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Hofmann S, Rödder D, Andermann T, Matschiner M, Riedel J, Baniya CB, Flecks M, Yang J, Jiang K, Jianping J, Litvinchuk SN, Martin S, Masroor R, Nothnagel M, Vershinin V, Zheng Y, Jablonski D, Schmidt J, Podsiadlowski L. Exploring Paleogene Tibet's warm temperate environments through target enrichment and phylogenetic niche modelling of Himalayan spiny frogs (Paini, Dicroglossidae). Mol Ecol 2024:e17446. [PMID: 38946613 DOI: 10.1111/mec.17446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 05/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
The Cenozoic topographic development of the Himalaya-Tibet orogen (HTO) substantially affected the paleoenvironment and biodiversity patterns of High Asia. However, concepts on the evolution and paleoenvironmental history of the HTO differ massively in timing, elevational increase and sequence of surface uplift of the different elements of the orogen. Using target enrichment of a large set of transcriptome-derived markers, ancestral range estimation and paleoclimatic niche modelling, we assess a recently proposed concept of a warm temperate paleo-Tibet in Asian spiny frogs of the tribe Paini and reconstruct their historical biogeography. That concept was previously developed in invertebrates. Because of their early evolutionary origin, low dispersal capacity, high degree of local endemism, and strict dependence on temperature and humidity, the cladogenesis of spiny frogs may echo the evolution of the HTO paleoenvironment. We show that diversification of main lineages occurred during the early to Mid-Miocene, while the evolution of alpine taxa started during the late Miocene/early Pliocene. Our distribution and niche modelling results indicate range shifts and niche stability that may explain the modern disjunct distributions of spiny frogs. They probably maintained their (sub)tropical or (warm)temperate preferences and moved out of the ancestral paleo-Tibetan area into the Himalaya as the climate shifted, as opposed to adapting in situ. Based on ancestral range estimation, we assume the existence of low-elevation, climatically suitable corridors across paleo-Tibet during the Miocene along the Kunlun, Qiangtang and/or Gangdese Shan. Our results contribute to a deeper understanding of the mechanisms and processes of faunal evolution in the HTO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Hofmann
- Leibniz Institute for the Analysis of Biodiversity Change, Museum Koenig, Bonn, Germany
| | - Dennis Rödder
- Leibniz Institute for the Analysis of Biodiversity Change, Museum Koenig, Bonn, Germany
| | - Tobias Andermann
- Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Jendrian Riedel
- Leibniz Institute for the Analysis of Biodiversity Change, Museum Koenig, Bonn, Germany
| | - Chitra B Baniya
- Central Department of Botany, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Morris Flecks
- Leibniz Institute for the Analysis of Biodiversity Change, Museum Koenig, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jianhuan Yang
- Kadoorie Conservation China, Kadoorie Farm and Botanic Garden, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ke Jiang
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiang Jianping
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | | | - Sebastian Martin
- Leibniz Institute for the Analysis of Biodiversity Change, Museum Koenig, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Michael Nothnagel
- Statistical Genetics and Bioinformatics, Cologne Center for Genomics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Vladimir Vershinin
- Institute of Plant and Animal Ecology, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Yekaterinburg, Russia
- Institute of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Eltsyn Ural Federal University, Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Yuchi Zheng
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Daniel Jablonski
- Department of Zoology, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Joachim Schmidt
- General and Systematic Zoology, Institute of Biosciences, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Lars Podsiadlowski
- Leibniz Institute for the Analysis of Biodiversity Change, Museum Koenig, Bonn, Germany
