265200 DOI: 10.14411/fp.2023.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Evolutionary and ecological processes affecting the interactions between hosts and parasites in the aquatic environment are at display in the Baltic Sea, a young and ecologically unstable marine ecosystem, where fluctuating abiotic and biotic factors affect the parasitofauna in fish. The dynamic infections of Baltic cod, a subpopulation of the Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua Linnaeus), with third stage anisakid nematode larvae of Pseudoterranova decipiens (Krabbe, 1878) and Contracaecum osculatum (Rudolphi, 1802) have increased following a significant increase of the Baltic grey seal Halichoerus grypus (Fabricius) population in the region. Cod serves as a paratenic host and marine mammals, pinnipeds, are definitive hosts releasing parasite eggs, with faeces, to the marine environment, where embryonation and hatching of the third stage larva take place. The parasite has no obligate intermediate hosts, but various invertebrates, smaller fish and cod act as paratenic hosts transmitting the infection to the seal. Contracaecum osculatum has an impact on the physiological performance of the cod, which optimises transmission of the larva from fish to seal. Thus, a muscle mass decrease of nearly 50% may result from heavy C. osculatum infections, probably amplified by a restricted food availability. The muscle atrophy is likely to reduce the escape reactions of the fish when meeting a foraging seal. In certain regions, where fish and seals are restricted in their migration patterns, such as the semi-enclosed Baltic Sea, the predation may contribute to a severe cod stock depletion. The parasites are zoonotic and represent a human health risk, when consumers ingest insufficiently heat- or freeze-treated infected products. Marked infections of the cod were previously reported during periods with elevated seal populations (late 19th and middle 20th century) and various scenarios for management of risk factors are evaluated in an evolutionary context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt Buchmann
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C., Denmark
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Ryberg MP, Christensen A, Jørgensen C, Neuenfeldt S, Skov PV, Behrens JW. Bioenergetics modelling of growth processes in parasitized Eastern Baltic cod ( Gadus morhua L.). CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 11:coad007. [PMID: 36911046 PMCID: PMC9999110 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coad007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Changes in physiological processes can reveal how individuals respond to environmental stressors. It can be difficult to link physiological responses to changes in vital rates such as growth, reproduction and survival. Here, bioenergetics modelling can aid in understanding non-intuitive outcomes from stressor combinations. Building on an established bioenergetics model, we examine the potential effects of parasite infection on growth rate and body condition. Parasites represent an overlooked biotic factor, despite their known effects on the physiology of the host organism. As a case study, we use the host-parasite system of Eastern Baltic cod (Gadus morhua) infected with the parasitic nematode Contraceacum osculatum. Eastern Baltic cod have during the past decade experienced increasing infection loads with C. osculatum that have been shown to lead to physiological changes. We hypothesized that infection with parasites affects cod growth negatively as previous studies reveal that the infections lead to reduced energy turnover, severe liver disease and reduced nutritional condition. To test this, we implemented new variables into the bioenergetics model representing the physiological changes in infected fish and parameterized these based on previous experimental data. We found that growth rate and body condition decreased with increased infection load. Highly infected cod reach a point of no return where their energy intake cannot maintain a surplus energy balance, which may eventually lead to induced mortality. In conclusion, parasite infections cannot be ignored when assessing drivers of fish stock dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Plambech Ryberg
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark (DTU Aqua), Kemitorvet, Building 202,
Kgs. Lyngby 2800, Denmark
| | - Asbjørn Christensen
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark (DTU Aqua), Kemitorvet, Building 202,
Kgs. Lyngby 2800, Denmark
| | - Christian Jørgensen
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Thormøhlens Gate 53 A/B, 5006 Bergen, Norway
| | - Stefan Neuenfeldt
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark (DTU Aqua), Kemitorvet, Building 202,
Kgs. Lyngby 2800, Denmark
| | - Peter V Skov
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark (DTU Aqua), Willemoesvej 2, Hirtshals 9850, Denmark
| | - Jane W Behrens
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark (DTU Aqua), Kemitorvet, Building 202,
Kgs. Lyngby 2800, Denmark
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Ovegård M, Ljungberg P, Orio A, Öhman K, Norrman EB, Lunneryd SG. The effects of Contracaecum osculatum larvae on the growth of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua). Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl 2022; 19:161-168. [PMID: 36157126 PMCID: PMC9489476 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2022.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) from the Eastern Baltic stock have decreased in numbers and condition since the 1990′s. Among several causes, an increased prevalence and intensity of the nematode Contracaecum osculatum has been discussed. This increase has been attributed to a population increase of the parasites final host, the grey seal (Halichoerus grypus). Other studies have looked at the role of Contracaecum osculatum on cod growth and condition on recently caught cod, or done short term experimental studies in lab. This study instead investigated the importance of Contracaecum osculatum for cod growth in a sea pen based experiment, where cod were kept and fed in order to monitor growth. The results show that a higher density (number of nematodes per gram liver) decreases cod growth potential. If the number of nematodes exceeded 8 per gram liver cod did not grow in length, even when given generous amounts of food. Accounting for the lack of growth due to Contracaecum osculatum may improve stock assessments and increase the possibility to reach management targets. High C. osculatum density limits cod growth potential, even if generously fed. A higher C. osculatum density result in less, and at a point no growth in weight. If exceeding eight C. osculatum per gram liver, cod do not grow in length.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Ovegård
- Swedish University of Agricultural Research, Institute of Marine Research, Turistgatan 5, 453 30, Lysekil, Sweden
- Corresponding author.
| | - Peter Ljungberg
- Swedish University of Agricultural Research, Institute of Coastal Research, Skolgatan 6, 742 42, Öregrund, Sweden
| | - Alessandro Orio
- Swedish University of Agricultural Research, Institute of Marine Research, Turistgatan 5, 453 30, Lysekil, Sweden
| | - Kristin Öhman
- Swedish University of Agricultural Research, Institute of Coastal Research, Skolgatan 6, 742 42, Öregrund, Sweden
| | - Emilia Benavente Norrman
- Swedish University of Agricultural Research, Institute of Coastal Research, Skolgatan 6, 742 42, Öregrund, Sweden
| | - Sven-Gunnar Lunneryd
- Swedish University of Agricultural Research, Institute of Coastal Research, Skolgatan 6, 742 42, Öregrund, Sweden
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Pawlak J. In situ evidence of the role of Crangon crangon in infection of cod Gadus morhua with nematode parasite Hysterothylacium aduncum in the Baltic Sea. Parasitology 2021; 148:1691-1696. [PMID: 34369334 PMCID: PMC11010046 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182021001414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Cod was one of the most important fish species in the Baltic Sea, but its condition is deteriorating for several reasons, including an increasing parasite burden. The aim of this study was to determine the source of infection of Baltic cod with parasites by examination of invertebrates found in situ in the cod stomach. A total of 1681 cod were sampled during four research cruises in the southern Baltic Sea in 2012, 2013 and 2014 and the composition of their diet was analysed. Each prey item from cod stomach was identified to the lowest possible taxonomic level and a parasitological analysis of all invertebrates collected was performed. Crangon crangon, Saduria entomon and Mysis mixta were the most commonly represented invertebrates among food items. Hysterothylacium aduncum was found only in C. crangon. This host–parasite system is reported here for the first time in situ in the stomach of cod from the Baltic Sea, confirming the role of C. crangon in cod infection with H. aduncum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Pawlak
- National Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Kołłątaja 1, Gdynia 81-332, Poland
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Mehrdana F, Lavilla M, Kania PW, Pardo MÁ, Audicana MT, Longo N, Buchmann K. Evidence of IgE-Mediated Cross-Reactions between Anisakis simplex and Contracaecum osculatum Proteins. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10080950. [PMID: 34451414 PMCID: PMC8399947 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10080950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Fish consumers may develop allergic reactions following the ingestion of fish products containing nematode larvae within the genus Anisakis. Sensitized patients may cross-react with proteins from insects, mites and mollusks, leading to allergic reactions even in the absence of the offending food. Potential cross-reactivity in Anisakis-allergic patients with larval proteins from other zoonotic parasites present in freshwater and sea fish should be investigated due to an increasing occurrence in certain fish stocks, particularly Contracaecum osculatum. In this work, we evaluated IgE-cross reactions by in vivo (skin prick tests with parasites extracts) and in vitro methods (IgE-ELISA and IgE-immunoblot). In vivo skin prick tests (SPT) proved the reactivity of Anisakis-sensitized patients when exposed to C. osculatum antigens. Sera from Anisakis-sensitized patients confirmed the reaction with somatic antigens (SA) and excretory/secretory proteins (ES) from C. osculatum. Only anecdotal responses were obtained from other freshwater worm parasites. Consequently, it is suggested that Anisakis-sensitized humans, especially patients with high levels of specific anti-Anisakis antibodies, may react to C. osculatum proteins, possibly due to IgE-mediated cross-reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Foojan Mehrdana
- Laboratory of Aquatic Pathobiology, Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark; (F.M.); (P.W.K.)
