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Krishnan S, Ulagesan S, Cadangin J, Lee JH, Nam TJ, Choi YH. Establishment and Characterization of Continuous Satellite Muscle Cells from Olive Flounder ( Paralichthys olivaceus): Isolation, Culture Conditions, and Myogenic Protein Expression. Cells 2023; 12:2325. [PMID: 37759547 PMCID: PMC10527956 DOI: 10.3390/cells12182325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) muscle satellite cells (OFMCs) were obtained by enzymatic primary cell isolation and the explant method. Enzymatic isolation yielded cells that reached 80% confluence within 8 days, compared to 15 days for the explant method. Optimal OFMC growth was observed in 20% fetal bovine serum at 28 °C with 0.8 mM CaCl2 and the basic fibroblast growth factor (BFGF) to enhance cell growth. OFMCs have become permanent cell lines through the spontaneous immortalization crisis at the 20th passage. Olive flounder skeletal muscle myoblasts were induced into a mitogen-poor medium containing 2% horse serum for differentiation; they fused to form multinucleate myotubes. The results indicated complete differentiation of myoblasts into myotubes; we also detected the expression of the myogenic regulatory factors myoD, myogenin, and desmin. Upregulation (Myogenin, desmin) and downregulation (MyoD) of muscle regulation factors confirmed the differentiation in OFMCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sathish Krishnan
- Institute of Fisheries Sciences, Pukyong National University, Gijang-gun, Busan 46041, Republic of Korea;
| | - Selvakumari Ulagesan
- Division of Fisheries Life Sciences, Pukyong National University, Nam-gu, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea;
| | - Josel Cadangin
- Department of Fisheries Biology, Pukyong National University, Nam-gu, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea; (J.C.); (J.-H.L.)
| | - Ji-Hye Lee
- Department of Fisheries Biology, Pukyong National University, Nam-gu, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea; (J.C.); (J.-H.L.)
| | - Taek-Jeong Nam
- Institute of Fisheries Sciences, Pukyong National University, Gijang-gun, Busan 46041, Republic of Korea;
| | - Youn-Hee Choi
- Institute of Fisheries Sciences, Pukyong National University, Gijang-gun, Busan 46041, Republic of Korea;
- Division of Fisheries Life Sciences, Pukyong National University, Nam-gu, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea;
- Department of Fisheries Biology, Pukyong National University, Nam-gu, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea; (J.C.); (J.-H.L.)
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Nie M, Zou C, Peng L, Wu Z, You F. Establishment and application of four long-term culture cell lines of the olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus blastocysts. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2023; 265:109536. [PMID: 36584834 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2022.109536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Four new embryonic cell lines derived from blastocysts of the olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus, an important commercial marine fish, were established and characterized. They were designated as PoEFCI, PoEFCII, PoEFCIII, and PoEFCIV and were all fibroblastic cells. The cells were cultured in DMEM/F-12 medium supplemented with antibiotics, FBS, and growth factors at temperature of 25 °C and subcultured for >100 passages over 18 months. The origin of the cell lines was confirmed by examining the partial sequences of the cytochrome oxidase c subunit I (COI) gene of the flounder mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). The four cell lines showed different growth curve patterns. According to the results of gene and protein expression and enzyme activity, the cell lines PoEFCI, PoEFCII, and PoEFC III could be pluripotent. The cells of all four cell lines were also successfully transfected with the green fluorescent protein (GFP) reporter gene, suggesting that they could be used to study gene function in the flounder or other fish. More importantly, PoEFCI-III were sensitive to chromium (Cr) and red sea bream Pagrus major iridovirus (RSIV), so they could be used as a powerful tool for the study of the toxicological investigation of heavy metals and RSIV in fish. Therefore, these cell lines would be useful for biotechnological and toxicological research on marine fish as an in vitro biological system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaomiao Nie
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao 266071, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, 251 Ningda Road, Xining 810016, PR China
| | - Congcong Zou
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao 266071, PR China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, PR China
| | - Limin Peng
- Shandong Open University, Jinan 250014, PR China
| | - Zhihao Wu
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao 266071, PR China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, PR China
| | - Feng You
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao 266071, PR China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, PR China.
