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López-Méndez I, Méndez-Maldonado K, Manzo-Francisco LA, Juárez-Hernández E, Uribe M, Barbero-Becerra VJ. G protein-coupled receptors: Key molecules in metabolic associated fatty liver disease development. Nutr Res 2020; 87:70-79. [PMID: 33601216 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2020.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) is a range of hepatic disorders with progression to steatohepatitis with risk of development of fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. MAFLD is strongly related to metabolic disorders of active fatty acids, which seem to be selective according to their specific ligand of G protein-coupled receptors (GPRs) located in immune response cells. An approach to study the pathophysiological mechanisms of MAFLD could be through the expression of active fatty acids ligands. The expression of GPRs is associated with obesity, microbiota environment, and dietary characteristics in patients with MAFLD. More specifically, GPR41, GPR43, GPR20, and GPR120 have been associated with alteration of lipid metabolism in hepatic and intestinal cells, and consequently they have a key role in metabolic diseases. We observed that GPR120 is not expressed in nonoverweight/obese patients, regardless of the presence of MAFLD; meanwhile the expression of GPR41 is increased in patients with lean MAFLD. GPRs role in liver disease is intriguing and a field of research opportunity. More studies are necessary to define the role of active fatty acids in the development of metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iván López-Méndez
- Transplants and Hepatology Unit, Medica Sur Clinic & Foundation, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Karla Méndez-Maldonado
- Cellular Physiology Institute, Neurosciences Division & Physiology and Pharmacology Department, Veterinary and Zootechnics Faculty, UNAM, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Eva Juárez-Hernández
- Translational Research Unit, Medica Sur Clinic & Foundation, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Misael Uribe
- Gastrointestinal and Obesity Unit, Medica Sur Clinic & Foundation, Mexico City, Mexico
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Minireview Exploring the Biological Cycle of Vitamin B3 and Its Influence on Oxidative Stress: Further Molecular and Clinical Aspects. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25153323. [PMID: 32707945 PMCID: PMC7436124 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25153323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin B3, or niacin, is one of the most important compounds of the B-vitamin complex. Recent reports have demonstrated the involvement of vitamin B3 in a number of pivotal functions which ensure that homeostasis is maintained. In addition, the intriguing nature of its synthesis and the underlying mechanism of action of vitamin B3 have encouraged further studies aimed at deepening our understanding of the close link between the exogenous supply of B3 and how it activates dependent enzymes. This crucial role can be attributed to the gut microflora and its ability to shape human behavior and development by mediating the bioavailability of metabolites. Recent studies have indicated a possible interconnection between the novel coronavirus and commensal bacteria. As such, we have attempted to explain how the gastrointestinal deficiencies displayed by SARS-CoV-2-infected patients arise. It seems that the stimulation of a proinflammatory cascade and the production of large amounts of reactive oxygen species culminates in the subsequent loss of host eubiosis. Studies of the relationhip between ROS, SARS-CoV-2, and gut flora are sparse in the current literature. As an integrated component, oxidative stress (OS) has been found to negatively influence host eubiosis, in vitro fertilization outcomes, and oocyte quality, but to act as a sentinel against infections. In conclusion, research suggests that in the future, a healthy diet may be considered a reliable tool for maintaining and optimizing our key internal parameters.