| | - María Lavilla
- AZTI-BRTA, Food Research, Parque Tecnológico de Bizkaia, Astondo Bidea-Edificio 609, E-48160 Derio, Spain; (M.L.); (M.Á.P.)
| | - Per Walter Kania
- Laboratory of Aquatic Pathobiology, Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark; (F.M.); (P.W.K.)
| | - Miguel Ángel Pardo
- AZTI-BRTA, Food Research, Parque Tecnológico de Bizkaia, Astondo Bidea-Edificio 609, E-48160 Derio, Spain; (M.L.); (M.Á.P.)
| | - María Teresa Audicana
- Allergy Department, Araba Integrated Health Organization, Bioaraba.Osakidetza, Basque Health Service, Jose Atxotegui s/n, E-01009 Vitoria, Spain; (M.T.A.); (N.L.)
| | - Natividad Longo
- Allergy Department, Araba Integrated Health Organization, Bioaraba.Osakidetza, Basque Health Service, Jose Atxotegui s/n, E-01009 Vitoria, Spain; (M.T.A.); (N.L.)
| | - Kurt Buchmann
- Laboratory of Aquatic Pathobiology, Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark; (F.M.); (P.W.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +45-35-33-27-00
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Nematode Parasites in Baltic Sea Mammals, Grey Seal (Halichoerus grypus (Fabricius, 1791)) and Harbour Porpoise (Phocoena phocoena (L.)), from the German Coast. Acta Parasitol 2021; 66:26-33. [PMID: 32642980 PMCID: PMC7985102 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-020-00246-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Endoparasitic nematodes of six harbour porpoises Phocoena phocoena and four grey seals Halichoerus grypus, stranded at the eastern coast of the Baltic Sea in Germany in winter 2019, were analysed in order to identify nematode parasites and to compare with recent studies from the same area. Methods Endoparasitic nematodes were identified by using both morphological and molecular characters. The successfully obtained sequences of the rDNA marker regions ITS-1, 5.8S, ITS-2 from 29 anisakid and the rDNA marker region ITS-2 of 11 pseudalid nematodes were amplified. Results Analyses revealed the presence of three parasite species, the anisakid nematode Contracaecum osculatum from grey seals and the pseudalid nematodes Pseudalius inflexus and Stenurus minor from the harbour porpoises. Other anisakid nematodes regularly occurring in the Baltic Sea, e.g. Anisakis simplex or Pseudoterranova decipiens, were not found. Conclusions The prevalence of 100% and a severe parasite load in grey seals demonstrated a very high C. osculatum infection of Baltic Sea fish as their regular prey. Prevalence of 33% for parasites in harbour porpoises and minor infection rates, combined with a distinct lack of anisakid nematodes, are typical for the current situation of the porpoise parasite fauna in the Baltic Sea. Invasive parasite species as possible indicators for climate change could not be detected.
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Mercken E, Van Damme I, Šoba B, Vangeenberghe S, Serradell A, Lumain JPL, De Sterck T, Lalle M, Gabriël S. High occurrence of Anisakidae at retail level in cod ( Gadus morhua) belly flaps and the impact of extensive candling. Food Waterborne Parasitol 2020; 22:e00108. [PMID: 33681486 PMCID: PMC7930124 DOI: 10.1016/j.fawpar.2020.e00108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of Anisakidae at retail level, after the routine screening via candling, was investigated in cod, the most commonly consumed fish species in Belgium. A total of 780 pre-packed belly flap samples destined for one branch of retail shops were collected from a Belgian wholesale company. To recover all larvae, each sample was first candled and thereafter enzymatically digested. Larvae were morphologically identified to the genus level and a subset was additionally molecularly confirmed by amplification of the ITS fragment and HinfI/HhaI enzyme restriction. The PCR/RFLP profiles of Contracaecum spp. were determined and confirmed with sequencing by the European Reference Laboratory for Parasites (Istituto Superiore di Sanità). The positivity rate of Anisakidae in the individual cod samples was 18% [95%-CI: 15–21%], with a mean intensity of one larva [range: 1–6]. Belly flaps were sold packed primarily by two, with a one-in-three chance of buying an infected package. Pseudoterranova spp. infections (single infections) were most frequently detected (positivity rate 9% [95%-CI: 7–11]), closely followed by Anisakis spp. (7% [95%-CI: 6–9]). Co-infections of Pseudoterranova spp. and Anisakis spp. comprised 8% of the infections, with a positivity rate of 1% [95%-CI: 1–3%]. All belly flaps reportedly were candled prior to our sampling, nonetheless our results indicated that an additional candling screening before packaging would identify an extra third of the infections and larvae. In 19 of the 139 infected samples, all larvae were recovered by the additional candling, thereby removing the infection risk for consumers. In conclusion, this study shows that cod belly flaps infected with zoonotic parasites reach the Belgian consumer. Although a second candling step at retail level could be helpful in reducing the consumer risk, additional measures are needed since 66% of infections would still remain undetected. 1/5 of the cod belly flaps at the Belgian retail level are infected with Anisakidae. Identified larvae were Pseudoterranova spp. (58%) and Anisakis spp. (41%). A second candling step recovered 31% of the larvae. A second candling step detects all larvae in 14% of the infected samples. Consumers' chance of buying an Anisakidae infected cod package in retail is 34%.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Mercken
- Laboratory of foodborne parasitic zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - I Van Damme
- Laboratory of foodborne parasitic zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - B Šoba
- Laboratory of foodborne parasitic zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium.,Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - S Vangeenberghe
- Laboratory of foodborne parasitic zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - A Serradell
- Laboratory of foodborne parasitic zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - J P L Lumain
- Laboratory of foodborne parasitic zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - T De Sterck
- Laboratory of foodborne parasitic zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - M Lalle
- Unit of foodborne and neglected parasitic diseases, Department of Infectious Diseases, Instituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - S Gabriël
- Laboratory of foodborne parasitic zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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Riisager-Simonsen C, Rendon O, Galatius A, Olsen MT, Beaumont N. Using ecosystem-services assessments to determine trade-offs in ecosystem-based management of marine mammals. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2020; 34:1152-1164. [PMID: 32285495 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.13512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 11/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The goal of ecosystem-based management (EBM) is to support a sustainable and holistic multisectored management approach, and is recognized in a number of international policy frameworks. However, it remains unknown how these goals should be linked to assessments and management plans for marine fauna, such as mammals and fish stocks. It appears particularly challenging to carry out trade-off analyses of various ocean uses without a framework that integrates knowledge of environmental, social, and economic benefits derived from nonstationary marine fauna. We argue this gap can be filled by applying a version of the ecosystem-service approach at the population level of marine fauna. To advance this idea, we used marine mammals as a case study to demonstrate what indicators could operationalize relevant assessments and deliver an evidence base for the presence of ecosystem services and disservices derived from marine mammals. We found indicators covering common ecosystem service categories feasible to apply; examples of indicator data are already available in the literature for several populations. We encourage further exploration of this approach for application to marina fauna and biodiversity management, with the caveat that conceptual tensions related to the use of the ecosystem service concept itself needs to be addressed to ensure acceptance by relevant stakeholders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Riisager-Simonsen
- National Institute for Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark (DTU Aqua), Kemitorvet 202, Kongens Lyngby, 2800, Denmark
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, Roskilde, 400, Denmark
| | - Olivia Rendon
- Plymouth Marine Laboratory, The Hoe, Plymouth, Prospect Place, Devon, PL13DH, U.K
- School of Psychology, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7XH, U.K
| | - Anders Galatius
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, Roskilde, 400, Denmark
| | - Morten Tange Olsen
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark
| | - Nicola Beaumont
- Plymouth Marine Laboratory, The Hoe, Plymouth, Prospect Place, Devon, PL13DH, U.K
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11