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Bols NC, Lee LEJ, Dowd GC. Distinguishing between ante factum and post factum properties of animal cell lines and demonstrating their use in grouping ray-finned fish cell lines into invitromes. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2023; 59:41-62. [PMID: 36719554 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-022-00744-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
In this review, animal cell lines are considered to have two classes of attributes: "before-the-fact" (ante factum) and "after-the-fact" (post factum) properties. Fish cell lines from Actinopterygii (ray-finned fishes) are used to illustrate this distinction and to demonstrate how these properties can be used in various ways to categorize cell lines into groups or invitromes. Before-the-fact properties are set at initiation and are properties of the sample and species from which the cell line arose and of the scientist(s) who developed the cell line. On the basis of the Actinopterygii sample, invitromes exist for embryos, larvae, juveniles, adults, and spawning fish, and for most solid organs but rarely for biological fluids. For species, invitromes exist for only a small fraction of the Actinopterygii total. As to their development, scientists from around the world have contributed to invitromes. By contrast, after-the-fact properties are limitless and become apparent during development, characterization, use, and storage of the cell line. For ray-finned invitromes, cell lines appear to acquire immortality during development, are characterized poorly for differentiation potential, have numerous uses, and are stored formally only sporadically. As an example of applying these principles to a specific organ, the skeletal muscle invitrome is used. For ante factum properties, the cell lines are mainly from trunk muscle of economically important fish from 11 orders, 15 families, 19 genera, and 21 species of ray-finned fishes. For post factum properties, fibroblast-like and myogenic cell lines have been described but epithelial-like FHM is most widely used and curated. Considering cell lines by their before- and after-the-fact properties should facilitate integration of new cell lines into the literature and help incorporate the discipline of cell biology into other research areas, particularly the natural history of fishes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels C Bols
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada.
| | - Lucy E J Lee
- Faculty of Science, University of the Fraser Valley, Abbotsford, BC, V2S 7M8, Canada
| | - Georgina C Dowd
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd, Nelson Research Centre, 293 Akersten Street, Nelson, 7010, New Zealand
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Chong GLW, Böhmert B, Lee LEJ, Bols NC, Dowd GC. A continuous myofibroblast precursor cell line from the tail muscle of Australasian snapper (Chrysophrys auratus) that responds to transforming growth factor beta and fibroblast growth factor. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2022; 58:922-935. [PMID: 36378268 PMCID: PMC9780137 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-022-00734-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Chrysophrys auratus (Australasian snapper) is one of the largest and most valuable finfish from capture fisheries in New Zealand, yet no cell lines from this species are reported in the scientific literature. Here, we describe a muscle-derived cell line initiated from the tail of a juvenile snapper which has been designated CAtmus1PFR (Chrysophrys auratus, tail muscle, Plant & Food Research). The cell line has been passaged over 100 times in 3 years and is considered immortal. Cells are reliant on serum supplementation for proliferation and exhibit a broad thermal profile comparable to the eurythermic nature of C. auratus in vivo. The impact of exogenous growth factors, including insulin-like growth factors I and II (IGF-I and IGF-II), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), and transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ), on cell morphology and proliferation was investigated. Insulin-like growth factors acted as mitogens and had minimal effect on cell morphology. TGFβ exposure resulted in CAtmus1PFR exhibiting a myofibroblast morphology becoming enlarged with actin bundling. This differentiation was confirmed through the expression of smooth muscle actin (sma), an increase in type 1 collagen (col1a) expression, and a loss of motility. Expression of col1a and sma was decreased when cells were exposed to bFGF, and no actin bundling was observed. These data indicate that CAtmus1PFR may be myofibroblastic precursor cells descending from mesenchymal progenitor cells present in the tail muscle myosepta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavril L. W. Chong
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Ltd, Nelson Research Centre, 293 Akersten Street, Nelson, 7010 New Zealand
| | - Björn Böhmert
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Ltd, Nelson Research Centre, 293 Akersten Street, Nelson, 7010 New Zealand
| | - Lucy E. J. Lee
- Faculty of Science, University of the Fraser Valley, Abbotsford, BC V2S 7M8 Canada
| | - Niels C. Bols
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1 Canada
| | - Georgina C. Dowd
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Ltd, Nelson Research Centre, 293 Akersten Street, Nelson, 7010 New Zealand
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Cellular Aquaculture: Prospects and Challenges. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:mi13060828. [PMID: 35744442 PMCID: PMC9228929 DOI: 10.3390/mi13060828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Aquaculture plays an important role as one of the fastest-growing food-producing sectors in global food and nutritional security. Demand for animal protein in the form of fish has been increasing tremendously. Aquaculture faces many challenges to produce quality fish for the burgeoning world population. Cellular aquaculture can provide an alternative, climate-resilient food production system to produce quality fish. Potential applications of fish muscle cell lines in cellular aquaculture have raised the importance of developing and characterizing these cell lines. In vitro models, such as the mouse C2C12 cell line, have been extremely useful for expanding knowledge about molecular mechanisms of muscle growth and differentiation in mammals. Such studies are in an infancy stage in teleost due to the unavailability of equivalent permanent muscle cell lines, except a few fish muscle cell lines that have not yet been used for cellular aquaculture. The Prospect of cell-based aquaculture relies on the development of appropriate muscle cells, optimization of cell conditions, and mass production of cells in bioreactors. Hence, it is required to develop and characterize fish muscle cell lines along with their cryopreservation in cell line repositories and production of ideal mass cells in suitably designed bioreactors to overcome current cellular aquaculture challenges.
