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Chen L, Qin Y, Fan S. Genome-Wide Identification and Characterization of the GRAS Gene Family in Lettuce Revealed That Silencing LsGRAS13 Delayed Bolting. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:1360. [PMID: 38794431 PMCID: PMC11124801 DOI: 10.3390/plants13101360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Lettuce is susceptible to high-temperature stress during cultivation, leading to bolting and affecting yield. Plant-specific transcription factors, known as GRAS proteins, play a crucial role in regulating plant growth, development, and abiotic stress responses. In this study, the entire lettuce LsGRAS gene family was identified. The results show that 59 LsGRAS genes are unevenly distributed across the nine chromosomes. Additionally, all LsGRAS proteins showed 100% nuclear localization based on the predicted subcellular localization and were phylogenetically classified into nine conserved subfamilies. To investigate the expression profiles of these genes in lettuce, we analyzed the transcription levels of all 59 LsGRAS genes in the publicly available RNA-seq data under the high-temperature treatment conducted in the presence of exogenous melatonin. The findings indicate that the transcript levels of the LsGRAS13 gene were higher on days 6, 9, 15, 18, and 27 under the high-temperature (35/30 °C) treatment with melatonin than on the same treatment days without melatonin. The functional studies demonstrate that silencing LsGRAS13 accelerated bolting in lettuce. Furthermore, the paraffin sectioning results showed that flower bud differentiation in LsGRAS13-silenced plants occurred significantly faster than in control plants. In this study, the LsGRAS genes were annotated and analyzed, and the expression pattern of the LsGRAS gene following melatonin treatment under high-temperature conditions was explored. This exploration provides valuable information and identifies candidate genes associated with the response mechanism of lettuce plants high-temperature stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Chen
- College of Horticulture, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China; (L.C.); (Y.Q.)
| | - Yong Qin
- College of Horticulture, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China; (L.C.); (Y.Q.)
| | - Shuangxi Fan
- College of Horticulture, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China; (L.C.); (Y.Q.)
- Plant Science and Technology College, Beijing Vocational College of Agriculture, Beijing 102442, China
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Yin Y, Fu H, Mi F, Yang Y, Wang Y, Li Z, He Y, Yue Z. Genomic characterization of WRKY transcription factors related to secoiridoid biosynthesis in Gentiana macrophylla. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 24:66. [PMID: 38262919 PMCID: PMC10804491 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-04727-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Gentiana macrophylla is one of Chinese herbal medicines in which 4 kinds of iridoids or secoiridoids, such as loganic acid, sweroside, swertiamarin, and gentiopicroside, are identified as the dominant medicinal secondary metabolites. WRKY, as a large family of transcription factors (TFs), plays an important role in the synthesis of secondary metabolites in plants. Therefore, WRKY genes involved in the biosynthesis of secoiridoids in G. macrophylla were systematically studied. First, a comprehensive genome-wide analysis was performed, and 42 GmWRKY genes were identified, which were unevenly distributed in 12 chromosomes. Accordingly, gene structure, collinearity, sequence alignment, phylogenetic, conserved motif and promoter analyses were performed, and the GmWRKY proteins were divided into three subfamilies based on phylogenetic and multiple sequence alignment analyses. Moreover, the enzyme-encoding genes of the secoiridoid biosynthesis pathway and their promoters were then analysed, and the contents of the four secoiridoids were determined in different tissues. Accordingly, correlation analysis was performed using Pearson's correlation coefficient to construct WRKY gene-enzyme-encoding genes and WRKY gene-metabolite networks. Meanwhile, G. macrophylla seedlings were treated with methyl jasmonate (MeJA) to detect the dynamic change trend of GmWRKYs, biosynthetic genes, and medicinal ingredient accumulation. Thus, a total of 12 GmWRKYs were identified to be involved in the biosynthesis of secoiridoids, of which 8 (GmWRKY1, 6, 12, 17, 33, 34, 38 and 39) were found to regulate the synthesis of gentiopicroside, and 4 (GmWRKY7, 14, 26 and 41) were found to regulate the synthesis of loganic acid. Taken together, this study systematically identified WRKY transcription factors related to the biosynthesis of secoiridoids in G. macrophylla, which could be used as a cue for further investigation of WRKY gene functions in secondary metabolite accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Research & Development of Characteristic Qin Medicine Resources (Cultivation), Coconstruction Collaborative Innovation Center for Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization By Shaanxi & Education Ministry, Shaanxi Innovative Drug Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, 712046, People's Republic of China
| | - Huanhuan Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Research & Development of Characteristic Qin Medicine Resources (Cultivation), Coconstruction Collaborative Innovation Center for Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization By Shaanxi & Education Ministry, Shaanxi Innovative Drug Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, 712046, People's Republic of China
| | - Fakai Mi
- College of Life Science, Qinghai Normal University, Xining, 810016, People's Republic of China