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Ryberg MP, Skov PV, Vendramin N, Buchmann K, Nielsen A, Behrens JW. Physiological condition of Eastern Baltic cod, Gadus morhua, infected with the parasitic nematode Contracaecum osculatum. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 8:coaa093. [PMID: 32995005 PMCID: PMC7507771 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coaa093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Establishing relationships between parasite infection and physiological condition of the host can be difficult and therefore are often neglected when describing factors causing population declines. Using the parasite-host system between the parasitic nematode Contracaecum osculatum and the Eastern Baltic cod Gadus morhua, we here shed new light on how parasite load may relate to the physiological condition of a transport host. The Eastern Baltic cod is in distress, with declining nutritional conditions, disappearance of the larger fish, high natural mortality and no signs of recovery of the population. During the latest decade, high infection levels with C. osculatum have been observed in fish in the central and southern parts of the Baltic Sea. We investigated the aerobic performance, nutritional condition, organ masses, and plasma and proximate body composition of wild naturally infected G. morhua in relation to infection density with C. osculatum. Fish with high infection densities of C. osculatum had (i) decreased nutritional condition, (ii) depressed energy turnover as evidenced by reduced standard metabolic rate, (iii) reduction in the digestive organ masses, and alongside (iv) changes in the plasma, body and liver composition, and fish energy source. The significantly reduced albumin to globulin ratio in highly infected G. morhua suggests that the fish suffer from a chronic liver disease. Furthermore, fish with high infection loads had the lowest Fulton's condition factor. Yet, it remains unknown whether our results steam from a direct effect of C. osculatum, or because G. morhua in an already compromised nutritional state are more susceptible towards the parasite. Nevertheless, impairment of the physiological condition can lead to reduced swimming performance, compromising foraging success while augmenting the risk of predation, potentially leading to an increase in the natural mortality of the host. We hence argue that fish-parasite interactions must not be neglected when implementing and refining strategies to rebuild deteriorating populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Plambech Ryberg
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark (DTU Aqua), Kemitorvet 201, Kgs. Lyngby 2800, Denmark
| | - Peter V Skov
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark (DTU Aqua), Willemoesvej 2, Hirtshals 9850, Denmark
| | - Niccolò Vendramin
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark (DTU Aqua), Kemitorvet 201, Kgs. Lyngby 2800, Denmark
| | - Kurt Buchmann
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Stigbøjlen 7, Frederiksberg 1870, Denmark
| | - Anders Nielsen
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark (DTU Aqua), Kemitorvet 201, Kgs. Lyngby 2800, Denmark
| | - Jane W Behrens
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark (DTU Aqua), Kemitorvet 201, Kgs. Lyngby 2800, Denmark
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12
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Nasal localization of a Pseudoterranova decipiens larva in a Danish patient with suspected allergic rhinitis. J Helminthol 2020; 94:e187. [PMID: 32921327 DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x20000681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Pseudoterranoviasis is a zoonotic disease caused by nematode larvae of species within the genus Pseudoterranova (seal worm, cod worm). Most infections are gastrointestinal, oesophageal or pharyngeal, but here we report a nasal infection. A 33-year-old patient suffering from rhinitis for 1.5 years recovered a worm larva from the nose. Diagnosis was performed by morphological and molecular characterization, showing the causative agent to be a third-stage larva of Pseudoterranova decipiens (sensu stricto). Various infection routes are discussed.
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13
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Deksne G, Davidson RK, Buchmann K, Kärssin A, Kirjušina M, Gavarāne I, Miller AL, Pálsdóttir GR, Robertson LJ, Mørk T, Oksanen A, Palinauskas V, Jokelainen P. Parasites in the changing world - Ten timely examples from the Nordic-Baltic region. Parasite Epidemiol Control 2020; 10:e00150. [PMID: 32435705 PMCID: PMC7232095 DOI: 10.1016/j.parepi.2020.e00150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2019] [Revised: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The world is changing, and parasites adapt. The Nordic-Baltic region in northern Europe - including the Nordic countries Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden, and the Baltic States Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania - is facing new parasitological challenges due to changes in populations of parasites and their hosts and the spread of new parasites to the region due to climate change. Some changes can also be ascribed to increased awareness and detection. In this paper, we review and discuss a convenience selection of ten timely examples of recent observations that exemplify trends and challenges from different fields of parasitology, with particular focus on climate change and potential changes in epidemiology of pathogens in northern Europe. The examples illustrate how addressing parasitological challenges often requires both intersectoral and international collaboration, and how using both historical baseline data and modern methodologies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunita Deksne
- Institute of Food safety, Animal health and Environment “BIOR”, Lejupes Str. 3, Riga LV-1076, Latvia
- Faculty of Biology, University of Latvia, Jelgavas Str. 1, Riga LV-1004, Latvia
| | | | - Kurt Buchmann
- Laboratory of Aquatic Pathobiology, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Stigbøjlen 7, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Age Kärssin
- Veterinary and Food Laboratory, Kreutzwaldi 30, 51006 Tartu, Estonia
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 62, 51006 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Muza Kirjušina
- Institute of Life Sciences and Technology, Daugavpils University, Parādes Str. 1A, Daugavpils LV-5401, Latvia
| | - Inese Gavarāne
- Institute of Life Sciences and Technology, Daugavpils University, Parādes Str. 1A, Daugavpils LV-5401, Latvia
| | - Andrea L. Miller
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, Department for Terrestrial Ecology, Postboks 5685 Sluppen, 7485 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Guðný Rut Pálsdóttir
- Institute for Experimental Pathology at Keldur, University of Iceland, Keldnavegur 3, IS-112 Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Lucy J. Robertson
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Section for Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Parasitology Lab, Adamstuen Campus, Ullevålsveien 72, 0454 Oslo, Norway
| | - Torill Mørk
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Stakkevollvegen 23b, 9010 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Antti Oksanen
- Finnish Food Authority (FINPAR), Elektroniikkatie 3, 90590 Oulu, Finland
| | | | - Pikka Jokelainen
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Bacteria, Parasites & Fungi, Infectious Disease Preparedness, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, 2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark
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14
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Lakemeyer J, Siebert U, Abdulmawjood A, Ryeng KA, IJsseldijk LL, Lehnert K. Anisakid nematode species identification in harbour porpoises ( Phocoena phocoena) from the North Sea, Baltic Sea and North Atlantic using RFLP analysis. Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl 2020; 12:93-98. [PMID: 32489854 PMCID: PMC7260678 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2020.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) are the only native cetacean species in the German North and Baltic Seas and the final host of Anisakis (A.) simplex, which infects their first and second gastric compartments and may cause chronic ulcerative gastritis. Anisakis simplex belongs to the family Anisakidae (Ascaridoidea, Rhabditida) as well as the phocine gastric nematode species Pseudoterranova (P.) decipiens and Contracaecum (C.) osculatum. These nematode species are the main causative agents for the zoonosis anisakidosis. The taxonomy of these genus with life cycles including crustaceans and commercially important fish is complex because of the formation of sibling species. Little is known about anisakid species infecting porpoises in the study area. Mature nematodes and larval stages are often identifiable only by molecular methods due to high morphological and genetic similarity. The restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) method is an alternative to sequencing and was applied to identify anisakid nematodes found in harbour porpoises from the North Sea, Baltic Sea and North Atlantic to species level for the first time. In the study areas, five gastric nematodes from different harbour porpoise hosts were selected to be investigated with restriction enzymes HinfI, RsaI and HaeIII, which were able to differentiate several anisakid nematode species by characteristic banding patterns. Anisakis simplex s. s. was the dominant species found in the North Sea and Baltic porpoises, identified by all three restriction enzymes. Additionally, a hybrid of A. simplex s. s. and A. pegreffii was determined by HinfI in the North Sea samples. Within the North Atlantic specimens, A. simplex s. s., P. decipiens s. s. and Hysterothylacium (H.) aduncum were identified by all enzymes. This demonstrates the value of the RFLP method and the chosen restriction enzymes for the species identification of a broad variety of anisakid nematodes affecting the health of marine mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Lakemeyer
- Institute for Terrestrial and Aquatic Wildlife Research (ITAW), University of Veterinary Medicine, Foundation, Hannover, Werftstrasse 6, 25761, Büsum, Germany
| | - Ursula Siebert
- Institute for Terrestrial and Aquatic Wildlife Research (ITAW), University of Veterinary Medicine, Foundation, Hannover, Werftstrasse 6, 25761, Büsum, Germany
| | - Amir Abdulmawjood
- Institute of Food Quality and Food Safety, Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine, Foundation, Hannover, Bünteweg 17, 30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - Kathrine A. Ryeng
- Institute of Marine Research, Fram Centre, P.O. Box 6606 Langnes, NO, 9296, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Lonneke L. IJsseldijk