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Tang S, Liu S, Yu G. A New Species of Nanorana (Anura: Dicroglossidae) from Northwestern Yunnan, China, with Comments on the Taxonomy of Nanorana arunachalensis and Allopaa. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3427. [PMID: 37958182 PMCID: PMC10649098 DOI: 10.3390/ani13213427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The genus Nanorana contains three subgenera, namely Nanorana, Paa, and Chaparana, and currently, there are four species known to science in Nanorana (Nanorana). In this study, we describe a new species belonging to the subgenus Nanorana from northwestern Yunnan, China. Phylogenetically, the new species, Nanorana laojunshanensissp. nov., is the sister to the clade of N. pleskei and N. ventripunctata. Morphologically, the new species can be distinguished from known congeners by the combination of following characters: present tympanum, equal fingers I and II, small body size, yellow ventral surface of limbs, distinct vomerine teeth, indistinct subarticular tubercles, head width greater than head length, slender supratympanic fold, absent dorsolateral fold, nuptial spines present on fingers I and II in adult males, absent vocal sac, and paired brown spines on the chest. Moreover, we suggest moving the genus Allopaa into Nanorana (Chaparana) and consider that N. arunachalensis is neither an Odorrana species nor a member of the subfamily Dicroglossinae (therefore Nanorana), but probably represents a distinct genus closely related to Ingerana or belongs to Ingerana, pending more data. Additionally, we consider that Nanorana minica deserves the rank of an independent subgenus, and we suggest assigning N. arnoldi, N. blanfordii, N. ercepeae, N. polunini, N. rarica, N. rostandi, N. vicina, N. xuelinensis, and N. zhaoermii into the subgenus Paa and placing N. kangxianensis, N. phrynoides, and N. sichuanensis in the subgenus Chaparana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shangjing Tang
- Key Laboratory of Ecology of Rare and Endangered Species and Environmental Protection (Guangxi Normal University), Ministry of Education, Guilin 541004, China;
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Rare and Endangered Animal Ecology, College of Life Science, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Shuo Liu
- Kunming Natural History Museum of Zoology, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Guohua Yu
- Key Laboratory of Ecology of Rare and Endangered Species and Environmental Protection (Guangxi Normal University), Ministry of Education, Guilin 541004, China;
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Rare and Endangered Animal Ecology, College of Life Science, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China
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Schmidt J, Opgenoorth L, Mao K, Baniya CB, Hofmann S. Molecular phylogeny of mega-diverse Carabus attests late Miocene evolution of alpine environments in the Himalayan-Tibetan Orogen. Sci Rep 2023; 13:13272. [PMID: 37582802 PMCID: PMC10427656 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-38999-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The timing, sequence, and scale of uplift of the Himalayan-Tibetan Orogen (HTO) are controversially debated. Many geoscientific studies assume paleoelevations close to present-day elevations and the existence of alpine environments across the HTO already in the late Paleogene, contradicting fossil data. Using molecular genetic data of ground beetles, we aim to reconstruct the paleoenvironmental history of the HTO, focusing on its southern margin (Himalayas, South Tibet). Based on a comprehensive sampling of extratropical Carabus, and ~ 10,000 bp of mitochondrial and nuclear DNA we applied Bayesian and Maximum likelihood methods to infer the phylogenetic relationships. We show that Carabus arrived in the HTO at the Oligocene-Miocene boundary. During the early Miocene, five lineages diversified in different parts of the HTO, initially in its southern center and on its eastern margin. Evolution of alpine taxa occurred during the late Miocene. There were apparently no habitats for Carabus before the late Oligocene. Until the Late Oligocene elevations must have been low throughout the HTO. Temperate forests emerged in South Tibet in the late Oligocene at the earliest. Alpine environments developed in the HTO from the late Miocene and, in large scale, during the Pliocene-Quaternary. Findings are consistent with fossil records but contrast with uplift models recovered from stable isotope paleoaltimetry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Schmidt
- General and Systematic Zoology, Institute of Biosciences, University of Rostock, 18055, Rostock, Germany.
| | - Lars Opgenoorth
- Plant Ecology and Geobotany, Faculty of Biology, Philipps-University Marburg, 35043, Marburg, Germany.
| | - Kangshan Mao
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Chitra B Baniya
- Central Department of Botany, Tribhuvan University, 44600, Kirtipur, Nepal
| | - Sylvia Hofmann
- Department Conservation Biology, UFZ-Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research GmbH, 04318, Leipzig, Germany.
