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Wei J, Liu B, Zhong R, Chen Y, Fang F, Huang X, Pang X, Zhang Z. Characterization of a longan pericarp browning related peroxidase with a focus on its role in proanthocyanidin and lignin polymerization. Food Chem 2024; 461:140937. [PMID: 39191036 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.140937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2024] [Revised: 07/22/2024] [Accepted: 08/19/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024]
Abstract
The longan pericarp turns brown dramatically after harvesting, but the mechanism is not well understood. In this work, two peroxidases were purified from longan pericarp and found to be identical to the class III peroxidases PRX53-2 and PRX53-3. In vitro, PRX53-2/3 catalyzed the browning of several pericarp abundant proanthocyanidin and lignin monomers, such as (-)-epicatechin (EC), (+)-catechin (CT) and coniferyl alcohol (ConA). PRX53-2 was upregulated and highly-expressed, while PRX53-3 was expressed at low levels after harvesting; thus, PRX53-2 was considered a browning-related gene. The reaction with both proanthocyanidin and lignin presented a greater degree of brown coloration compared to the single substrate reactions. Several procyanidins isomers, EC-ConA and CT-ConA were detected in the double-substrate reaction. These results not only demonstrate that the effects of PRX53-2 on proanthocyanidin and lignin polymerization may be crucial for longan pericarp browning, but also help in developing new strategies or preservatives to delay pericarp browning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junbin Wei
- Institute of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Key Laboratory of South Subtropical Fruit Biology and Genetic Resource Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Science and Technology Research on Fruit Trees, Guangzhou, 510640, China; College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Bin Liu
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources / Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruit and Vegetables / Engineering Research Center for Postharvest Technology of Horticultural Crops in South China, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Ruihao Zhong
- College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources / Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruit and Vegetables / Engineering Research Center for Postharvest Technology of Horticultural Crops in South China, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Ying Chen
- College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources / Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruit and Vegetables / Engineering Research Center for Postharvest Technology of Horticultural Crops in South China, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Fang Fang
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources / Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruit and Vegetables / Engineering Research Center for Postharvest Technology of Horticultural Crops in South China, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xuemei Huang
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xuequn Pang
- College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources / Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruit and Vegetables / Engineering Research Center for Postharvest Technology of Horticultural Crops in South China, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Zhaoqi Zhang
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources / Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruit and Vegetables / Engineering Research Center for Postharvest Technology of Horticultural Crops in South China, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
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Muhammad A, Dayisoylu KS, Khan H, Khan MR, Khan I, Hussain F, Basit A, Ali M, Khan S, Idrees M. An Integrated Approach of Hypobaric Pressures and Potassium Permanganate to Maintain Quality and Biochemical Changes in Tomato Fruits. HORTICULTURAE 2022; 9:9. [DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae9010009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
Limited postharvest life of tomato fruit is due to its highly perishable nature. Hypobaric pressure is a new emerging hurdle technology usually used up to a pressure of 100 kPa for the preservation of fruits and vegetables. In this study, an integrated approach of hypobaric pressures (40 kPa and 50 kPa) and sponge-dipping of potassium permanganate (KMnO4) was designed for the postharvest life extension of tomato fruits. Fruits were treated with either 400 ppm of KMnO4, or 40 or 50 kPa hypobaric pressures, or their combination. Fruits without any treatment was considered as a control treatment. All groups were packaged in polypropylene trays as ready to retail and stored at room temperature at 25 ± 1 °C for 21 days. Basic quality parameters such as pH, total soluble solid, percent weight loss, percent spoilage, firmness, ethylene production rate, and color were evaluated at 3-day intervals. Results showed the application of hypobaric pressures and KMnO4, either alone or in combination, provided a synergistic effect in maintaining the quality compared to the control treatment during the 21 days of storage. The highest decay was found in the control compared to the combined treatments of KMnO4 + 40 kPa and KMnO4 + 50 kPa. Similarly, a decrease in firmness and color values was highest in the control treatment followed by the KMnO4 and 50 kPa hypobaric pressure compared to the combined treatment of KMnO4 + 50 kPa. In the same way, a high ethylene production rate was observed in the control, while the lowest ethylene production rate was found in KMnO4 + 50 kpa. Sensory evaluation indicated a highest score of 9 on the 9-point hedonic scale of tomato fruits. Among all groups, the combined application of 50 kPa hypobaric pressure + 400 ppm KMnO4 retained the best overall quality attributes compared to all other treatments throughout the experiment; therefore, this treatment could be applied at a commercial level for tomato fruits.