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Division of Pathology, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584, CL, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Kristina Lehnert
- Institute for Terrestrial and Aquatic Wildlife Research (ITAW), University of Veterinary Medicine, Foundation, Hannover, Werftstrasse 6, 25761, Büsum, Germany
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15
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Mohamed A, Zuo S, Karami AM, Marnis H, Setyawan A, Mehrdana F, Kirkeby C, Kania P, Buchmann K. Contracaecum osculatum (sensu lato) infection of Gadus morhua in the Baltic Sea: inter- and intraspecific interactions. Int J Parasitol 2020; 50:891-898. [PMID: 32681931 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2020.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The subpopulation of Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua, in the eastern part of the Baltic Sea has experienced a significant increase in infections with anisakid nematode larvae of the species Contracaecum osculatum sensu lato (s.l.) since the year 2000. The life cycle of the parasite includes seals and especially the grey seal, Halichoerus grypus, as final hosts, carrying the adult nematodes in the stomach, crustaceans (copepods, amphipods) as first intermediate hosts and various fish species (clupeids, sandeel) including cod as second intermediate/paratenic hosts. Cod with a body length below 28 cm are generally non-infected but experience increasing infection levels when they switch to a piscine diet (infected intermediate/paratenic hosts). We present an overall frequency distribution analysis of worms in 166 cod (body length 30-49 cm) collected in the spawning area over the last 5 years. It shows a fit to the negative binomial distribution, a prevalence of infection of 89.8%, a mean intensity of 29.3 parasites per fish (range 1-377) and a variance/mean ratio of 59.2 (≫1), indicating overdispersion. We present measurements of the adult Contracaecum osculatum (s.l.) specimens in the seal stomach and show that the parasites reach a maximum length of 6.6 cm (females) and 5.8 cm (males). L3s in sprat have a total length from 1to 11 mm whereas the larvae in cod liver are 3-27 mm. A decreasing mean worm length associated with high worm densities in cod (number of nematodes per liver) was recorded. Possible explanations might include timing of feeding on infected intermediate/paratenic hosts, intraspecific competition (crowding) between larvae in cod and host responses (indicated by a significant antibody production in cod against C. osculatum (s.l.) antigens). A significant negative correlation between infection intensity and muscle mass of cod was found, suggesting parasite-induced down-regulation of growth factors in cod.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdu Mohamed
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Science, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C., Denmark
| | - Shaozhi Zuo
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Science, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C., Denmark
| | - Asma M Karami
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Science, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C., Denmark
| | - Huria Marnis
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Science, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C., Denmark
| | - Agung Setyawan
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Science, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C., Denmark
| | - Foojan Mehrdana
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Science, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C., Denmark
| | - Carsten Kirkeby
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Science, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C., Denmark
| | - Per Kania
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Science, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C., Denmark
| | - Kurt Buchmann
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Science, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C., Denmark.
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Anisakid nematode larvae in the liver of Atlantic cod Gadus morhua L. from West Greenland. Parasitol Res 2020; 119:3233-3241. [PMID: 32656658 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-020-06807-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Anisakid nematode larvae occur frequently in the liver of Atlantic cod, but merely few infection data from cod in waters around Greenland exist. The present study reports the occurrence of third-stage anisakid larvae in the livers of 200 Atlantic cod caught on fishing grounds along the West coast of Greenland (fjord systems of Maniitsoq) in May, June, August and September 2017. Classical and molecular helminthological techniques were used to identify the nematodes. A total of 200 cod livers were examined, and 194 were infected with third-stage nematode larvae (overall prevalence of infection 97%) with a mean intensity of 10.3 (range between 1 and 44 parasites per fish). Prevalences recorded were 96% for Anisakis simplex (s.l.), 55% for Pseudoterranova decipiens (s.l.) and 8% for Contracaecum osculatum (s.l.). Sequencing the mtDNA cox2 from 8 out of 23 these latter larvae conferred these to C. osculatum sp. B. A clear seasonal variation was observed, with a rise in A. simplex (s.l.) and P. decipiens (s.l.) occurrence in June and August and a decline in September. The study may serve as a baseline for future investigations using the three anisakids as biological indicators in Greenland waters.
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17
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Abstract
We suggest helminthological investigations of cod as a supplement to traditional biological and hydrographical methods for elucidation of ecological changes in the Baltic Sea. It is under discussion if oxygen deficit or seal abundance should explain the present critical situation of Baltic cod. A comparative investigation of endoparasitic helminths in Baltic cod (Gadus morhua), captured in the same marine habitat with an interval of 35 years (1983/2018) recorded 11 species of helminths comprising trematodes (Hemiurus luehei, Podocotyle atomon, Lepidapedon elongatum), nematodes (Contracaecum osculatum, Hysterothylacium aduncum, Capillaria gracilis, Cucullanus cirratus), cestodes (Bothriocephalus sp.) and acanthocephalans (Echinorhynchus gadi, Pomphorhynchus laevis, Corynosoma semerme). Significant prevalence and intensity increases were recorded for third-stage larvae of the nematode C. osculatum (liver location) and larvae of C. semerme (encapsulated in viscera). Both parasite species use grey seal as their final host, indicating the recent expansion of the Baltic seal population. A lower E. gadi intensity and an increased prevalence of L. elongatum of small cod (31-40 cm body length) suggest a lowered intake of amphipods (intermediate host) and elevated ingestion of polychaetes, respectively, but no significant changes were seen for other helminths.
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18
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Kent AJ, Pert CC, Briers RA, Diele K, Rueckert S. Increasing intensities of Anisakis simplex third-stage larvae (L3) in Atlantic salmon of coastal waters of Scotland. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:62. [PMID: 32051019 PMCID: PMC7017554 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-3942-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Red Vent Syndrome (RVS), a haemorrhagic inflammation of the vent region in Atlantic salmon, is associated with high abundance of Anisakis simplex (s.s.) third-stage larvae (L3) in the vent region. Despite evidence suggesting that increasing A. simplex (s.s.) intensity is a causative factor in RVS aetiology, the definitive cause remains unclear. Methods A total of 117 Atlantic salmon were sampled from commercial fisheries on the East, West, and North coasts of Scotland and examined for ascaridoid parasites. Genetic identification of a subsample of Anisakis larvae was performed using the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of ribosomal DNA. To assess the extent of differentiation of feeding grounds and dietary composition, stable isotope analysis of carbon and nitrogen was carried out on Atlantic salmon muscle tissue. Results In the present study, the obtained ITS rDNA sequences matched A. simplex (s.s.) sequences deposited in GenBank at 99–100%. Not all isolated larvae (n = 30,406) were genetically identified. Therefore, the morphotype found in this study is referred to as A. simplex (sensu lato). Anisakis simplex (s.l.) was the most prevalent (100%) nematode with the highest mean intensity (259.9 ± 197.3), in comparison to Hysterothylacium aduncum (66.7%, 6.4 ± 10.2) and Pseudoterranova decipiens (s.l.) (14.5%, 1.4 ± 0.6). The mean intensity of A. simplex (s.l.) represents a four-fold increase compared to published data (63.6 ± 31.9) from salmon captured in Scotland in 2009. Significant positive correlations between A. simplex (s.l.) larvae intensities from the body and the vent suggest that they play a role in the emergence of RVS. The lack of a significant variation in stable isotope ratios of Atlantic salmon indicates that diet or feeding ground are not driving regional differences in A. simplex (s.l.) intensities. Conclusions This paper presents the most recent survey for ascaridoid parasites of wild Atlantic salmon from three coastal regions in Scotland. A significant rise in A. simplex (s.l.) intensity could potentially increase both natural mortality rates of Atlantic salmon and possible risks for salmon consumers due to the known zoonotic role of A. simplex (s.s.) and A. pegreffii within the A. simplex (s.l.) species complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J Kent
- School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, EH11 4BN, Scotland. .,Animal, Rural and Environmental Sciences, Nottingham Trent University, Southwell, NG25 0QF, UK.
