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Iqbal A, Siddiqui YD, Chaudhary FA, Abideen MZU, Hussain T, Arjumand B, Almuhaiza M, Mustafa M, Khattak O, Attia RM, Rashed AA, Sultan SE. Caries risk assessment by Caries Management by Risk Assessment (CAMBRA) Protocol among the general population of Pakistan-a multicenter analytical study. PeerJ 2024; 12:e16863. [PMID: 38313036 PMCID: PMC10838085 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.16863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Caries risk (CR) assessment tools are used to properly identify individuals with caries risk and to improve preventive procedures and programs. A tool such as CAMBRA determines the precise protective factors of caries and identifies an individual's specific therapeutic intervention. The purpose of this study was to assess the caries risk using the CAMBRA protocol among the general population of Pakistan. Methods This multicentre analytical study was conducted in ten dental hospitals in different provinces of Pakistan and the caries risk assessment was carried out using a questionnaire that was designed using the Caries Management by Risk Assessment (CAMBRA) protocol. All 521 participants were intra-orally examined to assess oral hygiene status and the presence of disease. Multiple logistic regression test was performed for analysis. Results A higher number of participants (61.2%) were found to be in the moderate risk category of caries risk assessment. The males are 51% less likely to have caries compared to the females (AOR = 0.49, P = 0.081). The majority of participants (71.3%) had one or more disease indicators, with white spots and visible cavities. Those with visible, heavy plaque were 13.9 times more likely to have caries compared to those without (AOR = 13.92, P < 0.001). Those using calcium and phosphate during the last 6 months were 90% less likely to have caries compared to those not using them (AOR = 0.10, P < 0.001). There was no significant interaction between all eight risk factors retained in the final model (P > 0.05), the Hosmer and Lemeshow Test P < 0.001, classification accuracy = 87.1%, and AUC = 91.2%. Conclusion The caries risk among the general population of Pakistan is moderate, with significant variation among age groups, education levels, and socioeconomic status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azhar Iqbal
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, College of Dentistry, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yasir Dilshad Siddiqui
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, College of Dentistry, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia
| | - Farooq Ahmad Chaudhary
- School of Dentistry, Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Medical University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Malik Zain ul Abideen
- Department of Dental Education & Research, College of Dentistry, Bakhtawar Amin Medical & Dental College, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Talib Hussain
- Department of Oral Biology, Women Medical & Dental College, Abbottabad, Pakistan
| | - Bilal Arjumand
- Department of Conservative Dental Sciences and Endodontics, College of Dentistry, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Almuhaiza
- Department of Conservative Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Mustafa
- Department of Conservative Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia
- Center for Transdisciplinary Research, Saveetha Dental College and Hospital, Department of Conservative Dentistry & Endodontics, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Osama Khattak
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, College of Dentistry, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia
| | - Reham Mohammed Attia
- Conservative Dentistry Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | | | - Sherif Elsayed Sultan
- Department of Fixed Prosthodontics, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
- Department of Prosthetic Dental Sciences, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia
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Bangash M, Humayun M, Anser M, Chaudhary FA, Arjumand B, Alharkan HM. Microleakage Assessment of Different Preparation Techniques and Pit and Fissure Sealants in Permanent Molars. Cureus 2023; 15:e50382. [PMID: 38213342 PMCID: PMC10782185 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.50382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to evaluate the predisposition of microleakage in permanent molar teeth following different preparation techniques for pits and fissure sealants. METHODS In this cross-sectional analytical study, a dye penetration method was employed to evaluate microleakage in dental restorations. A total of 104 extracted molars were randomly assigned into two groups and further subdivided into two subgroups based on a class of sealant (filled/unfilled resin) containing 26 teeth each. Teeth in one group were prepared by a conventional method using pumice and acid etching with 37% phosphoric acid, and teeth in the other group were prepared with a 1/4-round carbide bur in a low-speed handpiece and then acid etched. In each group, 26 teeth were sealed with a filled sealant, and 26 teeth with an unfilled sealant. The chi-square test was used for the comparison of microleakage between the groups. RESULTS Unfilled sealants prepared with bur preparation showed the lowest degree of microleakage. The greater number of teeth (17) showed no microleakage in the group of teeth prepared using the bur preparation technique. Furthermore, in dye penetration analysis, the subgroup of teeth that were filled with unfilled sealants showed a greater number of teeth (57.6%), with zero penetration, and the dye penetration scores were statistically significant among the groups with different preparation techniques (p=0.002). CONCLUSION Teeth whose pits and fissures were prepared through 1/4 carbide bur and filled with unfilled pits and fissure sealants show less microleakage than those prepared with the conventional method and filled with filled sealants. Therefore, the choice of surface preparation technique for pit and fissure sealants can influence the effectiveness of the sealant in preventing microleakage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeeha Bangash
- Department of Paediatric Dentistry, Rehman College of Dentistry, Peshawar, PAK
| | - Mashal Humayun
- Department of Paediatric Dentistry, Rehman College of Dentistry, Peshawar, PAK
| | - Miraat Anser
- School of Dentistry, Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Medical University, Islamabad, PAK
| | | | - Bilal Arjumand
- Department of Conservative Dental Sciences and Endodontics, College of Dentistry, Qassim University, Buraydah, SAU
| | - Hamad Mohammad Alharkan
- Department of Conservative Dental Sciences and Endodontics, College of Dentistry, Qassim University, Buraydah, SAU
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Issrani R, Reddy J, Bader AK, Albalawi RFH, Alserhani EDM, Alruwaili DSR, Alanazi GRA, Alruwaili NSR, Sghaireen MG, Rao K. Exploring an Association between Body Mass Index and Oral Health-A Scoping Review. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:diagnostics13050902. [PMID: 36900046 PMCID: PMC10000970 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13050902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Basal metabolic index (BMI) is a unique anthropometric indicator used to define the relative amount of body fat on an individual's frame. There are many diseases and conditions associated with obesity and underweight. Recent research trials suggest that there is a significant association between oral health indicators and BMI as both are attributed to common risk factors such as dietary, genetic, socioeconomic, and lifestyle issues. OBJECTIVES The main objective of this review paper is to emphasize the association between BMI and oral health with available literature evidence. METHODOLOGY A literature search was conducted using multiple databases comprising of MEDLINE (via PubMed), EMBASE, and Web of Science. The terms used for the search were "body mass index", "periodontitis", "dental caries", and "tooth loss". RESULTS In total, 2839 articles were obtained from the analysis of the databases. Unrelated articles from the available full text of 1135 articles were excluded. The main reasons for excluding the articles were: they were dietary guidelines and policy statements. A total of 66 studies were finally included in the review. CONCLUSION The presence of dental caries, periodontitis and tooth loss may be associated with a higher BMI or obesity, whereas, improved oral health might be associated with lower BMI. Promoting general and oral health should be a hand in hand feature, as common risk factors can be embattled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakhi Issrani
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, College of Dentistry, Jouf University, Sakaka 72388, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Oral Medicine & Radiology, Indira Gandhi Institute of Dental Sciences, SBV University, Puducherry 607402, India
- Correspondence: or
| | - Jagat Reddy
- Department of Oral Medicine & Radiology, Indira Gandhi Institute of Dental Sciences, SBV University, Puducherry 607402, India
| | - Alzarea K. Bader
- Department of Prosthetic Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Jouf University, Sakaka 72388, Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Mohammed Ghazi Sghaireen
- Department of Prosthetic Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Jouf University, Sakaka 72388, Saudi Arabia
| | - Krishna Rao
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, College of Dentistry, Jouf University, Sakaka 72388, Saudi Arabia
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