- Leibniz Institute for the Analysis of Biodiversity Change, Museum Koenig, 53113, Bonn, Germany.
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Jablonski D, Masroor R, Hofmann S. On the edge of the Shivaliks: An insight into the origin and taxonomic position of Pakistani toads from the Duttaphrynus melanostictus complex (Amphibia, Bufonidae). ZOOSYST EVOL 2022. [DOI: 10.3897/zse.98.79213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The common Asian toad Duttaphrynus melanostictus (Schneider, 1799) complex has a wide distribution ranging from western foothills of the Himalaya to the easternmost range of the Wallacea, with the evidence of human-mediated introductions to some other areas. In the entire distribution range, the complex is formed by several evolutionary clades, distributed mostly in South-East Asia with unresolved taxonomy. In the northwestern edge of its distribution (Pakistan), the name D. melanostictus hazarensis (Khan, 2001) has been assigned to local populations but its biological basis remained, so far, understudied and unvalidated. Therefore, we re-evaluated the available genetic data (mitochondrial and nuclear) to show the relationships between Pakistani populations (including the type locality of D. m. hazarensis) and others from across the range. Our results showed that Pakistani populations are associated with one, deeply diverged, well-supported and widely distributed clade (so-called Duttaphrynus sp. 1 according to 16S, or clade B based on tRNAGly-ND3), that has already been detected in previous studies. This clade is further distributed in India, Nepal, Bangladesh, Malaysia, Singapore, and Indonesia and is characterized by a low level of genetic variability. This further suggests that both natural, as well as potential human-mediated dispersal, might have played an important role in setting up the current phylogeographic and distribution pattern of this clade. The clade is deeply divergent from other clades of the complex and represents a taxonomically unresolved entity. We here argue that the clade Duttaphrynus sp. 1/B represents a distinct species for which the name Duttaphrynus bengalensis (Daudin, 1802) comb. nov. is applicable, while the description of D. m. hazarensis does not satisfy the rules of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature.
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Hofmann S, Masroor R, Jablonski D. Morphological and molecular data on tadpoles of the westernmost Himalayan spiny frog Allopaa hazarensis (Dubois & Khan, 1979). Zookeys 2021; 1049:67-77. [PMID: 34385880 PMCID: PMC8316248 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1049.66645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Little is known about the life history, ecology, and distribution of the genus Allopaa (Dicroglossidae) and far less recent data are available about the larvae of this taxon. Here, we provide data on the larval stage of Allopaa hazarensis (Dubois & Khan, 1979) from northern Pakistan based on the examination of three tadpoles. Specimens were obtained from two sites in Buner, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province, Pakistan. Morphological and genetic analysis (mtDNA and nDNA) confirmed the identity of the tadpoles as A. hazarensis. Tadpole characterizations were illustrated by detailed imagery. Basic measurements and details on oral apparatus provide relevant taxonomic characteristics to distinguish the tadpoles of this species from other spiny frogs. The illustration and description of the tadpole of A. hazarensis should facilitate the identification of this species in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Hofmann
- Centre of Taxonomy and Evolutionary Research, Zoological Research Museum Alexander Koenig, Adenauerallee 160, D-53113 Bonn, GermanyZoological Research Museum Alexander KoenigBonnGermany
- Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ, Department of Conservation Biology, Permoserstrasse 15, D-04318 Leipzig, GermanyHelmholtz-Centre for Environmental ResearchLeipzigGermany
| | - Rafaqat Masroor
- Zoological Sciences Division, Pakistan Museum of Natural History, Garden Avenue, Islamabad 44000, PakistanPakistan Museum of Natural HistoryIslamabadPakistan
| | - Daniel Jablonski
- Department of Zoology, Comenius University in Bratislava, Ilkovičova 6, Mlynská dolina, 842 15 Bratislava, SlovakiaComenius UniversityBratislavaSlovakia
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