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Yan Y, Huang W, Lu X, Chen X, Shan Y, Luo X, Li Y, Yang X, Li C. Zinc oxide nanoparticles induces cell death and consequently leading to incomplete neural tube closure through oxidative stress during embryogenesis. Cell Biol Toxicol 2024; 40:51. [PMID: 38958792 PMCID: PMC11222284 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-024-09894-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
The implementation of Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) raises concerns regarding their potential toxic effects on human health. Although more and more researches have confirmed the toxic effects of ZnO NPs, limited attention has been given to their impact on the early embryonic nervous system. This study aimed to explore the impact of exposure to ZnO NPs on early neurogenesis and explore its underlying mechanisms. We conducted experiments here to confirm the hypothesis that exposure to ZnO NPs causes neural tube defects in early embryonic development. We first used mouse and chicken embryos to confirm that ZnO NPs and the Zn2+ they release are able to penetrate the placental barrier, influence fetal growth and result in incomplete neural tube closure. Using SH-SY5Y cells, we determined that ZnO NPs-induced incomplete neural tube closure was caused by activation of various cell death modes, including ferroptosis, apoptosis and autophagy. Moreover, dissolved Zn2+ played a role in triggering widespread cell death. ZnO NPs were accumulated within mitochondria after entering cells, damaging mitochondrial function and resulting in the over production of reactive oxygen species, ultimately inducing cellular oxidative stress. The N-acetylcysteine (NAC) exhibits significant efficacy in mitigating cellular oxidative stress, thereby alleviating the cytotoxicity and neurotoxicity brought about by ZnO NPs. These findings indicated that the exposure of ZnO NPs in early embryonic development can induce cell death through oxidative stress, resulting in a reduced number of cells involved in early neural tube closure and ultimately resulting in incomplete neural tube closure during embryo development. The findings of this study could raise public awareness regarding the potential risks associated with the exposure and use of ZnO NPs in early pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Yan
- School of Nursing, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, China
| | - Wenyi Huang
- School of Nursing, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, China
- Research Center of Integrative Medicine, School Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoting Lu
- School of Nursing, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, China
- Research Center of Integrative Medicine, School Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xianxian Chen
- School of Nursing, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, China
- Research Center of Integrative Medicine, School Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yingyi Shan
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Clinical Center of Diabetes, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Key Clinical Center for Metabolic Disease, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Xin Luo
- Department of Urology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Yu Li
- School of Nursing, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, China.
| | - Xuesong Yang
- Division of Histology and Embryology, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
- Clinical Research Center, Clifford Hospital, Guangzhou, 511495, China.
| | - Chun Li
- School of Nursing, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, China.
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2
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Xia WF, Zheng XL, Liu WY, Huang YT, Wen CJ, Zhou HH, Wu QC, Wu LX. Romidepsin exhibits anti-esophageal squamous cell carcinoma activity through the DDIT4-mTORC1 pathway. Cancer Gene Ther 2024; 31:778-789. [PMID: 38480975 DOI: 10.1038/s41417-024-00760-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is one of the most common human malignancies worldwide and is associated with high morbidity and mortality. Current treatment options are limited, highlighting the need for development of novel effective agents. Here, a high-throughput drug screening (HTS) was performed using ESCC cell lines in both two- and three-dimensional culture systems to screen compounds that have anti-ESCC activity. Our screen identified romidepsin, a histone deactylase inhibitor, as a potential anti-ESCC agent. Romidepsin treatment decreased cell viability, induced apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in ESCC cell lines, and these findings were confirmed in ESCC cell line-derived xenografted (CDX) mouse models. Mechanically, romidepsin induced transcriptional upregulation of DNA damage-inducible transcript 4 (DDIT4) gene by histone hyperacetylation at its promoter region, leading to the inhibition of mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) pathway. Furthermore, romidepsin exhibited better efficacy and safety compared to the conventional therapeutic drugs in ESCC patient-derived xenografted (PDX) mouse models. These data indicate that romidepsin may be a novel option for anti-ESCC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Feng Xia
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Xiao-Li Zheng
- Institute of Life Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Wen-Yi Liu
- Institute of Life Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Yu-Tang Huang
- Institute of Life Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Chun-Jie Wen
- Institute of Life Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Hong-Hao Zhou
- Pharmacogenetics Research Institute, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, China
| | - Qing-Chen Wu
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China.
| | - Lan-Xiang Wu
- Institute of Life Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China.
