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French SK, Pearl DL, Sutton WB, Peregrine AS, Jardine CM. Environmental factors associated with Baylisascaris procyonis infection from a population of raccoons in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Urban Ecosyst 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11252-021-01177-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Wolfkill J, Bejarano ME, Serfass TL, Turner G, Brosi S, Feller D, Mahan CG. The Prevalence of the Raccoon Roundworm, Baylisascaris procyonis, in Allegheny Woodrat Habitat in the Mid-Atlantic Region, U.S.A. AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST 2021. [DOI: 10.1674/0003-0031-185.1.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Wolfkill
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University – Altoona College, 3000 Ivyside Park, Altoona, 16601
| | - Maria Elena Bejarano
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University – Altoona College, 3000 Ivyside Park, Altoona, 16601
| | - Thomas L. Serfass
- Department of Biology, Frostburg State University, 101 Braddock Road, Frostburg, Maryland 21532
| | - Greg Turner
- Pennsylvania Game Commission, 2001 Elmerton Avenue, Harrisburg, 17110
| | - Sunshine Brosi
- Department of Biology and Natural Resource, Frostburg State University, Frostburg, MD 21532
| | - Daniel Feller
- Department of Natural Resources, UMCES Appalachian Laboratory, 301 Braddock Rd., Frostburg, MD 21532
| | - Carolyn G. Mahan
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University – Altoona College, 3000 Ivyside Park, Altoona, 16601
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French SK, Pearl DL, Peregrine AS, Jardine CM. Spatio-temporal clustering of Baylisascaris procyonis, a zoonotic parasite, in raccoons across different landscapes in southern Ontario. Spat Spatiotemporal Epidemiol 2020; 35:100371. [PMID: 33138952 DOI: 10.1016/j.sste.2020.100371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Baylisascaris procyonis, the raccoon roundworm, is a parasite found throughout North America and parts of Europe. More than 150 species of mammals and birds including humans can develop neurological disease following infection with the larval stage of this parasite. To investigate whether B. procyonis infections in raccoons cluster in space, time, or space-time, we used data from 1353 Ontario raccoons submitted to the Canadian Wildlife Health Cooperative between 2013 and 2016. We identified a significant spatial cluster of increased infection prevalence in southern Ontario centered over a major metropolitan area, as well as a significant cluster of decreased infection prevalence in a primarily agricultural region in southwestern Ontario. Furthermore, we identified statistically significant temporal clusters in the fall in annual scans of data from 2014, 2015 and 2016. Examination of both Bernoulli and space-time permutation models for space-time analysis suggested that the purely spatial and temporal clusters were not explained by relatively short and spatially discrete events in space-time. The identified annual temporal clusters are consistent with previous research on the seasonality of B. procyonis infection in raccoons. Recognition of the spatial infection clusters will help identify potential geographic and anthropogenic factors associated with the occurrence of B. procyonis infection in raccoons. Given the zoonotic potential of this parasite, identification of a cluster of high infection prevalence in a major metropolitan area has implications for public education and risk management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon K French
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd E, Guelph ON N1G 2W1, Canada; Canadian Wildlife Health Cooperative, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd E, Guelph ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - David L Pearl
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd E, Guelph ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - Andrew S Peregrine
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd E, Guelph ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - Claire M Jardine
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd E, Guelph ON N1G 2W1, Canada; Canadian Wildlife Health Cooperative, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd E, Guelph ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
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DEMOGRAPHIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH BAYLISASCARIS PROCYONIS INFECTION OF RACCOONS (PROCYON LOTOR) IN ONTARIO, CANADA. J Wildl Dis 2020. [DOI: 10.7589/2019-06-153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Thornton GL, French SK, Peregrine AS, Jardine CM. Prevalence of Baylisascaris procyonis in raccoon latrines in southern Ontario, Canada. VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY- REGIONAL STUDIES AND REPORTS 2020; 20:100392. [PMID: 32448536 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2020.100392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Raccoon latrines represent sites of potential infection by the zoonotic parasite Baylisascaris procyonis for wildlife and humans. Our objective was to determine the prevalence of B. procyonis at raccoon latrine sites in southern Ontario. Thirty raccoon latrines were sampled between June - July 2018; multiple scats were collected and homogenized to form a representative sample of each latrine. To determine the presence or absence of B. procyonis eggs in each sample, we used the Cornell-Wisconsin centrifugal floatation technique. Twenty-three percent (7/30) of homogenized samples tested positive for B. procyonis. Eggs per gram of feces ranged from 1 to 388 (median = 1.28, IQR = 0.32-232.5). Baylisascaris procyonis positive latrines were found in conservation areas heavily used by people, which may represent a possible source of exposure for humans in these areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace L Thornton
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada; Canadian Cooperative Wildlife Health Centre, Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Shannon K French