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Sun Z, Han Y, Song S, Chen T, Han Y, Liu Y. Activation of GPR81 by lactate inhibits oscillatory shear stress-induced endothelial inflammation by activating the expression of KLF2. IUBMB Life 2019; 71:2010-2019. [PMID: 31444899 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a common and deadly cardiovascular disease with extremely high prevalence. Areas of the vasculature exposed to oscillatory shear stress (OSS) or disturbed blood flow are particularly prone to the development of atherosclerotic lesions. In part, various mechanosensitive receptors on the surface of endothelial cells play a role in regulating the ability of the vasculature to cope with variations in blood flow patterns. However, the exact mechanisms behind flow-mediated endothelial responses remain poorly understood. Along with the development of highly specific receptor agonists, the class of G coupled-protein receptors has been receiving increasing attention as potential therapeutic targets. G coupled-protein receptor 81 (GPR81), also known as hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 1 (HCA1 ), is activated by lactate, its endogenous ligand. In the present study, we show for the first time that expression of GPR81 is significantly downregulated in response to OSS in endothelial cells and that activation of GPR81 using physiologically relevant doses of lactate can rescue OSS-induced reduced GPR81 expression. Importantly, our findings demonstrate that activation of GPR81 can exert valuable atheroprotective effects in endothelial cells exposed to OSS by reducing oxidative stress and significantly downregulating the expression of inflammatory cytokines including interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1, and high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1). We also show that activation of GPR81 can potentially prevent the attachment of monocytes to the endothelium by suppressing OSS-induced secretion of vascular cellular adhesion molecule (VCAM)-1 and endothelial-selectin (E-selectin). Finally, we show that activation of GPR81 can rescue OSS-induced reduced expression of the key atheroprotective transcription factor Kruppel-like factor 2 (KLF2), which is mediated through the extracellular-regulated kinase 5 (ERK5) pathway. These findings demonstrate a potential protective role of GPR81 against atherogenesis and that targeted activation of GPR81 may inhibit endothelial inflammation and dysfunction induced by OSS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zirui Sun
- Heart Center of Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Central China Fuwai Hospital,Central China Fuwai Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yu Han
- Heart Center of Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Central China Fuwai Hospital,Central China Fuwai Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Shubo Song
- Department of Pediatric Cardiac Surgery, Fuwai Central China Cardiovascular Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Tongfeng Chen
- Heart Center of Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Central China Fuwai Hospital,Central China Fuwai Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yan Han
- Heart Center of Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Central China Fuwai Hospital,Central China Fuwai Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yuhao Liu
- Heart Center of Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Central China Fuwai Hospital,Central China Fuwai Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
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Thingholm LB, Rühlemann MC, Koch M, Fuqua B, Laucke G, Boehm R, Bang C, Franzosa EA, Hübenthal M, Rahnavard A, Frost F, Lloyd-Price J, Schirmer M, Lusis AJ, Vulpe CD, Lerch MM, Homuth G, Kacprowski T, Schmidt CO, Nöthlings U, Karlsen TH, Lieb W, Laudes M, Franke A, Huttenhower C. Obese Individuals with and without Type 2 Diabetes Show Different Gut Microbial Functional Capacity and Composition. Cell Host Microbe 2019; 26:252-264.e10. [PMID: 31399369 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2019.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D) are metabolic disorders that are linked to microbiome alterations. However, their co-occurrence poses challenges in disentangling microbial features unique to each condition. We analyzed gut microbiomes of lean non-diabetic (n = 633), obese non-diabetic (n = 494), and obese individuals with T2D (n = 153) from German population and metabolic disease cohorts. Microbial taxonomic and functional profiles were analyzed along with medical histories, serum metabolomics, biometrics, and dietary data. Obesity was associated with alterations in microbiome composition, individual taxa, and functions with notable changes in Akkermansia, Faecalibacterium, Oscillibacter, and Alistipes, as well as in serum metabolites that correlated with gut microbial patterns. However, microbiome associations were modest for T2D, with nominal increases in Escherichia/Shigella. Medications, including antihypertensives and antidiabetics, along with dietary supplements including iron, were significantly associated with microbiome variation. These results differentiate microbial components of these interrelated metabolic diseases and identify dietary and medication exposures to consider in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise B Thingholm
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Malte C Rühlemann
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Manja Koch
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Brie Fuqua
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Guido Laucke
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Ruwen Boehm
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Corinna Bang
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Eric A Franzosa
- Biostatistics Department, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA; The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02115, USA
| | - Matthias Hübenthal
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany; Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergy, University Hospital, Schleswig-Holstein, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Ali Rahnavard
- Biostatistics Department, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA; The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02115, USA
| | - Fabian Frost
- Department of Medicine A, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Jason Lloyd-Price
- Biostatistics Department, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA; The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02115, USA
| | - Melanie Schirmer
- Biostatistics Department, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA; The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02115, USA
| | - Aldons J Lusis
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Chris D Vulpe
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Markus M Lerch
- Department of Medicine A, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Georg Homuth
- Department of Functional Genomics, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Tim Kacprowski
- Department of Functional Genomics, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany; Research Group on Computational Systems Medicine, Chair of Experimental Bioinformatics, TUM School of Life Sciences, Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising-Weihenstephan 85354, Germany
| | - Carsten O Schmidt
- Institute for Community Medicine SHIP-KEF, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald 17475, Germany
| | - Ute Nöthlings
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Nutritional Epidemiology, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Tom H Karlsen
- Norwegian PSC Research Center, Department of Transplantation Medicine and Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Division of Surgery, Inflammatory Medicine and Transplantation, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, 0372 Oslo, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - Wolfgang Lieb
- Institute of Epidemiology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Matthias Laudes
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Andre Franke
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany.