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Break MKB, Syed RU, Hussein W, Alqarni S, Magam SM, Nawaz M, Shaikh S, Otaibi AA, Masood N, Younes KM. Noncoding RNAs as therapeutic targets in autophagy-related diabetic cardiomyopathy. Pathol Res Pract 2024; 256:155225. [PMID: 38442448 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2024.155225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2024] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
Diabetic cardiomyopathy, a multifaceted complication of diabetes mellitus, remains a major challenge in clinical management due to its intricate pathophysiology. Emerging evidence underscores the pivotal role of autophagy dysregulation in the progression of diabetic cardiomyopathy, providing a novel avenue for therapeutic intervention. Noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs), a diverse class of regulatory molecules, have recently emerged as promising candidates for targeted therapeutic strategies. The exploration of various classes of ncRNAs, including microRNAs (miRNAs), long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), and circular RNAs (circRNAs) reveal their intricate regulatory networks in modulating autophagy and influencing the pathophysiological processes associated with diabetic cardiomyopathy. The nuanced understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying ncRNA-mediated autophagic regulation offers a rationale for the development of precise and effective therapeutic interventions. Harnessing the regulatory potential of ncRNAs presents a promising frontier for the development of targeted and personalized therapeutic strategies, aiming to ameliorate the burden of diabetic cardiomyopathy in affected individuals. As research in this field advances, the identification and validation of specific ncRNA targets hold immense potential for the translation of these findings into clinically viable interventions, ultimately improving outcomes for patients with diabetic cardiomyopathy. This review encapsulates the current understanding of the intricate interplay between autophagy and diabetic cardiomyopathy, with a focus on the potential of ncRNAs as therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Khaled Bin Break
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia; Medical and Diagnostic Research Centre, University of Hail, Hail 55473, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Rahamat Unissa Syed
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Hail, Hail 55473, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Weiam Hussein
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Aden University, Aden 6075, Yemen
| | - Saad Alqarni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sami M Magam
- Basic Science Department, Preparatory Year, University of Hail, Hail City 1560, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; Department of Marine Chemistry and Pollution, Faculty of Marine Science and Environment, Hodeidah University, Hodeidah City, Yemen
| | - Muhammad Nawaz
- Department of Nano-Medicine Research, Institute for Research and Medical Consultations, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sameer Shaikh
- Division of Oral Diagnosis and Oral Medicine, Department of OMFS and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Dentistry, University of Hail, Ha'il, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Al Otaibi
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, University of Ha'il, P.O. Box 2440, Ha'il 81451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Najat Masood
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, University of Ha'il, P.O. Box 2440, Ha'il 81451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kareem M Younes
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia; Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt
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Gong H, Li Z, Wu Z, Lian G, Su Z. Modulation of ferroptosis by non‑coding RNAs in cancers: Potential biomarkers for cancer diagnose and therapy. Pathol Res Pract 2024; 253:155042. [PMID: 38184963 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2023.155042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Ferroptosis is a recently discovered cell programmed death. Extensive researches have indicated that ferroptosis plays an essential role in tumorigenesis, development, migration and chemotherapy drugs resistance, which makes it become a new target for tumor therapy. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are considered to control a wide range of cellular processes by modulating gene expression. Recent studies have indicated that ncRNAs regulate the process of ferroptosis via various pathway to affect the development of cancer. However, the regulation network remains ambiguous. In this review, we outlined the major metabolic processes of ferroptosis and concluded the relationship between ferroptosis-related ncRNAs and cancer progression. In addition, the prospect of ncRNAs being new therapeutic targets and early diagnosis biomarkers for cancer by regulating ferroptosis were presented, and the possible obstacles were also predicted. This could help in discovering novel cancer early diagnostic methods and therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huifang Gong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Zheng Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Zhimin Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Gaojian Lian
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China.
| | - Zehong Su
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China.
