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Aravindraja C, Jeepipalli S, Duncan WD, Vekariya KM, Rahaman SO, Chan EKL, Kesavalu L. Streptococcus gordonii Supragingival Bacterium Oral Infection-Induced Periodontitis and Robust miRNA Expression Kinetics. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6217. [PMID: 38892405 PMCID: PMC11172800 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25116217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus gordonii (S. gordonii, Sg) is one of the early colonizing, supragingival commensal bacterium normally associated with oral health in human dental plaque. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play an important role in the inflammation-mediated pathways and are involved in periodontal disease (PD) pathogenesis. PD is a polymicrobial dysbiotic immune-inflammatory disease initiated by microbes in the gingival sulcus/pockets. The objective of this study is to determine the global miRNA expression kinetics in S. gordonii DL1-infected C57BL/6J mice. All mice were randomly divided into four groups (n = 10 mice/group; 5 males and 5 females). Bacterial infection was performed in mice at 8 weeks and 16 weeks, mice were euthanized, and tissues harvested for analysis. We analyzed differentially expressed (DE) miRNAs in the mandibles of S. gordonii-infected mice. Gingival colonization/infection by S. gordonii and alveolar bone resorption (ABR) was confirmed. All the S. gordonii-infected mice at two specific time points showed bacterial colonization (100%) in the gingival surface, and a significant increase in mandible and maxilla ABR (p < 0.0001). miRNA profiling revealed 191 upregulated miRNAs (miR-375, miR-34b-5p) and 22 downregulated miRNAs (miR-133, miR-1224) in the mandibles of S. gordonii-infected mice at the 8-week mark. Conversely, at 16 weeks post-infection, 10 miRNAs (miR-1902, miR-203) were upregulated and 32 miRNAs (miR-1937c, miR-720) were downregulated. Two miRNAs, miR-210 and miR-423-5p, were commonly upregulated, and miR-2135 and miR-145 were commonly downregulated in both 8- and 16-week-infected mice mandibles. Furthermore, we employed five machine learning (ML) algorithms to assess how the number of miRNA copies correlates with S. gordonii infections in mice. In the ML analyses, miR-22 and miR-30c (8-week), miR-720 and miR-339-5p (16-week), and miR-720, miR-22, and miR-339-5p (combined 8- and 16-week) emerged as the most influential miRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chairmandurai Aravindraja
- Department of Periodontology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; (C.A.); (S.J.); (K.M.V.)
| | - Syam Jeepipalli
- Department of Periodontology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; (C.A.); (S.J.); (K.M.V.)
| | - William D. Duncan
- Department of Community Dentistry and Behavioral Science, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA;
| | - Krishna Mukesh Vekariya
- Department of Periodontology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; (C.A.); (S.J.); (K.M.V.)
| | - Shaik O. Rahaman
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA;
| | - Edward K. L. Chan
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA;
| | - Lakshmyya Kesavalu
- Department of Periodontology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; (C.A.); (S.J.); (K.M.V.)
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA;
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Yang LX, Luo M, Li SY. Tanshinone IIA improves Alzheimer's disease via RNA nuclear-enriched abundant transcript 1/microRNA-291a-3p/member RAS oncogene family Rab22a axis. World J Psychiatry 2024; 14:563-581. [PMID: 38659601 PMCID: PMC11036463 DOI: 10.5498/wjp.v14.i4.563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative condition characterized by oxidative stress and neuroinflammation. Tanshinone IIA (Tan-IIA), a bioactive compound isolated from Salvia miltiorrhiza plants, has shown potential neuroprotective effects; however, the mechanisms underlying such a function remain unclear. AIM To investigate potential Tan-IIA neuroprotective effects in AD and to elucidate their underlying mechanisms. METHODS Hematoxylin and eosin staining was utilized to analyze structural brain tissue morphology. To assess changes in oxidative stress and neuroinflammation, we performed enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and western blotting. Additionally, the effect of Tan-IIA on AD cell models was evaluated in vitro using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. Genetic changes related to the long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) nuclear-enriched abundant transcript 1 (NEAT1)/microRNA (miRNA, miR)-291a-3p/member RAS oncogene family Rab22a axis were assessed through reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS In vivo, Tan-IIA treatment improved neuronal morphology and attenuated oxidative stress and neuroinflammation in the brain tissue of AD mice. In vitro experiments showed that Tan-IIA dose-dependently ameliorated the amyloid-beta 1-42-induced reduction of neural stem cell viability, apoptosis, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation. In this process, the lncRNA NEAT1 - a potential therapeutic target - is highly expressed in AD mice and downregulated via Tan-IIA treatment. Mechanistically, NEAT1 promotes the transcription and translation of Rab22a via miR-291a-3p, which activates nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) signaling, leading to activation of the pro-apoptotic B-cell lymphoma 2-associated X protein and inhibition of the anti-apoptotic B-cell lymphoma 2 protein, which exacerbates AD. Tan-IIA intervention effectively blocked this process by inhibiting the NEAT1/miR-291a-3p/Rab22a axis and NF-κB signaling. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that Tan-IIA exerts neuroprotective effects in AD by modulating the NEAT1/miR-291a-3p/Rab22a/NF-κB signaling pathway, serving as a foundation for the development of innovative approaches for AD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long-Xiu Yang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530000, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Man Luo
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530000, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Sheng-Yu Li
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530000, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
- Department of Neurology, Wuming Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530199, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