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Kong X, Wang X, Li M, Song W, Huang K, Zhang F, Zhang Q, Qi J, He Y. Establishment of myoblast cell line and identification of key genes regulating myoblast differentiation in a marine teleost, Sebastes schlegelii. Gene 2021; 802:145869. [PMID: 34352298 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2021.145869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Skeletal myoblasts are activated satellite cells capable of proliferation and differentiation. Studies on mammalian myoblast differentiation and myogenesis could be carried out in vitro thanks to the availability of mouse myoblast cell line C2C12. Lacking of muscle cell line hinders the studies of teleost fish myogenesis. Here, we established a continuous skeletal muscle cell line from juvenile rockfish (Sebastes schlegelii) muscle using explant method and subcultured more than 50 passages for over 150 days. Stable expression of myoblast-specific marker, MyoD (myoblast determination protein) and the potential of differentiation into multi-nucleated skeletal myotubes upon induction suggested the cell line were predominately composed of myoblasts. Transcriptome analysis revealed a total of 4375 genes differentially expressed at four time points after the switch to differentiation medium, which were mainly involved in proliferation and differentiation of myoblasts. KIF22 (kinesin family member 22) and POLA1 (DNA polymerase alpha 1) were identified as the key genes involved in fish myoblast proliferation whereas MYL3 (myosin light chain 3) and TNNT2 (troponin T2) were determined as the crucial genes responsible for differentiation. In all, the continuous myoblasts cultured in this study provided a cell platform for future studies on marine fish myoblast differentiation and myogenesis. The molecular process of myoblast differentiation revealed in this study will open a window into the understanding of indeterminate muscle growth of large teleost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangfu Kong
- MOE Key Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Xuangang Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Moli Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Weihao Song
- MOE Key Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Kejia Huang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Fengyan Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Quanqi Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; Laboratory of Tropical Marine Germplasm Resources and Breeding Engineering, Sanya Oceanographic Institution, Ocean University of China, Sanya, China
| | - Jie Qi
- MOE Key Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; Laboratory of Tropical Marine Germplasm Resources and Breeding Engineering, Sanya Oceanographic Institution, Ocean University of China, Sanya, China
| | - Yan He
- MOE Key Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; Laboratory of Tropical Marine Germplasm Resources and Breeding Engineering, Sanya Oceanographic Institution, Ocean University of China, Sanya, China.
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Semple SL, Vo NTK, Poynter SJ, Li M, Heath DD, DeWitte-Orr SJ, Dixon B. Extracellular dsRNA induces a type I interferon response mediated via class A scavenger receptors in a novel Chinook salmon derived spleen cell line. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 89:93-101. [PMID: 30118734 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2018.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Despite increased global interest in Chinook salmon aquaculture, little is known of their viral immune defenses. This study describes the establishment and characterization of a continuous cell line derived from Chinook salmon spleen, CHSS, and its use in innate immune studies. Optimal growth was seen at 14-18 °C when grown in Leibovitz's L-15 media with 20% fetal bovine serum. DNA analyses confirmed that CHSS was Chinook salmon and genetically different from the only other available Chinook salmon cell line, CHSE-214. Unlike CHSE-214, CHSS could bind extracellular dsRNA, resulting in the rapid and robust expression of antiviral genes. Receptor/ligand blocking assays confirmed that class A scavenger receptors (SR-A) facilitated dsRNA binding and subsequent gene expression. Although both cell lines expressed three SR-A genes: SCARA3, SCARA4, and SCARA5, only CHSS appeared to have functional cell-surface SR-As for dsRNA. Collectively, CHSS is an excellent cell model to study dsRNA-mediated innate immunity in Chinook salmon.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Semple
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W., Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - N T K Vo
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W., Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - S J Poynter
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W., Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - M Li
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W., Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - D D Heath
- Great Lakes Institute of Environmental Research, University of Windsor, 2990 Riverside Drive, West Windsor, Ontario, N9C 1A2, Canada
| | - S J DeWitte-Orr
- Department of Biology, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3C5, Canada; Department of Health Sciences, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3C5, Canada
| | - B Dixon
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W., Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada.
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