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Wei X, Li X, Hu S, Cheng J, Cai R. Regulation of Ferroptosis in Lung Adenocarcinoma. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14614. [PMID: 37834062 PMCID: PMC10572737 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) is the most common lung cancer, which accounts for about 35-40% of all lung cancer patients. Despite therapeutic advancements in recent years, the overall survival time of LUAD patients still remains poor, especially KRAS mutant LUAD. Therefore, it is necessary to further explore novel targets and drugs to improve the prognos is for LUAD. Ferroptosis, an iron-dependent regulated cell death (RCD) caused by lipid peroxidation, has attracted much attention recently as an alternative target for apoptosis in LUAD therapy. Ferroptosis has been found to be closely related to LUAD at every stage, including initiation, proliferation, and progression. In this review, we will provide a comprehensive overview of ferroptosis mechanisms, its regulation in LUAD, and the application of targeting ferroptosis for LUAD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jinke Cheng
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China; (X.W.); (X.L.); (S.H.)
| | - Rong Cai
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China; (X.W.); (X.L.); (S.H.)
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Shan C, Liang Y, Wang K, Li P. Noncoding RNAs in cancer ferroptosis: From biology to clinical opportunity. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 165:115053. [PMID: 37379641 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Ferroptosis is a recently discovered pattern of programmed cell death that is nonapoptotic and irondependent. It is involved in lipid peroxidation dependent on reactive oxygen species. Ferroptosis has been verified to play a crucial regulatory role in a variety of pathological courses of disease, in particularly cancer. Emerging research has highlighted the potential of ferroptosis in tumorigenesis, cancer development and resistance to chemotherapy. However, the regulatory mechanism of ferroptosis remains unclear, which limits the application of ferroptosis in cancer treatment. Noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) are noncoding transcripts that regulate gene expression in various ways to affect the malignant phenotypes of cancer cells. At present, the biological function and underlying regulatory mechanism of ncRNAs in cancer ferroptosis have been partially elucidated. Herein, we summarize the current knowledge of the central regulatory network of ferroptosis, with a focus on the regulatory functions of ncRNAs in cancer ferroptosis. The clinical application and prospects of ferroptosis-related ncRNAs in cancer diagnosis, prognosis and anticancer therapies are also discussed. Elucidating the function and mechanism of ncRNAs in ferroptosis, along with assessing the clinical significance of ferroptosis-related ncRNAs, provides new perspectives for understanding cancer biology and treatment approaches, which may benefit numerous cancer patients in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chan Shan
- Institute of Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China.
| | - Yan Liang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China
| | - Kun Wang
- Institute of Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China
| | - Peifeng Li
- Institute of Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China.
