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Özel M, Baskol M, Akalın H, Baskol G. Suberoylanilide Hydroxamic Acid (SAHA) Reduces Fibrosis Markers and Deactivates Human Stellate Cells via the Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT). Cell Biochem Biophys 2021; 79:349-357. [PMID: 33689126 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-021-00974-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hepatic fibrosis is known as the accumulation of connective tissue secondary to chronic damage to the liver. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) corresponding increase in liver fibrogenesis was shown with immunohistochemistry and PCR-based studies. Suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA), a synthetic compound approved as a histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDAC) by the FDA to treat cutaneous T-cell lymphoma is under investigation for the treatment of lung and renal fibrosis. Experimental modeling for hepatic fibrosis can be constructed with an LX2 cell line isolated from human hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). In this study, we aimed to investigate the modulation of SAHA in the pathogenesis of liver fibrosis by detecting the levels of proteins; (E-cadherin (E-cad), N-cadherin (N-cad), Vimentin (Vim), and genes; E-cad, N-cad, Vim, transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β), alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), type 1 collagen (COL1A1), type 3 collagen (COL3A1)) that play a significant role in EMT with the LX2 cell line. We also evaluated the action of SAHA with cell proliferation, clonogenic, and migration assay. Cell proliferation was performed by flow cytometry. All the protein levels were determined by Western blot analysis, and gene expression levels were measured by Real-Time PCR. Our study observed that SAHA treatment decreased cell viability, colony formation and migration in LX2 cells. We found that SAHA increased E-cad expression level, while it decreased N-cad, Vim, COL1A1, COL3A1, α-SMA TGF-β genes expression levels. SAHA decreased the level of E-cad, N-cad, and Vim protein levels. We thought that SAHA possesses potent antifibrotic and anti-EMT properties in LX2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merve Özel
- Erciyes University School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Kayseri, Turkey. .,Erciyes University, Betül-Ziya Eren Genome and Stem Cell Center, Kayseri, Turkey.
| | - Mevlut Baskol
- Erciyes University School of Medicine, Department of Gastroenterology, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Hilal Akalın
- Erciyes University School of Medicine, Department of Genetics, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Gulden Baskol
- Erciyes University School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Kayseri, Turkey.,Erciyes University, Betül-Ziya Eren Genome and Stem Cell Center, Kayseri, Turkey
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Claveria-Cabello A, Colyn L, Arechederra M, Urman JM, Berasain C, Avila MA, Fernandez-Barrena MG. Epigenetics in Liver Fibrosis: Could HDACs be a Therapeutic Target? Cells 2020; 9:cells9102321. [PMID: 33086678 PMCID: PMC7589994 DOI: 10.3390/cells9102321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic liver diseases (CLD) represent a worldwide health problem. While CLDs may have diverse etiologies, a common pathogenic denominator is the presence of liver fibrosis. Cirrhosis, the end-stage of CLD, is characterized by extensive fibrosis and is markedly associated with the development of hepatocellular carcinoma. The most important event in hepatic fibrogenesis is the activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSC) following liver injury. Activated HSCs acquire a myofibroblast-like phenotype becoming proliferative, fibrogenic, and contractile cells. While transient activation of HSCs is part of the physiological mechanisms of tissue repair, protracted activation of a wound healing reaction leads to organ fibrosis. The phenotypic changes of activated HSCs involve epigenetic mechanisms mediated by non-coding RNAs (ncRNA) as well as by changes in DNA methylation and histone modifications. During CLD these epigenetic mechanisms become deregulated, with alterations in the expression and activity of epigenetic modulators. Here we provide an overview of the epigenetic alterations involved in fibrogenic HSCs transdifferentiation with particular focus on histones acetylation changes. We also discuss recent studies supporting the promising therapeutic potential of histone deacetylase inhibitors in liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Claveria-Cabello
- Program of Hepatology, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (A.C.-C.); (L.C.); (M.A.); (C.B.)
| | - Leticia Colyn
- Program of Hepatology, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (A.C.-C.); (L.C.); (M.A.); (C.B.)
| | - Maria Arechederra
- Program of Hepatology, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (A.C.-C.); (L.C.); (M.A.); (C.B.)
- National Institute for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd, Carlos III Health Institute), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, 31008 Pamplona, Spain;
| | - Jesus M. Urman
- IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, 31008 Pamplona, Spain;
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Navarra University Hospital Complex, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Carmen Berasain
- Program of Hepatology, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (A.C.-C.); (L.C.); (M.A.); (C.B.)
- National Institute for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd, Carlos III Health Institute), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, 31008 Pamplona, Spain;
| | - Matias A. Avila
- Program of Hepatology, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (A.C.-C.); (L.C.); (M.A.); (C.B.)
- National Institute for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd, Carlos III Health Institute), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, 31008 Pamplona, Spain;
- Correspondence: (M.A.A.); (M.G.F.-B.); Tel.: +34-94-819-4700 (M.A.A.); +34-94-819-4700 (M.G.F.-B.)
| | - Maite G. Fernandez-Barrena
- Program of Hepatology, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (A.C.-C.); (L.C.); (M.A.); (C.B.)
