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Chen L, Li Y, Zhu J, Li Z, Wang W, Qi Z, Li D, Yao P, Bi Z, Sun C, Liu Y, Liu Z. Comprehensive Characterization of the C3HC4 RING Finger Gene Family in Potato ( Solanum tuberosum L.): Insights into Their Involvement in Anthocyanin Biosynthesis. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2082. [PMID: 38396758 PMCID: PMC10889778 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25042082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The C3HC4 RING finger gene (RING-HC) family is a zinc finger protein crucial to plant growth. However, there have been no studies on the RING-HC gene family in potato. In this study, 77 putative StRING-HCs were identified in the potato genome and grouped into three clusters based on phylogenetic relationships, the chromosome distribution, gene structure, conserved motif, gene duplication events, and synteny relationships, and cis-acting elements were systematically analyzed. By analyzing RNA-seq data of potato cultivars, the candidate StRING-HC genes that might participate in tissue development, abiotic stress, especially drought stress, and anthocyanin biosynthesis were further determined. Finally, a StRING-HC gene (Soltu.DM.09G017280 annotated as StRNF4-like), which was highly expressed in pigmented potato tubers was focused on. StRNF4-like localized in the nucleus, and Y2H assays showed that it could interact with the anthocyanin-regulating transcription factors (TFs) StbHLH1 of potato tubers, which is localized in the nucleus and membrane. Transient assays showed that StRNF4-like repressed anthocyanin accumulation in the leaves of Nicotiana tabacum and Nicotiana benthamiana by directly suppressing the activity of the dihydroflavonol reductase (DFR) promoter activated by StAN1 and StbHLH1. The results suggest that StRNF4-like might repress anthocyanin accumulation in potato tubers by interacting with StbHLH1. Our comprehensive analysis of the potato StRING-HCs family contributes valuable knowledge to the understanding of their functions in potato development, abiotic stress, hormone signaling, and anthocyanin biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Limin Chen
- College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (L.C.); (Z.L.); (W.W.); (Z.Q.); (D.L.); (Z.B.); (C.S.)
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Improvement and Germplasm Enhancement, State Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (J.Z.); (P.Y.)
| | - Yuanming Li
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China;
| | - Jinyong Zhu
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Improvement and Germplasm Enhancement, State Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (J.Z.); (P.Y.)
| | - Zhitao Li
- College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (L.C.); (Z.L.); (W.W.); (Z.Q.); (D.L.); (Z.B.); (C.S.)
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Improvement and Germplasm Enhancement, State Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (J.Z.); (P.Y.)
| | - Weilu Wang
- College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (L.C.); (Z.L.); (W.W.); (Z.Q.); (D.L.); (Z.B.); (C.S.)
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Improvement and Germplasm Enhancement, State Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (J.Z.); (P.Y.)
| | - Zheying Qi
- College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (L.C.); (Z.L.); (W.W.); (Z.Q.); (D.L.); (Z.B.); (C.S.)
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Improvement and Germplasm Enhancement, State Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (J.Z.); (P.Y.)
| | - Dechen Li
- College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (L.C.); (Z.L.); (W.W.); (Z.Q.); (D.L.); (Z.B.); (C.S.)
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Improvement and Germplasm Enhancement, State Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (J.Z.); (P.Y.)
| | - Panfeng Yao
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Improvement and Germplasm Enhancement, State Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (J.Z.); (P.Y.)
| | - Zhenzhen Bi
- College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (L.C.); (Z.L.); (W.W.); (Z.Q.); (D.L.); (Z.B.); (C.S.)
| | - Chao Sun
- College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (L.C.); (Z.L.); (W.W.); (Z.Q.); (D.L.); (Z.B.); (C.S.)
| | - Yuhui Liu
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Improvement and Germplasm Enhancement, State Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (J.Z.); (P.Y.)
| | - Zhen Liu
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Improvement and Germplasm Enhancement, State Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (J.Z.); (P.Y.)
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The Ubiquitin–Proteasome System (UPS) and Viral Infection in Plants. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11192476. [PMID: 36235343 PMCID: PMC9572368 DOI: 10.3390/plants11192476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS) is crucial in maintaining cellular physiological balance. The UPS performs quality control and degrades proteins that have already fulfilled their regulatory purpose. The UPS is essential for cellular and organic homeostasis, and its functions regulate DNA repair, gene transcription, protein activation, and receptor trafficking. Besides that, the UPS protects cellular immunity and acts on the host’s defense system. In order to produce successful infections, viruses frequently need to manipulate the UPS to maintain the proper level of viral proteins and hijack defense mechanisms. This review highlights and updates the mechanisms and strategies used by plant viruses to subvert the defenses of their hosts. Proteins involved in these mechanisms are important clues for biotechnological approaches in viral resistance.
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