Resistencia de Mycobacterium tuberculosis a los fármacos antituberculosos en menores de 15 años en Colombia

Tuberculosis en trabajadores de la salud atendidos en un hospital universitario de Bogotá D.C., Colombia. 2008-2018

Introducción. Cada minuto tres personas mueren de tuberculosis (TB) en el mundo. El riesgo de transmisión en trabajadores de la salud es hasta 40 veces mayor que en población general. Sin embargo, en Colombia se ha dado poca importancia a esta situación. Objetivo. Describir las características demográficas y clínicas de trabajadores de la salud con TB atendidos en un hospital universitario de Bogotá D.C., Colombia, así como los hallazgos paraclínicos (de laboratorio, histológicos y radiológicos) y los principales criterios de diagnóstico de TB en estos pacientes. Materiales y métodos. Estudio de serie de casos. Se revisaron las historias clínicas de 24 trabajadores de la salud con TB atendidos en un hospital universitario de cuarto nivel en Bogotá D.C. entre enero de 2008 y diciembre de 2018. Se recolectó información sociodemográfica y sobre las características clínicas de estos pacientes, así como sobre hallazgos radiológicos y de laboratorio. Resultados. No hubo un género predominante (50% mujeres y 50% hombres). La mediana de edad fue de 33.5 años (RIQ: 24-52.7). La TB más frecuente fue la TB pulmonar (62.50%); además, en 2 pacientes (8.33%) la baciloscopia de esputo fue positiva. El estudio histopatológico fue útil en el diagnóstico del 66.66% de los casos, y el cultivo de micobacterias fue positivo en el 75% de los casos. La mayoría de pacientes eran médicos (41.66%), seguidos de estudiantes de medicina (16.66%). Conclusión. Se encontró una alta proporción de mujeres (relación 1:1), y el estudio histopatológico permitió el diagnóstico rápido de TB en la mayoría de casos. Además, los trabajadores de la salud más afectados fueron los médicos y los estudiantes de medicina. En este sentido, las instituciones de salud del país deben prestar mayor atención a las prácticas de bioseguridad de esta población, y se debe contar con programas de vigilancia epidemiológica ocupacional que favorezcan un mejor control de la transmisión.

Una aproximación a la tuberculosis resistente a isoniazida: ¿un problema subestimado en Colombia?

Objetivo: Describir las características clínicas y desenlaces al tratamiento de los pacientes con tuberculosis resistente a isoniazida (Hr-TB) en una institución del suroccidente colombiano. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional retrospectivo. Se incluyeron pacientes con confirmación diagnóstica, aislamiento microbiológico, pruebas de susceptibilidad a fármacos y evidencia de Hr-TB. Resultados: Se incluyeron 32 pacientes con Hr-TB entre 2006-2018 que corresponden al 6% (32/528) de resistencia del total de casos. El 78% (n=25) fueron casos nuevos, resistencia primaria, y el 22% (n=7) previamente tratados, resistencia adquirida. La comorbilidad más frecuente fue infección por VIH (n=9). El patrón de Hr-TB mostró en 23 (72%) casos con alto nivel, 4 (12%) de bajo nivel y 5 (16%) con bajo y alto nivel. El análisis de resultados al tratamiento se realizó a 22 pacientes, presentando el 50% cura, el 41% tratamiento completo y 9% muerte relacionada con la tuberculosis. Conclusiones: La Hr-TB predomina en los casos nuevos, lo que supone un obstáculo al tratamiento donde no se realizan las pruebas de susceptibilidad de forma rutinaria.

Resistant tuberculosis in children under 15 years of age, Colombia 2010-2015

Introduction: Tuberculosis in children is a recent transmission reflection in the community. It is estimated that every year one million children get sick in the world because of this. In Colombia, 291 cases were notified in 2015. Objective: To update the information obtained from the surveillance activities of the drugresistance laboratory in children younger than 15 years of age in Colombia between 2010 and 2015. Materials and methods: This was a cross-sectional retrospective study. We studied the variables of origin, gender, age, type of tuberculosis, and HIV status in sensitive and resistant cases. We classified them according to their treatment background between new and previously treated to analyze their first and second line drug resistance profile. Results: From the notified cases, 16.4 % had a sensitivity test. 50.6 % were women, the pulmonary form was present in 70.6% cases, and 1.4 % presented with tuberculosis/HIV coinfection. We studied 565 cases, from which 503 (89.1 %) were new, presenting with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis, and a global resistance of 3.9 % and 9.5 %, respectively. From them, 62 had been previously treated (10.9 %), with 4.8 % and 19.3 % multidrug resistance and global resistance, respectively. There was no evidence of statistically significant differences during the studied years. Extremely resistant tuberculosis in new cases was 9.0 %. Conclusions: It is necessary for the Ministerio de Salud y Protección Social and the Instituto Nacional de Salud to promote the use of faster and more sensitive diagnostic tests such as the molecular ones recommended by the World Health Organization.