- National Institute for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd, Carlos III Health Institute), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, 31008 Pamplona, Spain;
- Correspondence: (M.A.A.); (M.G.F.-B.); Tel.: +34-94-819-4700 (M.A.A.); +34-94-819-4700 (M.G.F.-B.)
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Expression of neuropeptide Y is increased in an activated human HSC cell line. Sci Rep 2019; 9:9500. [PMID: 31263154 PMCID: PMC6602956 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-45932-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is an abundant neuropeptide in the mammalian central and peripheral nervous systems. Transgenic mice overexpressing NPY in noradrenergic neurons have increased level of hepatic triglycerides, fatty acids and cholesterol, which contributed to the development of hepatosteatosis. However, the roles of NPY in the activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) and the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate the expression and secretion of NPY in human immortalized HSC LX-2 cells and the regulatory function of NPY on the fibrogenic response in LX-2 cells, to explore the potential association between NPY and LX-2 activation. The results showed an increase in the expression and secretion of NPY(1–36) in activated LX-2 cells. Both endogenous and exogenous NPY(1–36) induced the phosphorylation of mTOR, p70S6K, and 4EBP1 and promoted the fibrogenic response via NPY Y1 receptor subtype (NPY1R), as these responses were blocked by either an NPY1R antagonist (BIBP3226) or NPY1R knockdown. Moreover, NPY(1–36) serum levels were increased in patients with liver cirrhosis (LC) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and presented a positive relationship with MELD scores in LC patients. These findings suggest that immortalized HSCs LX-2 have the potential to produce NPY(1–36). High serum levels of NPY(1–36) is correlated with hepatic dysfunction in cirrhotic patients.
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Wang Y, Zhao L, Jiao FZ, Zhang WB, Chen Q, Gong ZJ. Histone deacetylase inhibitor suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid alleviates liver fibrosis by suppressing the transforming growth factor-β1 signal pathway. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int 2018; 17:423-429. [PMID: 30249543 DOI: 10.1016/j.hbpd.2018.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Histone deacetylases (HDACs) inhibitors are new anti-fibrotic drugs that inhibit the activity of hepatic stellate cells. The present study focused on the anti-fibrotic function of HDAC inhibitor suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA) by suppressing transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) signaling. METHODS Male Sprague-Dawley rats were used to induce liver fibrosis with carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) and LX2 cell (human hepatic stellate cell line) was stimulated by TGF-β1. Both animals and cells were treated with SAHA. The Smad7 and connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) mRNA levels were detected by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Western blotting was used to examine the protein levels of CTGF, Histone H3 (H3), Smad7, Smad2/3, Acetyl-Histone H3 (AH3), HDAC2, α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), HDAC6, p-Smad2/3 and HDAC8. In addition, the TGF-β1 and liver enzyme levels from rat serum were detected. Histopathological changes were examined by hematoxylin and eosin (HE), Sirius red and Masson trichrome staining. The α-SMA expression was detected by immumohistochemical staining. RESULTS Compared with control group, the TGF-β1 and liver enzyme levels from rat serum, together with the mRNA levels of CTGF and protein levels of CTGF, HDAC2, α-SMA, HDAC6, p-Smad2/3 and HDAC8 were elevated in fibrotic rats (P < 0.01). But the Smad7 mRNA and AH3 protein levels were notably suppressed in the fibrotic rats (P < 0.01). Pathological examination showed the typical changes of liver fibrosis in the fibrotic rats. After the treatment with SAHA, the levels of liver enzymes, TGF-β1, CTGF, HDAC2, α-SMA, HDAC6, p-Smad2/3 and HDAC8 were reduced (P < 0.01) and Smad7 and AH3 protein contents were elevated in liver fibrotic rats (P < 0.01). Moreover, immumohistochemistry showed that SAHA significantly suppressed the α-SMA protein content in fibrotic liver (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION The HDAC inhibitor SAHA alleviated liver fibrosis by suppressing the TGF-β1 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Lei Zhao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Fang-Zhou Jiao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Wen-Bin Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Qian Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Zuo-Jiong Gong
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China.