| | - Ye Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Research & Development of Characteristic Qin Medicine Resources (Cultivation), Coconstruction Collaborative Innovation Center for Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization By Shaanxi & Education Ministry, Shaanxi Innovative Drug Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, 712046, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaomin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Research & Development of Characteristic Qin Medicine Resources (Cultivation), Coconstruction Collaborative Innovation Center for Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization By Shaanxi & Education Ministry, Shaanxi Innovative Drug Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, 712046, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhe Li
- State Key Laboratory of Research & Development of Characteristic Qin Medicine Resources (Cultivation), Coconstruction Collaborative Innovation Center for Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization By Shaanxi & Education Ministry, Shaanxi Innovative Drug Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, 712046, People's Republic of China
| | - Yihan He
- State Key Laboratory of Research & Development of Characteristic Qin Medicine Resources (Cultivation), Coconstruction Collaborative Innovation Center for Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization By Shaanxi & Education Ministry, Shaanxi Innovative Drug Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, 712046, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhenggang Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Research & Development of Characteristic Qin Medicine Resources (Cultivation), Coconstruction Collaborative Innovation Center for Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization By Shaanxi & Education Ministry, Shaanxi Innovative Drug Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, 712046, People's Republic of China.
- College of Life Science, Qinghai Normal University, Xining, 810016, People's Republic of China.
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An X, Liu Q, Jiang H, Dong G, Tian D, Luo X, Chen C, Li W, Liu T, Zou L, Ying J, Zhou H, Zhu X, Chen X. Bioinformatics Analysis of WRKY Family Genes in Flax ( Linum usitatissimum). Life (Basel) 2023; 13:1258. [PMID: 37374041 DOI: 10.3390/life13061258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
WRKY gene family is one of the largest transcription factor families involved in various physiological processes of plants. Flax (Linum usitatissimum) is an important stem fiber crop, and it is also an economically important crop in natural fiber and textile industries around the world. In this study, 105 WRKY genes were obtained by screening the whole genome of flax. There were 26 in group I, 68 in group II, 8 in group III and 3 in group UN. The characteristics of the WRKY motif and gene structure in each group are similar. The promoter sequence of WRKY genes includes photoresponsive elements, core regulatory elements and 12 cis-acting elements under abiotic stress. Similar to A. thaliana and Compositae plants, WRKY genes are evenly distributed on each chromosome, with segmental and tandem repeated events, which play a major role in the evolution of WRKY genes. The flax WRKY gene family is mainly concentrated in group I and group II. This study is mainly based on genome-wide information to classify and analyze the flax WRKY gene family, laying a foundation for further understanding the role of WRKY transcription factors in species evolution and functional analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia An
- Zhejiang Xiaoshan Institute of Cotton & Bast Fiber Crops, Zhejiang Institute of Landscape Plants and Flowers, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 311251, China
| | - Qin Liu
- Zhejiang Xiaoshan Institute of Cotton & Bast Fiber Crops, Zhejiang Institute of Landscape Plants and Flowers, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 311251, China
| | - Hui Jiang
- Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Guoyun Dong
- Zhangjiajie Research Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology, Zhangjiajie 427000, China
| | - Danqing Tian
- Zhejiang Xiaoshan Institute of Cotton & Bast Fiber Crops, Zhejiang Institute of Landscape Plants and Flowers, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 311251, China
| | - Xiahong Luo
- Zhejiang Xiaoshan Institute of Cotton & Bast Fiber Crops, Zhejiang Institute of Landscape Plants and Flowers, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 311251, China
| | - Changli Chen
- Zhejiang Xiaoshan Institute of Cotton & Bast Fiber Crops, Zhejiang Institute of Landscape Plants and Flowers, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 311251, China
| | - Wenlue Li
- Zhejiang Xiaoshan Institute of Cotton & Bast Fiber Crops, Zhejiang Institute of Landscape Plants and Flowers, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 311251, China
| | - Tingting Liu
- Zhejiang Xiaoshan Institute of Cotton & Bast Fiber Crops, Zhejiang Institute of Landscape Plants and Flowers, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 311251, China
| | - Lina Zou
- Zhejiang Xiaoshan Institute of Cotton & Bast Fiber Crops, Zhejiang Institute of Landscape Plants and Flowers, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 311251, China
| | - Jinyao Ying
- Hangzhou Xiaoshan District Agricultural (Forestry) Technology Promotion, Hangzhou 311203, China
| | - Huaping Zhou
- Hangzhou Xiaoshan District Agricultural (Forestry) Technology Promotion, Hangzhou 311203, China
| | - Xuan Zhu
- Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture Agricultural Science Extension Research Institute, Dali 671699, China