| | - Campbell C Pert
- School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, EH11 4BN, Scotland
| | - Robert A Briers
- School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, EH11 4BN, Scotland
| | - Karen Diele
- School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, EH11 4BN, Scotland.,St Abbs Marine Station, The Harbour, St Abbs, Berwickshire, TD14 5PW, UK
| | - Sonja Rueckert
- School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, EH11 4BN, Scotland
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19
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Local immune depression in Baltic cod ( Gadus morhua) liver infected with Contracaecum osculatum. J Helminthol 2020; 94:e112. [PMID: 31907099 DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x19001111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Third-stage larvae of the anisakid nematode Contracaecum osculatum infecting cod (Gadus morhua) liver elicit a host immune response involving both innate and adaptive factors, but the reactions differ between liver and spleen. Inflammatory reactions occur in both liver and spleen, but a series of immune effector genes are downregulated in liver infected with nematodes whereas these genes in spleen from the same fish are upregulated. A series of novel primer and probe sets targeting cod immune responses were developed and applied in a real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction set-up to measure the expression of immune-relevant genes in liver and spleen of infected and uninfected cod. In infected liver, 12 of 23 genes were regulated. Genes encoding cytokines associated with inflammatory reactions (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8) were significantly upregulated, whereas genes encoding effector molecules, assisting the elimination of pathogens, C-reactive protein (CRP)-PII, hepcidin, lysozyme G1, lysozyme G2, C3 and IgDm, were significantly downregulated. The number of downregulated genes increased with the parasite burden. In spleen, 14 of 23 immune genes showed significant regulation and nine of these were upregulated, including genes encoding CRPI, CRPII, C3, hepcidin and transferrin. The general gene expression level was higher in spleen compared to liver, and although inflammation was induced in nematode-infected liver, the effector molecule genes were depressed, which suggests a worm-induced immune suppression locally in the liver.
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20
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Presence of Anisakidae in commercial fish species imported into the Belgian food markets: A systematic review and meta-analyses. Int J Food Microbiol 2019; 318:108456. [PMID: 31821936 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2019.108456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Anisakidae are marine zoonotic nematodes with most commercial fish species as intermediate hosts. Both public health risks and socio-economic problems are attributed to these larvae. Despite these concerns, the occurrence of Anisakidae in commercial fish species in Belgium remains unknown. Therefore, the main objective of this systematic review was to look into studies assessing the prevalence and intensity (level of infection) of Anisakidae in countries importing fish to the Belgian market. The databases of PubMed, Web of Science, Cordis, Google Scholar, Google, African Journals online and Asia Journals online were searched. Main eligibility criteria were: fish species consumed in Belgium; studies conducted in one of the main importing countries; and the availability of prevalence data. From the original 519 identified studies, 83 were included with data from Spain, Germany, Chile, Denmark, Turkey, France, China, England, Belgium, Norway, Iceland, Senegal and Sweden. Overall results show a widespread occurrence of Anisakidae with a high variability in prevalence between fish species and fishing sea. Cod (Gadus morhua) and Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), the most consumed fish species in Belgium, have a mean prevalence of 33% and 5% respectively. Of all investigated fishing zones, fish caught in the Northeast Atlantic has the highest rate of infection (68%). Furthermore, higher prevalences were found when looking at the viscera (mean prevalence 59%) compared to the muscle (29%) and with superior techniques such as enzymatic digestion or UV press (46%) compared to candling, the routine method (23%). Farmed fish were found to be the least infected (2%) but were still not Anisakidae free. The widespread presence of Anisakidae and the associated food safety implications indicate the need to further investigate the presence of Anisakidae in fish in the Belgian market.
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21
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Marnis H, Kania PW, Syahputra K, Zuo S, Dirks RP, Buchmann K. Transcriptomic analysis of Baltic cod (Gadus morhua) liver infected with Contracaecum osculatum third stage larvae indicates parasitic effects on growth and immune response. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 93:965-976. [PMID: 31419536 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
High infection levels due to third-stage larvae of the anisakid nematode Contracaecum osculatum have been documented in cod from the eastern part of the Baltic sea during the latest decades. The nematode larvae mainly infect the liver of Baltic cod and prevalence of infection has reached 100% with a mean intensity up to 80 parasites per host in certain areas and size classes. Low condition factors of the cod have been observed concomitant with the rise in parasite abundance suggesting a parasitic effect on growth parameters. To investigate any association between parasite infection and physiological status of the host we performed a comparative transcriptomic analysis of liver obtained from C. osculatum infected and non-infected cod. A total of 47,025 predicted gene models showed expression in cod liver and sequences corresponding to 2084 (4.43%) unigenes were differentially expressed in infected liver when compared to non-infected liver. Of the differentially expressed unigenes (DEGs) 1240 unigenes were up-regulated while 844 unigenes were down-regulated. The Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis showed that 1304 DEGs were represented in cellular process and single-organism process, cell and cell part, binding and catalytic activity. As determined by the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Gene and Genomes (KEGG) Pathways analysis, 454 DEGs were involved in 138 pathways. Ninety-seven genes were related to metabolic pathways including carbohydrate, lipid, and amino acid metabolism. Thirteen regulated genes were playing a role in immune response such as Toll-like receptor signaling, NOD-like receptor signaling, RIG-I-like receptor signalling and thirty-six genes were associated with growth processes. This indicates that the nematode infection in Baltic cod may affect on molecular mechanisms involving metabolism, immune function and growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huria Marnis
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Science, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | - Per W Kania
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Science, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Khairul Syahputra
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Science, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Shaozhi Zuo
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Science, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Ron P Dirks
- Future Genomics Technologies B.V, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Kurt Buchmann
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Science, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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22
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First evidence of the presence of Anisakis simplex in Crangon crangon and Contracaecum osculatum in Gammarus sp. by in situ examination of the stomach contents of cod (Gadus morhua) from the southern Baltic Sea. Parasitology 2019; 146:1699-1706. [DOI: 10.1017/s0031182019001124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
AbstractCod (Gadus morhua), an important fish species in the Baltic Sea, is the paratenic host for many parasite species, including the zoonotic nematodes, Anisakis sp. and Contracaecum osculatum. We aimed to identify which invertebrate species (found in situ in the fish stomach) are responsible for infection of cod with zoonotic nematodes. We found that Crangon crangon and Gammarus sp., both invertebrate prey species of cod, were infected with Anisakis simplex and C. osculatum, respectively. These host–parasite systems are reported here for the first time, implicating C. crangon and Gammarus sp. as sources of infection of Baltic cod with zoonotic nematodes.