| | - Curtis Huttenhower
- Biostatistics Department, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA; The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02115, USA
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Elsabagh M, Inabu Y, Obitsu T, Sugino T. Response of plasma glucagon-like peptide-2 to feeding pattern and intraruminal administration of volatile fatty acids in sheep. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2017; 60:31-41. [PMID: 28431319 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2017.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Revised: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2), a gut peptide secreted by enteroendocrine L cells, has recently been identified as a key regulator of intestinal growth and absorptive function in ruminants. However, reports on GLP-2 secretion are few, and more information regarding its secretion dynamics is needed. In this study, two experiments were conducted to elucidate the daily rhythm of GLP-2 secretion in response to feeding regimen and to investigate the effect of volatile fatty acids (VFA) on GLP-2 release in sheep. In experiment 1, blood samples were collected over 3 d from 4 Suffolk mature wethers adapted to a maintenance diet fed once daily; day 1 sampling was preceded by 24 h of fasting to reach steady state. On days 1 and 3, samples were collected every 10 min from 11:00 to 14:00 on both days and then every 1 h until 00:00 on day 1 only; feed was offered at 12:00. On day 2, feed was withheld, and sampling was performed every hour from 01:00 to 00:00. In experiment 2, 5 Suffolk mature wethers were assigned to 5 treatment groups of intraruminal administration of saline, acetate, propionate, butyrate, or VFA mix (acetate, propionate, and butyrate in a ratio of 65:20:15) in a 5 × 5 Latin square design. Blood samples were collected at 0, 1.5, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50, 60, 90, and 120 min relative to the beginning of administration at 12:00. In both experiments, plasma GLP-2, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), glucose, insulin, and β-hydroxy butyric acid (BHBA) levels were measured. In experiment 1, incremental area under the curve was greater (P < 0.05) post-feeding than pre-feeding on days 1 and 3 for GLP-2 and tended to be greater (P < 0.1) on day 1 for GLP-1. Plasma insulin, glucose, and BHBA levels increased (P < 0.05) on day 1 post-feeding. Plasma GLP-2 was poorly correlated with GLP-1 but positively correlated with insulin, glucose, and BHBA. In experiment 2, administration of butyrate and VFA mix remarkably increased plasma GLP-2 (P = 0.05) and BHBA (P < 0.0001) levels compared with those in other treatments. Plasma GLP-1 levels were higher with butyrate administration compared with those in the saline, acetate, and VFA mix (P = 0.019). Propionate administration increased plasma glucose (P = 0.013) and insulin (P = 0.053) levels. Thus, our data confirmed that GLP-2 release is responsive to feeding and might be promoted by BHBA produced by the rumen epithelial metabolism of butyrate. Further molecular- and cellular-level studies are needed to determine the role of butyrate as a signaling molecule for GLP-2 release.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Elsabagh
- Graduate School of Biosphere Science, The Research Center for Animal Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8528, Japan; Department of Nutrition and Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, 33516 Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt
| | - Y Inabu
- Graduate School of Biosphere Science, The Research Center for Animal Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8528, Japan
| | - T Obitsu
- Graduate School of Biosphere Science, The Research Center for Animal Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8528, Japan
| | - T Sugino
- Graduate School of Biosphere Science, The Research Center for Animal Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8528, Japan.
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