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Li Z, Su H, Lin G, Wang K, Huang Y, Wen Y, Luo D, Hou Y, Cao X, Weng J, Lin D, Wang L, Li X. Transplantation of MiR-28-5p-Modified BMSCs Promotes Functional Recovery After Spinal Cord Injury. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:2197-2214. [PMID: 37864767 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03702-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/23/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic spinal cord injury (TSCI) is a prevalent central nervous system condition that imposes a significant burden on both families and society, affecting more than 2 million people worldwide. Recently, there has been increasing interest in bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell (BMSC) transplantation as a promising treatment for spinal cord injury (SCI) due to their accessibility and low immunogenicity. However, the mere transplantation of BMSCs has limited capacity to directly participate in the repair of host spinal cord nerve function. MiR-28-5p, identified as a key differentially expressed miRNA in spinal cord ischemia-reperfusion injury, exhibits differential expression and regulation in various neurological diseases. Nevertheless, its involvement in this process and its specific regulatory mechanisms in SCI remain unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the potential mechanisms through which miR-28-5p promotes the neuronal differentiation of BMSCs both in vivo and in vitro. Our results indicate that miR-28-5p may directly target Notch1, thereby facilitating the neuronal differentiation of BMSCs in vitro. Furthermore, the transplantation of lentivirus-mediated miR-28-5p-overexpressed BMSCs into SCI rats effectively improved footprint tests and Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan (BBB) scores, ameliorated histological morphology (hematoxylin-eosin [HE] and Nissl staining), promoted axonal regeneration (MAP2 and growth-associated protein 43 [GAP43]), and facilitated axonal remyelination (myelin basic protein [MBP]). These findings may suggest that miR-28-5p-modified BMSCs could serve as a therapeutic target to enhance the behavioral and neurological recovery of SCI rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Dampness, Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510120, Guangdong, China
- The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou, University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510120, Guangdong, China
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, Guangdong, China
- Lingnan Medical Research Center of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, Guangdong, China
| | - Haitao Su
- State Key Laboratory of Dampness, Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510120, Guangdong, China
- The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou, University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510120, Guangdong, China
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, Guangdong, China
- Lingnan Medical Research Center of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, Guangdong, China
| | - Guandai Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Dampness, Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510120, Guangdong, China
- The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou, University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510120, Guangdong, China
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, Guangdong, China
- Lingnan Medical Research Center of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, Guangdong, China
| | - Kai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Dampness, Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510120, Guangdong, China
- The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou, University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510120, Guangdong, China
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, Guangdong, China
- Lingnan Medical Research Center of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, Guangdong, China
| | - Yongming Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Dampness, Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510120, Guangdong, China
- The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou, University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510120, Guangdong, China
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, Guangdong, China
- Lingnan Medical Research Center of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, Guangdong, China
| | - Yaqian Wen
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, Guangdong, China
- Lingnan Medical Research Center of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, Guangdong, China
| | - Dan Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Dampness, Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510120, Guangdong, China
- The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou, University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510120, Guangdong, China
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, Guangdong, China
- Lingnan Medical Research Center of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, Guangdong, China
| | - Yu Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Dampness, Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510120, Guangdong, China
- The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou, University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510120, Guangdong, China
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, Guangdong, China
- Lingnan Medical Research Center of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, Guangdong, China
| | - Xuewei Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Dampness, Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510120, Guangdong, China
- The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou, University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510120, Guangdong, China
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, Guangdong, China
- Lingnan Medical Research Center of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiaxian Weng
- The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou, University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510120, Guangdong, China
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, Guangdong, China
- Lingnan Medical Research Center of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, Guangdong, China
| | - Dingkun Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Dampness, Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510120, Guangdong, China
- The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou, University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510120, Guangdong, China
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, Guangdong, China
- Lingnan Medical Research Center of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, Guangdong, China
| | - Le Wang
- Department of Spine Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China.
| | - Xing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Dampness, Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510120, Guangdong, China.
- The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou, University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510120, Guangdong, China.
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, Guangdong, China.
- Lingnan Medical Research Center of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, Guangdong, China.