[Morphological signs of inflammatory activity in different clinical forms of drug-resistant pulmonary tuberculosis]

AIM

to determine whether the activity of tuberculous inflammation is associated with different clinical forms of drug-resistant pulmonary tuberculosis.

SUBJECTS AND METHODS

The material taken from 310 patients operated on in 2010-2015 were retrospectively examined. The patients underwent economical lung resections of limited extent (typical and atypical ones of up to 3 segments) for circumscribed forms of tuberculosis with bacterial excretion. A study group consisted of 161 (51.9%) patients with drug-resistant variants of pulmonary tuberculosis. A control group included 149 (48.1%) patients with preserved susceptibility of Mycobacterium tuberculosis to anti-TB drugs. The activity of specific changes in tuberculosis was morphologically evaluated in accordance with the classification proposed by B.M. Ariel in 1998.

RESULTS

The highest activity of fourth-to-fifth degree specific inflammation, including that outside the primary involvement focus, was obtained in the drug-resistant pulmonary tuberculosis group due to the predominance of patients with cavernous and fibrous-cavernous tuberculosis versus those in whom the susceptibility to chemotherapeutic agents was preserved. A macroscopic study showed that the primary lesion focus had a median size in one-half of the all the examinees; but large tuberculomas, caverns, and fibrous caverns over 4 cm in diameter were multiple and detected in the drug-resistant pulmonary tuberculosis group. Multidrug resistance was observed in more than 60% of the patients with fibrous-cavernous pulmonary tuberculosis, extensive drug resistance was seen in those with cavernous tuberculosis, which is an aggravating factor. The data obtained from the morphological study of the intraoperative material can specify the clinical form of tuberculosis and evaluate the efficiency of preoperative specific therapy. The highest activity of specific inflammation was observed in patients with multiple drug-resistant pulmonary tuberculosis, the prevalence of third-to-fourth degree specific changes was seen in those with multiple and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis.

CONCLUSION

The findings suggest that the activity of tuberculous inflammation is associated with different clinical forms of drug-resistant tuberculosis and with a spectrum of drug resistance.

The impact of HIV and antiretroviral therapy on TB risk in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

Children (<15 years) are vulnerable to TB disease following infection, but no systematic review or meta-analysis has quantified the effects of HIV-related immunosuppression or antiretroviral therapy (ART) on their TB incidence.

OBJECTIVES

Determine the impact of HIV infection and ART on risk of incident TB disease in children.

METHODS

We searched MEDLINE and Embase for studies measuring HIV prevalence in paediatric TB cases ('TB cohorts') and paediatric HIV cohorts reporting TB incidence ('HIV cohorts'). Study quality was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa tool. TB cohorts with controls were meta-analysed to determine the incidence rate ratio (IRR) for TB given HIV. HIV cohort data were meta-analysed to estimate the trend in log-IRR versus CD4%, relative incidence by immunological stage and ART-associated protection from TB.

RESULTS

42 TB cohorts and 22 HIV cohorts were included. In the eight TB cohorts with controls, the IRR for TB was 7.9 (95% CI 4.5 to 13.7). HIV-infected children exhibited a reduction in IRR of 0.94 (95% credible interval: 0.83-1.07) per percentage point increase in CD4%. TB incidence was 5.0 (95% CI 4.0 to 6.0) times higher in children with severe compared with non-significant immunosuppression. TB incidence was lower in HIV-infected children on ART (HR: 0.30; 95% CI 0.21 to 0.39). Following initiation of ART, TB incidence declined rapidly over 12 months towards a HR of 0.10 (95% CI 0.04 to 0.25).

CONCLUSIONS

HIV is a potent risk factor for paediatric TB, and ART is strongly protective. In HIV-infected children, early diagnosis and ART initiation reduces TB risk.

TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER

CRD42014014276.

Isoniazid-resistant tuberculosis in children: a systematic review

BACKGROUND

Isoniazid resistance is an obstacle to the treatment of tuberculosis disease and latent tuberculosis infection in children. We aim to summarize the literature describing the risk of isoniazid-resistant tuberculosis among children with tuberculosis disease.

METHODS

We did a systematic review of published reports of children with tuberculosis disease who had isolates tested for susceptibility to isoniazid. We searched PubMed, Embase and LILACS online databases up to January 12, 2012.

RESULTS

Our search identified 3403 citations, of which 95 studies met inclusion criteria. These studies evaluated 8351 children with tuberculosis disease for resistance to isoniazid. The median proportion of children found to have isoniazid-resistant strains was 8%; the distribution was right-skewed (25th percentile: 0% and 75th percentile: 18%).

CONCLUSIONS

High proportions of isoniazid resistance among pediatric tuberculosis patients have been reported in many settings suggesting that diagnostics detecting only rifampin resistance are insufficient to guide appropriate treatment in this population. Many children are likely receiving substandard tuberculosis treatment with empirical isoniazid-based regimens, and treating latent tuberculosis infection with isoniazid may not be effective in large numbers of children. Work is needed urgently to identify effective regimens for the treatment of children sick with or exposed to isoniazid-resistant tuberculosis and to better understand the scope of this problem.