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada; Canadian Cooperative Wildlife Health Centre, Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - Andrew S Peregrine
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Claire M Jardine
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada; Canadian Cooperative Wildlife Health Centre, Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
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French SK, Pearl DL, Peregrine AS, Jardine CM. Baylisascaris procyonis infection in raccoons: A review of demographic and environmental factors influencing parasite carriage. VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY- REGIONAL STUDIES AND REPORTS 2019; 16:100275. [PMID: 31027589 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2019.100275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 12/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Baylisascaris procyonis, the roundworm of raccoons (Procyon lotor), is an emerging helminthic zoonosis in North America. Since the larval form is capable of causing neurological disease in more than 150 species of birds and mammals including humans, understanding factors that influence carriage of the parasite by raccoons is important for mitigating risk. This review examines the current literature to identify major demographic and environmental risk factors associated with B. procyonis carriage in wild raccoons. Raccoon age and season of sample collection were most commonly identified as risk factors, with increased prevalence found in juvenile animals and when sample collection occurred in the fall. Human urbanization and agricultural land use were also observed as potential risk factors; however, there are inconsistencies in the direction of influence these risk factors have on the prevalence of infection. Further investigation into the role of environmental risk factors is required to better understand how human activities influence parasite carriage in raccoons. Additionally, future research using multivariable statistical models guided by epidemiological principles to control for confounding variables and identify interaction effects will help clarify the effect of these demographic and environmental factors. Developing a better understanding of the primary risk factors for parasite carriage in raccoons will help identify areas of higher risk for environmental contamination and will aid in the development and refinement of education and management programs to reduce the risk of human exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon K French
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd E, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; Canadian Wildlife Health Cooperative, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd E, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - David L Pearl
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd E, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; Canadian Wildlife Health Cooperative, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd E, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - Andrew S Peregrine
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd E, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - Claire M Jardine
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd E, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; Canadian Wildlife Health Cooperative, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd E, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
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Sapp SGH, Rascoe LN, Wilkins PP, Handali S, Gray EB, Eberhard M, Woodhall DM, Montgomery SP, Bailey KL, Lankau EW, Yabsley MJ. Baylisascaris procyonis Roundworm Seroprevalence among Wildlife Rehabilitators, United States and Canada, 2012-2015. Emerg Infect Dis 2018; 22:2128-2131. [PMID: 27869612 PMCID: PMC5189140 DOI: 10.3201/eid2212.160467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Baylisascaris procyonis roundworms can cause potentially fatal neural larva migrans in many species, including humans. However, the clinical spectrum of baylisascariasis is not completely understood. We tested 347 asymptomatic adult wildlife rehabilitators for B. procyonis antibodies; 24 were positive, suggesting that subclinical baylisascariasis is occurring among this population.
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Gordon CA, McManus DP, Jones MK, Gray DJ, Gobert GN. The Increase of Exotic Zoonotic Helminth Infections: The Impact of Urbanization, Climate Change and Globalization. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2016; 91:311-97. [PMID: 27015952 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2015.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Zoonotic parasitic diseases are increasingly impacting human populations due to the effects of globalization, urbanization and climate change. Here we review the recent literature on the most important helminth zoonoses, including reports of incidence and prevalence. We discuss those helminth diseases which are increasing in endemic areas and consider their geographical spread into new regions within the framework of globalization, urbanization and climate change to determine the effect these variables are having on disease incidence, transmission and the associated challenges presented for public health initiatives, including control and elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine A Gordon
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Infectious Diseases Division, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Donald P McManus
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Infectious Diseases Division, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Malcolm K Jones
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Infectious Diseases Division, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Darren J Gray
- Research School of Population Health, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Geoffrey N Gobert
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Infectious Diseases Division, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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