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Fan W, Rong J, Shi W, Liu W, Wang J, Tan J, Yu B, Tong J. GATA6 Inhibits Neuronal Autophagy and Ferroptosis in Cerebral ischemia-reperfusion Injury Through a miR-193b/ATG7 axis-dependent Mechanism. Neurochem Res 2023:10.1007/s11064-023-03918-8. [PMID: 37059928 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-023-03918-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
Ferroptosis is a newly described form of regulated necrotic cell death, which is engaged in the pathological cell death related to stroke, contributing to cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury. Therefore, we performed this study to clarify the role of GATA6 in neuronal autophagy and ferroptosis in cerebral I/R injury. The cerebral I/R injury-related differentially expressed genes (DEGs) as well as the downstream factors of GATA6 were predicted bioinformatically. Moreover, the relations between GATA6 and miR-193b and that between miR-193b and ATG7 were evaluated by chromatin immunoprecipitation and dual-luciferase reporter assays. Besides, neurons were treated with oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD), followed by overexpression of GATA6, miR-193b, and ATG7 alone or in combination to assess neuronal autophagy and ferroptosis. At last, in vivo experiments were performed to explore the impacts of GATA6/miR-193b/ATG7 on neuronal autophagy and ferroptosis in a rat model of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO)-stimulated cerebral I/R injury. It was found that GATA6 and miR-193b were poorly expressed in cerebral I/R injury. GATA6 transcriptionally activated miR-193b to downregulate ATG7. Additionally, GATA6-mediated miR-193b activation suppressed neuronal autophagy and ferroptosis in OGD-treated neurons by inhibiting ATG7. Furthermore, GATA6/miR-193b relieved cerebral I/R injury by restraining neuronal autophagy and ferroptosis via downregulation of ATG7 in vivo. In summary, GATA6 might prevent neuronal autophagy and ferroptosis to alleviate cerebral I/R injury via the miR-193b/ATG7 axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijian Fan
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, 2800 Gongwei Road, Pudong, Shanghai, 201300, P. R. China
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Huashan Hospital of Fudan University, No.12, Mid-Wulumuqi Road, Shanghai, 200040, P.R. China
| | - Jianjie Rong
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Suzhou TCM Hospital, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Suzhou215000, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Weihao Shi
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Huashan Hospital of Fudan University, No.12, Mid-Wulumuqi Road, Shanghai, 200040, P.R. China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Neurology, Suzhou TCM Hospital, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Suzhou215000, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Jie Wang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, 2800 Gongwei Road, Pudong, Shanghai, 201300, P. R. China
| | - Jinyun Tan
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Huashan Hospital of Fudan University, No.12, Mid-Wulumuqi Road, Shanghai, 200040, P.R. China
| | - Bo Yu
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, 2800 Gongwei Road, Pudong, Shanghai, 201300, P. R. China.
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Huashan Hospital of Fudan University, No.12, Mid-Wulumuqi Road, Shanghai, 200040, P.R. China.
| | - Jindong Tong
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, 2800 Gongwei Road, Pudong, Shanghai, 201300, P. R. China.
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Xiao X, Deng Q, Zeng X, Lai BQ, Ma YH, Li G, Zeng YS, Ding Y. Transcription Profiling of a Revealed the Potential Molecular Mechanism of Governor Vessel Electroacupuncture for Spinal Cord Injury in Rats. Neurospine 2022; 19:757-769. [PMID: 36203300 PMCID: PMC9537832 DOI: 10.14245/ns.2244452.226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) by transcriptome analysis to elucidate a potential mechanism by which governor vessel electroacupuncture (GV-EA) promotes neuronal survival, axonal regeneration, and functional recovery after complete transection spinal cord injury (SCI). METHODS Sham, control, or GV-EA group adult female Sprague Dawley rats underwent a complete transection SCI protocol. SCI area RNA-seq investigated the DEGs of coding and noncoding RNAs 7 days post-SCI. Gene ontology (GO) and kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses were used to classify DEGs functions, to explain a possible molecular mechanism. Immunofluorescence and BBB (Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan) score were used to verify a GV-EA treatment effect following SCI. RESULTS GV-EA treatment could regulate the expression of 173 mRNA, 260 lncRNA, and 153 circRNA genes among these DEGs resulted by SCI. GO enrichment analysis showed that the DEGs were most enriched in membrane, actin binding, and regulation of Toll-like receptor signaling pathway. KEGG pathway analysis showed enriched pathways (e.g. , Toll-like receptors, MAPK, Hippo signaling). According to the ceRNA network, miR-144-3p played a regulatory role by interacting with lncRNA and circRNA. GV-EA also promoted the injured spinal cord neuron survival, axonal regeneration, and functional improvement of hind limb locomotion. CONCLUSION Results of our RNA-seq suggest that post-SCI GV-EA may regulate characteristic changes in transcriptome gene expression, potential critical genes, and signaling pathways, providing clear directions for further investigation into the mechanism of GV-EA in subacute SCI treatment. Moreover, we found that GV-EA promotes neuronal survival, nerve fiber extension, and motor function recovery in subacute SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingru Xiao
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China,Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qingwen Deng
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiang Zeng
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China,Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bi-Qin Lai
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China,Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuan-Huan Ma
- Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China,Guangzhou Institute of Clinical Medicine, Guangzhou First People’s Hospital, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Ge Li
- Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China,Medical Research Center, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Science, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuan-Shan Zeng
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China,Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China,Institute of Spinal Cord Injury, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China,Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Ying Ding
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China,Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China,Corresponding Author Ying Ding Department of Histology and Embryology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, 74# Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou 510080, China
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