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Borucinska JD, Morka D, Grabowski Z, Smith H. A follow-up study of selected biomarkers of health in cod Gadus morhua L. collected from the southern Baltic off the Polish coast. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2017; 40:1883-1894. [PMID: 28661024 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Selected biomarkers of health were examined in 50 post-spawning cod Gadus morhua collected in November 2015 from the southern Baltic. The biomarkers included condition factor (CF), macroscopic lesions, histopathology of spleen, liver and gonads, and morphometry of follicular atresia and hepatic and splenic melanomacrophage cells (MMC). All fish appeared in good body condition. One fish had a dermal ulcer, and in seven, macroscopic nematodes were noted within body cavity. Microscopic lesions in the liver included biliary myxozoanosis, microsporidial and necrocentric granulomas, parasitic hepatitis, multifocal necrosis, foci of cellular alterations, spongiosis, peliosis and cytoplasmic fibrillar inclusions. The spleen and gonads had microsporidial and/or necrocentric granulomas. Some of the biomarkers showed differences as compared to spawning cod collected in May from the same location in 2012, most importantly values an order of magnitude lower for splenic MMC in post-spawning fish. In post-spawning fish, there were statistically significant correlations between MMC, CF, follicular atresia, parasitic hepatitis and microsporidiosis. This is the first comparison of biomarkers of health in post-spawning and spawning Baltic cod. Future studies need to examine the relationships of biomarkers to levels of pollutants in the environment and in tissues of cod.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Borucinska
- Department of Biology, University of Hartford, West Hartford, CT, USA
| | - D Morka
- Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Pomeranian University, Slupsk, Poland
| | - Z Grabowski
- School of the Environment, Portland State University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - H Smith
- Department of Biology, University of Hartford, West Hartford, CT, USA
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Dezfuli BS, Manera M, DePasquale JA, Pironi F, Giari L. Liver of the fish Gymnotus inaequilabiatus and nematode larvae infection: Histochemical features and expression of proliferative cell nuclear antigen. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2017; 40:1765-1774. [PMID: 28493503 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Revised: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Histopathological lesions due to third-larval stage of nematode Brevimulticaecum sp. within the liver of a subpopulation of 31 Gymnotus inaequilabiatus from the Pantanal Region (Brazil) were studied with histochemical and immunohistochemical methods. In 93.5% of fish, livers harboured nematode larvae and the intensity of infection ranged from 8 to 293. In livers with highest number of larvae, the hepatic tissue was occupied primarily by the nematodes. Each larva was encircled by focal inflammatory granulomatous reaction. Within the thickness of the granuloma, three concentric layers were recognized: an inner layer of densely packed epithelioid cells, a middle layer of mast cells (MCs) entrapped in a thin fibroblast-connective mesh and an outer layer of fibrous connective tissue with fibroblasts. Epithelioid cells and fibroblasts within the thickness of the granuloma wall were positive for proliferative cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). Moreover, several hepatocytes in infected liver were immunoreactive to PCNA. Occurrence of rodlet cells and MCs in parenchyma, in close proximity to the encysted nematode larvae and near the blood vessel of infected liver, was observed. Macrophage aggregates (MAs) were numerous within the granulomas and scattered in parenchyma of the infected liver. High quantity of haemosiderin was encountered in MAs and hepatocytes of infected liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Sayyaf Dezfuli
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - M Manera
- Faculty of Biosciences, Food and Environmental Technologies, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | | | - F Pironi
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - L Giari
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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Saduria entomon infected with Hysterothylacium aduncum found in situ in the stomach of cod (Gadus morhua) from the Baltic Sea. J Helminthol 2017; 92:645-648. [DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x1700092x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe parasite fauna of cod (Gadus morhus) is well described, but the life cycles of Baltic cod parasites are known only in general terms. Invertebrates commonly found in the stomach of cod are recognized as intermediate hosts in the life cycles of nematodes or acanthocephalans. The aim of this study was to determine the source of infection of Baltic cod with parasites found in situ in invertebrates present in the cod stomach. Our results indicate that Saduria entomon is both a source of infection of Baltic cod with parasites and an intermediate host in the life cycle of Hysterothylacium aduncum in the Baltic Sea.
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Zuo S, Barlaup L, Mohammadkarami A, Al-Jubury A, Chen D, Kania PW, Buchmann K. Extrusion of Contracaecum osculatum nematode larvae from the liver of cod (Gadus morhua). Parasitol Res 2017; 116:2721-2726. [PMID: 28795224 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-017-5580-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Baltic cod livers have during recent years been found increasingly and heavily infected with third-stage larvae of Contracaecum osculatum. The infections are associated with an increasing population of grey seals which are final hosts for the parasite. Heavy worm burdens challenge utilization and safety of the fish liver products, and technological solutions for removal of worms are highly needed. We investigated the attachment of the worm larvae in liver tissue by use of histochemical techniques and found that the cod host encapsulates the worm larvae in layers of host cells (macrophages, fibroblasts) supported by enclosures of collagen and calcium. A series of incubation techniques, applying compounds targeting molecules in the capsule, were then tested for their effect to induce worm escape/release reactions. Full digestion solutions comprising pepsin, NaCl, HCl and water induced a fast escape of more than 60% of the worm larvae within 20 min and gave full release within 65 min but the liver tissue became highly dispersed. HCl alone, in concentrations of 48 and 72 mM, triggered a corresponding release of worm larvae with minor effect on liver integrity. A lower HCl concentration of 24 mM resulted in 80% release within 35 min. Water and physiological saline had no effect on worm release, and 1% pepsin in water elicited merely a weak escape reaction. In addition to the direct effect of acid on worm behaviour it is hypothesised that the acid effect on calcium carbonate in the encapsulation, with subsequent release of reaction products, may contribute to activation of C. osculatum larvae and induce escape reactions. Short-term pretreatment of infected cod liver and possibly other infected fish products, using low acid concentrations is suggested as part of a technological solution for worm clearance as low acid concentrations had limited macroscopic effect on liver integrity within 35 min.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Zuo
- Laboratory of Aquatic Pathobiology, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - L Barlaup
- Laboratory of Aquatic Pathobiology, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - A Mohammadkarami
- Laboratory of Aquatic Pathobiology, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - A Al-Jubury
- Laboratory of Aquatic Pathobiology, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - D Chen
- Laboratory of Aquatic Pathobiology, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - P W Kania
- Laboratory of Aquatic Pathobiology, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - K Buchmann
- Laboratory of Aquatic Pathobiology, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
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Mehrdana F, Buchmann K. Excretory/secretory products of anisakid nematodes: biological and pathological roles. Acta Vet Scand 2017. [PMID: 28645306 PMCID: PMC5482935 DOI: 10.1186/s13028-017-0310-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasites from the family Anisakidae are widely distributed in marine fish populations worldwide and mainly nematodes of the three genera Anisakis, Pseudoterranova and Contracaecum have attracted attention due to their pathogenicity in humans. Their life cycles include invertebrates and fish as intermediate or transport hosts and mammals or birds as final hosts. Human consumption of raw or underprocessed seafood containing third stage larvae of anisakid parasites may elicit a gastrointestinal disease (anisakidosis) and allergic responses. Excretory and secretory (ES) compounds produced by the parasites are assumed to be key players in clinical manifestation of the disease in humans, but the molecules are likely to play a general biological role in invertebrates and lower vertebrates as well. ES products have several functions during infection, e.g. penetration of host tissues and evasion of host immune responses, but are at the same time known to elicit immune responses (including antibody production) both in fish and mammals. ES proteins from anisakid nematodes, in particular Anisakis simplex, are currently applied for diagnostic purposes but recent evidence suggests that they also may have a therapeutic potential in immune-related diseases.
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Nadolna-Ałtyn K, Podolska M, Szostakowska B. Great sandeel (Hyperoplus lanceolatus) as a putative transmitter of parasite Contracaecum osculatum (Nematoda: Anisakidae). Parasitol Res 2017; 116:1931-1936. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-017-5471-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Reviewing biodiversity and epidemiological aspects of anisakid nematodes from the North-east Atlantic Ocean. J Helminthol 2017; 91:422-439. [PMID: 28397641 DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x1700027x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
This review provides an inventory of the biodiversity of the anisakid species identified so far from fish and marine mammals of the NE Atlantic Ocean. The paper reviews and discusses various taxonomical and epidemiological aspects related to biodiversity assessment, with emphasis on: (1) taxa recognized as 'biological species' based on molecular/genetic markers; (2) current molecular/genetic approaches to identify the species at different developmental stages; (3) ecological data related to the actual geographical distribution and definitive host preferences of the species; (4) their distribution in various, commercially important fish species in northern European waters; (5) their possible occurrence in farmed fish; and, finally, (6) an update of their zoonotic potential as causative agents of anisakidosis in humans.