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Guiot J, Struman I, Chavez V, Henket M, Herzog M, Scoubeau K, Hardat N, Bondue B, Corhay JL, Moermans C, Louis R. Altered epigenetic features in circulating nucleosomes in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Clin Epigenetics 2017; 9:84. [PMID: 28824731 PMCID: PMC5558769 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-017-0383-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive, fatal lung disorder of unknown origin with a highly variable and unpredictable clinical course. Polymorphisms and environmentally induced epigenetic variations seem to determine individual susceptibility to the development of lung fibrosis. METHODS We have studied circulating epitopes on cell-free nucleosomes (cfnucleosomes) in 50 IPF patients. We have compared untreated IPF (n = 23) with IPF receiving antifibrotic therapy (n = 27) and healthy subjects (HS) (n = 27). We analyzed serum levels of five cfnucleosomes including bound HMGB1 (nucleosomes adducted to high-mobility growth protein B1), mH2A1.1 (nucleosomes containing the histone variant mH2A1.1), 5mC (nucleosomes associated with methylated DNA), and H3K9Ac and H3K27Ac (nucleosomes associated with histone H3 acetylated at lysine 9 or 27 residue). RESULTS Our findings showed that serum levels of bound HMGB1, mH2A1.1, 5mC, H3K9Ac, and H3K27Ac were significantly lower in IPF patients than in HS (p < 0.001, p < 0.001, p < 0.01, p < 0.001, and p < 0.0001, respectively). Moreover, we found differences in epigenetic profiles between untreated IPF patients and those receiving anti-fibrotic therapy with mH2A1.1 and 5mC being significantly lower in untreated than in treated patients (p < 0.01 and p < 0.05, respectively). Combination of four cfnucleosomes (HMGB1, 5mC, H3K9Ac, and H3K27Ac) allow to discriminate IPF vs HS with a good coefficient of determination (R2 = 0.681). The AUC for the ROC curve computed by this logistic regression was 0.93 (p < 0.001) with 91% sensitivity at 80% specificity. CONCLUSION Our observations showed that cfnucleosomes (bound HMGB1, mH2A1.1, 5mC, H3K9Ac, and H3K27Ac) might have potential as biomarkers for diagnosis and treatment response. These results deserve further validation in longitudinal cohorts.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Guiot
- Pneumology Department, CHU Liège, Domaine universitaire du Sart-Tilman B35, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - I Struman
- Molecular Angiogenesis Laboratory, GIGA R, University of Liège, B34, 1 avenue de l hospital Sart-Tilman, Liège, Belgium
| | - V Chavez
- Department of Clinical Hematology, CHU Sart Tilman, Liège, Belgium
| | - M Henket
- Pneumology Department, CHU Liège, Domaine universitaire du Sart-Tilman B35, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - M Herzog
- Belgian Volition SPRL, Rue du Seminaire 20A, 5000 Namur, Belgium
| | - K Scoubeau
- Belgian Volition SPRL, Rue du Seminaire 20A, 5000 Namur, Belgium
| | - N Hardat
- Belgian Volition SPRL, Rue du Seminaire 20A, 5000 Namur, Belgium
| | - B Bondue
- Pneumology Department, Erasme hospital, université libre de bruxelles, Belgium Route de Lennik, 808, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - J L Corhay
- Pneumology Department, CHU Liège, Domaine universitaire du Sart-Tilman B35, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - C Moermans
- Pneumology Department, CHU Liège, Domaine universitaire du Sart-Tilman B35, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - R Louis
- Pneumology Department, CHU Liège, Domaine universitaire du Sart-Tilman B35, 4000 Liège, Belgium
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Tan X, Feng L, Huang X, Yang Y, Yang C, Gao Y. Histone deacetylase inhibitors promote eNOS expression in vascular smooth muscle cells and suppress hypoxia-induced cell growth. J Cell Mol Med 2017; 21:2022-2035. [PMID: 28266122 PMCID: PMC5571528 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia stimulates excessive growth of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) contributing to vascular remodelling. Recent studies have shown that histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDIs) suppress VSMC proliferation and activate eNOS expression. However, the effects of HDI on hypoxia-induced VSMC growth and the role of activated eNOS in VSMCs are unclear. Using an EdU incorporation assay and flow cytometry analysis, we found that the HDIs, butyrate (Bur) and suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA) significantly suppressed the proliferation of hypoxic VSMC lines and induced apoptosis. Remarkable induction of cleaved caspase 3, p21 expression and reduction of PCNA expression were also observed. Increased eNOS expression and enhanced NO secretion by hypoxic VSMC lines were detected using Bur or SAHA treatment. Knockdown of eNOS by siRNA transfection or exposure of hypoxic VSMCs to NO scavengers weakened the effects of Bur and SAHA on the growth of hypoxic VSMCs. In animal experiments, administration of Bur to Wistar rats exposed to hypobaric hypoxia for 28 days ameliorated the thickness and collagen deposition in pulmonary artery walls. Although the mean pulmonary arterial pressure (mPAP) was not obviously decreased with Bur in hypoxic rats, right ventricle hypertrophy index (RVHI) was decreased and the oxygen partial pressure of arterial blood was elevated. Furthermore, cell viability was decreased and eNOS and cleaved caspase 3 were induced in HDI-treated rat pulmonary arterial SMCs. These findings imply that HDIs prevent hypoxia-induced VSMC growth, in correlation with activated eNOS expression and activity in hypoxic VSMCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoling Tan
- Department of High Altitude Physiology & Biology, College of High Altitude Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lan Feng
- Department of High Altitude Physiology & Biology, College of High Altitude Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaoyong Huang
- Southwest Eye Hospital, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yidong Yang
- Department of Pathophysiology & High Altitude Pathology, College of High Altitude Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chengzhong Yang
- Department of High Altitude Physiology & Biology, College of High Altitude Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuqi Gao
- Department of Pathophysiology & High Altitude Pathology, College of High Altitude Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
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