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7
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Qin Y, Ashrafizadeh M, Mongiardini V, Grimaldi B, Crea F, Rietdorf K, Győrffy B, Klionsky DJ, Ren J, Zhang W, Zhang X. Autophagy and cancer drug resistance in dialogue: Pre-clinical and clinical evidence. Cancer Lett 2023; 570:216307. [PMID: 37451426 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2023.216307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of drug resistance is a major challenge for oncologists. Resistance can be categorized as acquired or intrinsic; the alteration of several biological mechanisms contributes to both intrinsic and acquired resistance. Macroautophagy/autophagy is the primary process in eukaryotes for the degradation of macromolecules and organelles. This process is critical in maintaining cellular homeostasis. Given its function as either a pro-survival or a pro-death phenomenon, autophagy has a complex physio-pathological role. In some circumstances, autophagy can confer chemoresistance and promote cell survival, whereas in others it can promote chemosensitivity and contribute to cell death. The role of autophagy in the modulation of cancer drug resistance reflects its impact on apoptosis and metastasis. The regulation of autophagy in cancer is mediated by various factors including AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), MAPK, phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)-AKT, BECN1 and ATG proteins. Non-coding RNAs are among the main regulators of autophagy, e.g., via the modulation of chemoresistance pathways. Due to the significant contribution of autophagy in cancer drug resistance, small molecule modulators and natural compounds targeting autophagy have been introduced to alter the response of cancer cells to chemotherapy. Furthermore, nanotherapeutic approaches based on autophagy regulation have been introduced in pre-clinical cancer therapy. In this review we consider the potential for using autophagy regulators for the clinical treatment of malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Qin
- Department of Lab, Chifeng Cancer Hospital (The 2nd Affliated Hospital of Chifeng University), Chifeng University, Chifeng City, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, 024000, China.
| | - Milad Ashrafizadeh
- Department of General Surgery and Institute of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Digestive System Tumors, Carson International Cancer Center, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China; Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Vera Mongiardini
- Molecular Medicine Research Line, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Genoa, 16163, Italy
| | - Benedetto Grimaldi
- Molecular Medicine Research Line, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Genoa, 16163, Italy
| | - Francesco Crea
- Cancer Research Group-School of Life Health and Chemical Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK
| | - Katja Rietdorf
- Cancer Research Group-School of Life Health and Chemical Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK
| | - Balázs Győrffy
- Department of Bioinformatics, Semmelweis University, Tüzoltó u. 7-9, 1094, Budapest, Hungary; Department of Pediatrics, Semmelweis University, Tüzoltó u. 7-9, 1094, Budapest, Hungary; Cancer Biomarker Research Group, Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar tudosok korutja 2, 1117, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Daniel J Klionsky
- Life Sciences Institute and Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jun Ren
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of General Surgery and Institute of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Digestive System Tumors, Carson International Cancer Center, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Xianbin Zhang
- Department of General Surgery and Institute of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Digestive System Tumors, Carson International Cancer Center, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China.
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Zhang Q, Fan X, Zhang X, Ju S. Ferroptosis in tumors and its relationship to other programmed cell death: role of non-coding RNAs. J Transl Med 2023; 21:514. [PMID: 37516888 PMCID: PMC10387214 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-04370-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Programmed cell death (PCD) plays an important role in many aspects of individual development, maintenance of body homeostasis and pathological processes. Ferroptosis is a novel form of PCD characterized by the accumulation of iron-dependent lipid peroxides resulting in lethal cell damage. It contributes to tumor progression in an apoptosis-independent manner. In recent years, an increasing number of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) have been demonstrated to mediate the biological process of ferroptosis, hence impacting carcinogenesis, progression, drug resistance, and prognosis. However, the clear regulatory mechanism for this phenomenon remains poorly understood. Moreover, ferroptosis does not usually exist independently. Its interaction with PCD, like apoptosis, necroptosis, autophagy, pyroptosis, and cuproptosis, to destroy cells appears to exist. Furthermore, ncRNA seems to be involved. Here, we review the mechanisms by which ferroptosis occurs, dissect its relationship with other forms of death, summarize the key regulatory roles played by ncRNAs, raise relevant questions and predict possible barriers to its application in the clinic, offering new ideas for targeted tumour therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhang
- Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong University, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
- Research Center of Clinical Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xinfeng Fan
- Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong University, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
- Research Center of Clinical Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xinyu Zhang
- Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong University, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China.
- Department of Medical School of Nantong University, No.19, Qixiu Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Shaoqing Ju
- Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong University, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China.
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, No.20, Xisi Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China.
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