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Contracaecum osculatumand other anisakid nematodes in grey seals and cod in the Baltic Sea: molecular and ecological links. J Helminthol 2017; 92:81-89. [DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x17000025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
AbstractPopulations of grey seals (Halichoerus grypus), sprats (Sprattus sprattus) and cod (Gadus morhua) in the Baltic Sea are relatively stationary. The present work, applying classical and molecular helminthological techniques, documents that seals and cod also share a common parasite, the anisakid nematodeContracaecum osculatum, which uses seals as the final host and fish as transport hosts. Sequencing mitochondrial genes (COX1andCOX2) in adult worms from seals and third-stage larvae from livers of Baltic fish (sprats and cod), showed that all gene variants occur in both seals and fish. Other anisakid nematodesPseudoterranova decipiensandAnisakis simplexare also found in both seals and cod in the Baltic Sea, but at much lower rates. The Baltic grey seal population was left at a critically low level (comprising a few hundred individuals) during the latter part of the 20th century, but since the year 2000 a marked increase in the population has been observed, reaching more than 40,000 individuals at present. Ecological consequences of the increased seal abundance may result from increased predation on fish stocks, but recent evidence also points to the influence of elevated parasitism on fish performance.Contracaecum osculatumlarvae preferentially infect the liver of Baltic cod, considered a vital organ of the host. Whereas low prevalences and intensities in cod were reported during the 1980s and 1990s, the present study documents 100% prevalence and a mean intensity of above 80 worms per fish. Recent studies have also indicated the zoonotic potential ofC. osculatumlarvae in fish, following the consumption of raw or under-cooked fish. Therefore the present work discusses the impact of parasitism on the cod stock and the increasing risk for consumer health, and lists possible solutions for control.
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Casini M, Käll F, Hansson M, Plikshs M, Baranova T, Karlsson O, Lundström K, Neuenfeldt S, Gårdmark A, Hjelm J. Hypoxic areas, density-dependence and food limitation drive the body condition of a heavily exploited marine fish predator. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2016; 3:160416. [PMID: 27853557 PMCID: PMC5098982 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.160416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Investigating the factors regulating fish condition is crucial in ecology and the management of exploited fish populations. The body condition of cod (Gadus morhua) in the Baltic Sea has dramatically decreased during the past two decades, with large implications for the fishery relying on this resource. Here, we statistically investigated the potential drivers of the Baltic cod condition during the past 40 years using newly compiled fishery-independent biological data and hydrological observations. We evidenced a combination of different factors operating before and after the ecological regime shift that occurred in the Baltic Sea in the early 1990s. The changes in cod condition related to feeding opportunities, driven either by density-dependence or food limitation, along the whole period investigated and to the fivefold increase in the extent of hypoxic areas in the most recent 20 years. Hypoxic areas can act on cod condition through different mechanisms related directly to species physiology, or indirectly to behaviour and trophic interactions. Our analyses found statistical evidence for an effect of the hypoxia-induced habitat compression on cod condition possibly operating via crowding and density-dependent processes. These results furnish novel insights into the population dynamics of Baltic Sea cod that can aid the management of this currently threatened population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Casini
- Department of Aquatic Resources, Institute of Marine Research, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Turistgatan 5, 45330 Lysekil, Sweden
- Author for correspondence: Michele Casini e-mail:
| | - Filip Käll
- Department of Aquatic Resources, Institute of Marine Research, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Turistgatan 5, 45330 Lysekil, Sweden
| | - Martin Hansson
- Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute, Sven Källfelts gatan 15, 42671 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Maris Plikshs
- Fish Resources Research Department, Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment, Daugavgrivas 8, 1048 Riga, Latvia
| | - Tatjana Baranova
- Fish Resources Research Department, Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment, Daugavgrivas 8, 1048 Riga, Latvia
| | - Olle Karlsson
- Department of Environmental Research and Monitoring, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Box 50007, 10405 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karl Lundström
- Department of Aquatic Resources, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Coastal Research, Skolgatan 6, 74242 Öregrund, Sweden
| | - Stefan Neuenfeldt
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, 2920 Charlottenlund, Denmark
| | - Anna Gårdmark
- Department of Aquatic Resources, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Coastal Research, Skolgatan 6, 74242 Öregrund, Sweden
| | - Joakim Hjelm
- Department of Aquatic Resources, Institute of Marine Research, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Turistgatan 5, 45330 Lysekil, Sweden
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Casini M, Käll F, Hansson M, Plikshs M, Baranova T, Karlsson O, Lundström K, Neuenfeldt S, Gårdmark A, Hjelm J. Hypoxic areas, density-dependence and food limitation drive the body condition of a heavily exploited marine fish predator. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2016. [PMID: 27853557 DOI: 10.5061/dryad.875fb] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Investigating the factors regulating fish condition is crucial in ecology and the management of exploited fish populations. The body condition of cod (Gadus morhua) in the Baltic Sea has dramatically decreased during the past two decades, with large implications for the fishery relying on this resource. Here, we statistically investigated the potential drivers of the Baltic cod condition during the past 40 years using newly compiled fishery-independent biological data and hydrological observations. We evidenced a combination of different factors operating before and after the ecological regime shift that occurred in the Baltic Sea in the early 1990s. The changes in cod condition related to feeding opportunities, driven either by density-dependence or food limitation, along the whole period investigated and to the fivefold increase in the extent of hypoxic areas in the most recent 20 years. Hypoxic areas can act on cod condition through different mechanisms related directly to species physiology, or indirectly to behaviour and trophic interactions. Our analyses found statistical evidence for an effect of the hypoxia-induced habitat compression on cod condition possibly operating via crowding and density-dependent processes. These results furnish novel insights into the population dynamics of Baltic Sea cod that can aid the management of this currently threatened population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Casini
- Department of Aquatic Resources, Institute of Marine Research , Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences , Turistgatan 5, 45330 Lysekil , Sweden
| | - Filip Käll
- Department of Aquatic Resources, Institute of Marine Research , Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences , Turistgatan 5, 45330 Lysekil , Sweden
| | - Martin Hansson
- Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute , Sven Källfelts gatan 15, 42671 Gothenburg , Sweden
| | - Maris Plikshs
- Fish Resources Research Department , Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment , Daugavgrivas 8, 1048 Riga , Latvia
| | - Tatjana Baranova
- Fish Resources Research Department , Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment , Daugavgrivas 8, 1048 Riga , Latvia
| | - Olle Karlsson
- Department of Environmental Research and Monitoring , Swedish Museum of Natural History , Box 50007, 10405 Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Karl Lundström
- Department of Aquatic Resources , Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Coastal Research , Skolgatan 6, 74242 Öregrund , Sweden
| | - Stefan Neuenfeldt
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources , Technical University of Denmark , 2920 Charlottenlund , Denmark
| | - Anna Gårdmark
- Department of Aquatic Resources , Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Coastal Research , Skolgatan 6, 74242 Öregrund , Sweden
| | - Joakim Hjelm
- Department of Aquatic Resources, Institute of Marine Research , Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences , Turistgatan 5, 45330 Lysekil , Sweden
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Effects of anisakid nematodes Anisakis simplex (s.l.), Pseudoterranova decipiens (s.l.) and Contracaecum osculatum (s.l.) on fish and consumer health. Food Waterborne Parasitol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fawpar.2016.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Sayyaf Dezfuli B, Fernandes CE, Galindo GM, Castaldelli G, Manera M, DePasquale JA, Lorenzoni M, Bertin S, Giari L. Nematode infection in liver of the fish Gymnotus inaequilabiatus (Gymnotiformes: Gymnotidae) from the Pantanal Region in Brazil: pathobiology and inflammatory response. Parasit Vectors 2016; 9:473. [PMID: 27576434 PMCID: PMC5006381 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1772-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A survey on endoparasitic helminths from freshwater fishes in the Pantanal Region (Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil) revealed the occurrence of third-larval stage of the nematode Brevimulticaecum sp. (Heterocheilidae) in most organs of Gymnotus inaequilabiatus (Gymnotidae) also known by the local name tuvira. The aim of the present study was to examine Brevimulticaecum sp.-infected tuvira liver at the ultrastructural level and clarify the nature of granulomas and the cellular elements involved in the immune response to nematode larvae. METHODS Thirty-eight adult specimens of tuvira from Porto Morrinho, were acquired in January and March 2016. Infected and uninfected liver tissues were fixed and prepared for histological and ultrastructure investigations. RESULTS The prevalence of infection of tuvira liver by the nematode larvae was 95 %, with an intensity of infection ranging from 4 to 343 larvae (mean ± SD: 55.31 ± 73.94 larvae per liver). In livers with high numbers of nematode larvae, almost entire hepatic tissue was occupied by the parasites. Hepatocytes showed slight to mild degenerative changes and accumulation of pigments. Parasite larvae were surrounded by round to oval granulomas, the result of focal host tissue response to the infection. Each granuloma was typically formed by three concentric layers: an outer layer of fibrous connective tissue with thin elongated fibroblasts; a middle layer of mast cells entrapped in a thin fibroblast-connective mesh; and an inner layer of densely packed epithelioid cells, displaying numerous desmosomes between each other. Numerous macrophage aggregates occurred in the granulomas and in the parenchyma. CONCLUSIONS Our results in tuvira showed that the larvae were efficiently sequestered within the granulomas, most of the inflammatory components were confined within the thickness of the granuloma, and the parenchyma was relatively free of immune cells and without fibrosis. Presumably this focal encapsulation of the parasites permits uninfected portions of liver to maintain its functions and allows the survival of the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahram Sayyaf Dezfuli