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Ahmed MESAEN. In vitro propagation for conservation and genetic fidelity of the near threatened Dimocarpus longan plant. J Genet Eng Biotechnol 2022; 20:130. [PMID: 36070156 PMCID: PMC9452611 DOI: 10.1186/s43141-022-00406-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dimocarpus longan is a tropical tree that produces edible fruit. It is a neglected plant species that is listed as near threatened. In spite of its economic value, the propagation of longan cultivar using conventional methods is extremely difficult. The goal of this research is to produce and conserve this plant through in vitro propagation. RESULTS In order to form new shoots, sterilized shoot tip explants were cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with benzyl adenine (BA) or 2-isobentenyl-adenine (2ip). For direct organogenesis, young leaves of new shoots were cultured on MS medium fortified with various concentrations of Thidiazuron (TDZ) or 6-(4-Hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enylamino purine) (Zeatin). Gibbrellic acid (GA3) at different levels alone or in combination was used for shoot elongation. Also, indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) and naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) were used for root formation. MS medium supplemented with 1.00 mg/l 2ip was suitable for inducing axillary shoots from shoot tips (4.0 axillary shoots/explant). The highest significant 76% and numbers of adventitious buds from leaf base were achieved on MS medium containing 1.0 mg/l TDZ. These buds developed into the longest plantlets on GA3 at 3.0 mg/l and rooted well in ½MS containing 1.50 mg/l IBA plus 0.50 mg/l (NAA). About 70% in vitro plants were successfully acclimatized. The AFLP profile illustrated the genetic stability of gene expression action. The amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs) profile illustrated the progenies were extremely similar to the mother plants. According to our findings, MS medium containing 25 ppm salicylic acid (SA) and 5 ppm methyl jasmonate (MeJA) produced the highest percentage of apigenin in longan calli (77.09 and 2.637%, w/w). CONCLUSION A successful and efficient micropropagation protocol has been developed and described here for the first time, and it will be very useful for the clonal propagation and conservation of the near-threatened Dimocarpus longan plant. Micropropagated plants are genetically identical to the donor plant using the AFLP technique. The usefulness of salicylic acid and methyl jasmonate as elicitors for increasing in vitro production of secondary metabolites in plants is demonstrated in this work.
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Khan MR, Huang C, Ullah R, Ullah H, Qazi IM, Nawaz T, Adnan M, Khan A, Su H, Ren L. Effects of Various Polymeric Films on the Pericarp Microstructure and Storability of Longan (cv. Shixia) Fruit Treated with Propyl Disulfide Essential Oil from the Neem (Azadirachta indica) Plant. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14030536. [PMID: 35160524 PMCID: PMC8839377 DOI: 10.3390/polym14030536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant extracts represent a rich repository of metabolites with antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. Neem (Azadirachta indica) is a medicinal plant considered the tree of the 21st century. In this study, we investigated the antioxidant and antimicrobial effects of propyl disulfide (PD), a major volatile compound in neem seed, against the pericarp browning (BI), microbial decay incidence (DI), and water loss of longan fruit. Fresh longan cv. Shixia samples were packaged in oriented polypropylene (OPP) and polyethene (PE) packages of different thicknesses (20, 40, and 60 µm). Sterile gauze was fixed inside the packages and 500 uL of PD was placed on them to avoid the direct contact of PD with fruit samples. Packages were sealed immediately to minimize vaporization and stored at 12 ± 1 °C for 18 days. Fruit samples packaged in open net packages served as controls. The results showed that fruit treated with PD in OPP and PE packages significantly prevented losses of water, DI, and BI compared to control treatment. PD also maintained the color, TSS values, TA values, pH values, high peel firmness, high TPC content, and high TFC content, and reduced the activity levels of PPO and POD. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis indicated that the exocarp, mesocarp, and endocarp of longan peel were smooth, uniform, and compact with no free space compared to control, where crakes, a damaged and loose structure, and a lot of fungal mycelia were found. The shortest shelf life of 9 days was observed in control as compared to 18 days in OPP-20 and OPP-40; 15 days in OPP-60, PE-20, and PE-40; and 12 days in PE-60 packaging films. Therefore, PD as a natural antioxidant and antimicrobial agent, in combination with OPP-20 and OPP-40 polymeric films, could successfully be applied commercially to extend the postharvest shelf life of longan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Rafiullah Khan
- School of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (H.S.); (L.R.)
- Correspondence: (M.R.K.); (C.H.)
| | - Chongxing Huang
- School of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (H.S.); (L.R.)
- Correspondence: (M.R.K.); (C.H.)
| | - Rafi Ullah
- Department of Agriculture, University of Swabi, Swabi 25130, Pakistan; (R.U.); (H.U.)
| | - Hakim Ullah
- Department of Agriculture, University of Swabi, Swabi 25130, Pakistan; (R.U.); (H.U.)
| | - Ihsan Mabood Qazi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The University of Agriculture Peshawar, Peshawar 25000, Pakistan; (I.M.Q.); (T.N.)
| | - Taufiq Nawaz
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The University of Agriculture Peshawar, Peshawar 25000, Pakistan; (I.M.Q.); (T.N.)
| | - Muhammad Adnan
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresorces, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (M.A.); (A.K.)
| | - Abdullah Khan
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresorces, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (M.A.); (A.K.)
| | - Hongxia Su
- School of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (H.S.); (L.R.)
| | - Liu Ren
- School of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (H.S.); (L.R.)
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