| | - Xiaoyan Chen
- Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture Agricultural Science Extension Research Institute, Dali 671699, China
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Li J, Xiong C, Ruan D, Du W, Li H, Ruan C. Identification of Camellia oleifera WRKY transcription factor genes and functional characterization of CoWRKY78. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1110366. [PMID: 36968410 PMCID: PMC10036053 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1110366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Camellia oleifera Abel is a highly valued woody edible oil tree, which is endemic to China. It has great economic value because C. oleifera seed oil contains a high proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acids. C. oleifera anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum fructicola, poses a serious threat to C. oleifera growth and yield and causes the benefit of the C. oleifera industry to suffer directly. The WRKY transcription factor family members have been widely characterized as vital regulators in plant response to pathogen infection. Until now, the number, type and biological function of C. oleifera WRKY genes are remains unknown. Here, we identified 90 C. oleifera WRKY members, which were distributed across 15 chromosomes. C. oleifera WRKY gene expansion was mainly attributed to segmental duplication. We performed transcriptomic analyses to verify the expression patterns of CoWRKYs between anthracnose-resistant and -susceptible cultivars of C. oleifera. These results demonstrated that multiple candidate CoWRKYs can be induced by anthracnose and provide useful clues for their functional studies. CoWRKY78, an anthracnose-induced WRKY gene, was isolated from C. oleifera. It was significantly down-regulated in anthracnose-resistant cultivars. Overexpression of CoWRKY78 in tobacco markedly reduced resistance to anthracnose than WT plants, as evidenced by more cell death, higher malonaldehyde content and reactive oxygen species (ROS), but lower activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), as well as phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL). Furthermore, the expression of multiple stress-related genes, which are associated with ROS-homeostasis (NtSOD and NtPOD), pathogen challenge (NtPAL), and pathogen defense (NtPR1, NtNPR1, and NtPDF1.2) were altered in the CoWRKY78-overexpressing plants. These findings increase our understanding of the CoWRKY genes and lay the foundation for the exploration of anthracnose resistance mechanisms and expedite the breeding of anthracnose-resistant C. oleifera cultivars.
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Huang Y, Li Y, Liu Z, Chen W, Wang Y, Wang X, Liu Y, Zheng Y. Combined analysis of the transcriptome and metabolome provides insights into the fleshy stem expansion mechanism in stem lettuce. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1101199. [PMID: 36589074 PMCID: PMC9798005 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1101199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
As a stem variety of lettuce, the fleshy stem is the main product organ of stem lettuce. The molecular mechanism of fleshy stem expansion in stem lettuce is a complex biological process. In the study, the material accumulation, gene expression, and morphogenesis during fleshy stem expansion process were analyzed by the comparative analysis of metabolome, transcriptome and the anatomical studies. The anatomical studies showed that the occurrence and activity of vascular cambium mainly led to the development of fleshy stems; and the volume of pith cells gradually increased and arranged tightly during the expansion process. A total of 822 differential metabolites and 9,383 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified by the metabolomics and transcriptomics analyses, respectively. These changes significantly enriched in sugar synthesis, glycolysis, and plant hormone anabolism. The expression profiles of genes in the sugar metabolic pathway gradually increased in fleshy stem expansion process. But the sucrose content was the highest in the early stage of fleshy stem expansion, other sugars such as fructose and glucose content increased during fleshy stem expansion process. Plant hormones, including IAA, GA, CTK, and JA, depicted important roles at different stem expansion stages. A total of 1,805 DEGs were identified as transcription factors, such as MYB, bHLH, and bZIP, indicating that these transcription factor families might regulate the fleshy stems expansion in lettuce. In addition, the expression patterns identified by qRT-PCR were consistent with the expression abundance identified by the transcriptome data. The important genes and metabolites identified in the lettuce fleshy stem expansion process will provide important information for the further molecular mechanism study of lettuce fleshy stem growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Huang
- College of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Linyi University, Linyi, China
| | - Yanwen Li
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhenning Liu
- College of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Linyi University, Linyi, China
| | - Wanqin Chen
- College of Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
| | - Yalin Wang
- College of Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
| | - Xiaohua Wang
- College of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Linyi University, Linyi, China
| | - Yihua Liu
- College of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Linyi University, Linyi, China
| | - Yangxia Zheng
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
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