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Carlos E. Fernandes
- Laboratory of Pathology, CCBS, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Brazil
| | - Gizela M. Galindo
- Laboratory of Pathology, CCBS, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Brazil
| | - Giuseppe Castaldelli
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Maurizio Manera
- Department of Food Science, University of Teramo, St. Crispi 212, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | | | - Massimo Lorenzoni
- Department of Cellular and Environmental Biology, University of Perugia, St. Elce di Sotto 5, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Sara Bertin
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Luisa Giari
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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Kuhn T, Cunze S, Kochmann J, Klimpel S. Environmental variables and definitive host distribution: a habitat suitability modelling for endohelminth parasites in the marine realm. Sci Rep 2016; 6:30246. [PMID: 27507328 PMCID: PMC4995312 DOI: 10.1038/srep30246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine nematodes of the genus Anisakis are common parasites of a wide range of aquatic organisms. Public interest is primarily based on their importance as zoonotic agents of the human Anisakiasis, a severe infection of the gastro-intestinal tract as result of consuming live larvae in insufficiently cooked fish dishes. The diverse nature of external impacts unequally influencing larval and adult stages of marine endohelminth parasites requires the consideration of both abiotic and biotic factors. Whereas abiotic factors are generally more relevant for early life stages and might also be linked to intermediate hosts, definitive hosts are indispensable for a parasite’s reproduction. In order to better understand the uneven occurrence of parasites in fish species, we here use the maximum entropy approach (Maxent) to model the habitat suitability for nine Anisakis species accounting for abiotic parameters as well as biotic data (definitive hosts). The modelled habitat suitability reflects the observed distribution quite well for all Anisakis species, however, in some cases, habitat suitability exceeded the known geographical distribution, suggesting a wider distribution than presently recorded. We suggest that integrative modelling combining abiotic and biotic parameters is a valid approach for habitat suitability assessments of Anisakis, and potentially other marine parasite species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Kuhn
- Goethe-University, Institute for Ecology, Evolution and Diversity; Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre; Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung; Max-von-Laue-Str. 13, D-60438 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Sarah Cunze
- Goethe-University, Institute for Ecology, Evolution and Diversity; Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre; Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung; Max-von-Laue-Str. 13, D-60438 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Judith Kochmann
- Goethe-University, Institute for Ecology, Evolution and Diversity; Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre; Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung; Max-von-Laue-Str. 13, D-60438 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Sven Klimpel
- Goethe-University, Institute for Ecology, Evolution and Diversity; Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre; Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung; Max-von-Laue-Str. 13, D-60438 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
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Zuo S, Huwer B, Bahlool Q, Al-Jubury A, Daugbjerg Christensen N, Korbut R, Kania P, Buchmann K. Host size-dependent anisakid infection in Baltic cod Gadus morhua associated with differential food preferences. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2016; 120:69-75. [PMID: 27304871 DOI: 10.3354/dao03002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A significant increase in the infection level of Baltic cod Gadus morhua with the anisakid nematode larvae Contracaecum osculatum and Pseudoterranova decipiens has been recorded during recent years due to the expanding local population of grey seals Halichoerus grypus, which act as final hosts for these parasites. Here, we report from an investigation of 368 cod (total length [TL] 6-49 cm; caught in ICES Subdivision 25) that the infection level of juvenile cod (TL 6-30 cm) with larvae of C. osculatum and P. decipiens is absent or very low, whereas it increases drastically in larger cod (TL 31-48 cm). A third nematode Hysterothylacium aduncum was rarely found. The study indicates that the prey animals for large cod act as transport hosts for the parasite larvae. Analyses of stomach contents of cod caught in the same area (2007-2014) showed that small benthic organisms (including polychaetes Harmothoë sarsi) are preferred food items by small cod, the isopod Saduria entomon is taken by all size classes, and sprat Sprattus sprattus are common prey items for cod larger than 30 cm. Parasitological investigations (microscopic and molecular analyses) of H. sarsi (100 specimens) and S. entomon (40 specimens) did not reveal infection in these invertebrates, but 11.6% of sprat (265 specimens examined) was shown to be infected with 1-8 C. osculatum third stage larvae per fish. Analyses of sprat stomach contents confirmed that copepods and cladocerans are the main food items of sprat. These observations suggest that the C. osculatum life cycle in the Baltic Sea includes grey seals as final hosts, sprat as the first transport host and cod as second transport host. It may be speculated that sprat obtain infection by feeding on copepods and/or cladocerans, which could serve as the first intermediate hosts. One cannot exclude the possibility that the size-dependent C. osculatum infection of cod may contribute (indirectly or directly) to the differential mortality of larger cod (>38 cm) compared to smaller cod (<30 cm) recently recorded in the Baltic cod population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaozhi Zuo
- Laboratory of Aquatic Pathobiology, Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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Third-stage nematode larvae of Contracaecum osculatum from Baltic cod (Gadus morhua) elicit eosinophilic granulomatous reactions when penetrating the stomach mucosa of pigs. Parasitol Res 2015; 114:1217-20. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-014-4306-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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39
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Zarlenga DS, Hoberg E, Rosenthal B, Mattiucci S, Nascetti G. Anthropogenics: Human Influence on Global and Genetic Homogenization of Parasite Populations. J Parasitol 2014; 100:756-72. [DOI: 10.1645/14-622.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
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40
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Mehrdana F, Bahlool QZM, Skov J, Marana MH, Sindberg D, Mundeling M, Overgaard BC, Korbut R, Strøm SB, Kania PW, Buchmann K. Occurrence of zoonotic nematodes Pseudoterranova decipiens, Contracaecum osculatum and Anisakis simplex in cod (Gadus morhua) from the Baltic Sea. Vet Parasitol 2014; 205:581-7. [PMID: 25224792 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2014.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Revised: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 08/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Baltic cod Gadus morhua (a total of total 224 specimens) captured east of the island of Bornholm in the southern Baltic Sea were subjected to a parasitological investigation between March 2013 and April 2014. Full artificial digestion of fillets from 188 cod and additional investigation of livers from 36 cod were performed. Cod or seal worm Pseudoterranova decipiens was recorded in musculature (prevalences up to 55% and intensities up to 56 worms per fish) associated with a negative correlation between worm intensity and condition factor. Liver worm Contracaecum osculatum (100% prevalence with intensities up to 320 worms per fish) in liver tissue were recorded but only a slight negative correlation between intensity and condition factor was noted. Seals act as final host for both worm species and the increased occurrence during recent years is associated with the increasing grey seal population in the area. Infection with Anisakis simplex (the herring or whale worm) in Baltic cod was found at a low level corresponding to previous studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Foojan Mehrdana
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Qusay Z M Bahlool
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Jakob Skov
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Moonika H Marana
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Diana Sindberg
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Mai Mundeling
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Bettina C Overgaard
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Rozalia Korbut
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Sverri B Strøm
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Per W Kania
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Kurt Buchmann
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
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