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Neurosonological Findings Related to Non-Motor Features of Parkinson's Disease: A Systematic Review. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11060776. [PMID: 34208347 PMCID: PMC8231130 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11060776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-motor symptoms (NMS) in Parkinson’s disease (PD), including neuropsychiatric or dysautonomic complaints, fatigue, or pain, are frequent and have a high impact on the patient’s quality of life. They are often poorly recognized and inadequately treated. In the recent years, the growing awareness of NMS has favored the development of techniques that complement the clinician’s diagnosis. This review provides an overview of the most important ultrasonographic findings related to the presence of various NMS. Literature research was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science from inception until January 2021, retrieving 23 prospective observational studies evaluating transcranial and cervical ultrasound in depression, dementia, dysautonomic symptoms, psychosis, and restless leg syndrome. Overall, the eligible articles showed good or fair quality according to the QUADAS-2 assessment. Brainstem raphe hypoechogenicity was related to the presence of depression in PD and also in depressed patients without PD, as well as to overactive bladder. Substantia nigra hyperechogenicity was frequent in patients with visual hallucinations, and larger intracranial ventricles correlated with dementia. Evaluation of the vagus nerve showed contradictory findings. The results of this systematic review demonstrated that transcranial ultrasound can be a useful complementary tool in the evaluation of NMS in PD.
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Bei HZ, Chen JP, Mao CJ, Zhang YC, Chen J, Du QQ, Xue F, He PC, Jin H, Wang FY, Liu CF. Echogenicity Changes in Brainstem Raphe Detected by Transcranial Parenchymal Sonography and Clinical Characteristics in Parkinson's Disease. Front Neurol 2020; 11:821. [PMID: 32849249 PMCID: PMC7426486 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.00821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Decreased brainstem raphe (BR) echogenicity detected by transcranial parenchymal sonography (TCS) is associated with depression in psychiatric and neurologic diseases. However, previous studies focusing on the relationship between motor and non-motor symptoms and echogenicity changes in BR in patients with PD yielded controversial results. Objectives: To investigate the relationship between echogenicity changes in BR detected by TCS and motor and a series of non-motor symptoms in patients with PD. Methods: Consecutive PD patients were recruited from the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University. Demographic information and Motor and non-motor symptoms for all subjects were collected. TCS was used to detect the echogenicity changes in BR in PD patients. Results: One hundred and thirty-five consecutive patients with PD were enrolled in the study. The BR abnormal rate was significantly higher in PD patients with anxiety (p = 0.003) or depression (p = 0.022) than patients without. Spearman correlation analyses showed that Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression(HRSD) (r = 0.274, p = 0.002) and Parkinson's Disease Questionnaire 39-item(PDQ-39) (r = 0.208, p = 0.034) scores were positively correlated with abnormal BR echogenicity. Multivariate logistic regression analyses showed that HRSD and HAMA scores were associated with BR hypoechogenicity, the corresponding odds ratios (confidence intervals) were 1.07 (95% CI, 1.01–1.13) and 1.10(1.01–1.18), respectively. However, the PDQ-39 score was not associated with BR hypoechogenicity. Conclusion: The abnormal reduction in BR echogenicity detected by TCS is associated with depression and anxiety, but not motor symptoms in PD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Zhe Bei
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Baotou, China.,Department of Neurology and Suzhou Clinical Research Center of Neurological Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Ju-Ping Chen
- Department of Neurology, Changshu Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Changshu, China
| | - Cheng-Jie Mao
- Department of Neurology and Suzhou Clinical Research Center of Neurological Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Institutes of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Ying-Chun Zhang
- Department of Ultrasound, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Neurology and Suzhou Clinical Research Center of Neurological Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Institutes of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Qiao-Qiao Du
- Department of Physical Examination Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Fei Xue
- Department of Neurology and Suzhou Clinical Research Center of Neurological Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Pei-Cheng He
- Department of Neurology and Suzhou Clinical Research Center of Neurological Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Hong Jin
- Department of Neurology and Suzhou Clinical Research Center of Neurological Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Fu-Yu Wang
- Department of Neurology and Suzhou Clinical Research Center of Neurological Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Chun-Feng Liu
- Department of Neurology and Suzhou Clinical Research Center of Neurological Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Institutes of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Department of Neurology, Suqian First Hospital, Suqian, China
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Liu XJ, Zhang L, Zhang YF, Xu W, Hu Y, Liu Y, Bai J. Echogenic alteration in the raphe nuclei measured by transcranial sonography in patients with Parkinson disease and depression. Medicine (Baltimore) 2018; 97:e13524. [PMID: 30558008 PMCID: PMC6320211 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000013524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently, several studies using transcranial sonography (TCS) have demonstrated reduced echogenicity of the mesencephalic midline in unipolar depression and patients with comorbid depression and Parkinson disease (PD). However, there is no consensus on the conclusion that raphe nuclei (RN) hypoechogenicity is associated with depression in PD. The methods used in previous studies lack quantitative and objective indicators to some extent; therefore, the present study used the level of platelet 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) as an objective indicator of depression. Additionally, the reason for the reduced echogenicity of the brainstem raphe is still unclear. OBJECTIVES The purpose of the present study was to assess the correlation between alterations in RN echogenicity and depressive symptoms in patients with PD using transcranial sonography (TCS). This information could provide a meaningful clinical reference for the antidiastole between depressive symptoms in PD and unipolar depression in patients with PD in whom depressive symptoms occur before motor symptoms. METHODS TCS was performed in patients with PD, patients with PD and depression, patients with depression and no PD, and healthy controls. Using the red nucleus as a reference, the RN was rated from grades 0 to 1 (grade 0: invisible, slightly echogenic, or interrupted RN; grade 1: hyperechogenicity in the RN observed as a continuous line). RESULTS The rate of abnormal RN (grade 0) was found to be 16.67% in patients with PD (5/30) and 14.29% in healthy controls (4/28). The presence of abnormal RN was significantly higher (χ = 15.983, P < .05) in patients with depression and PD (40%, 12/30) and in patients with depression only (58.33%, 14/24) than in those without depression and healthy controls. No correlation was found between RN changes and depression severity (P > .05). There were no statistical differences in the concentration of platelet serotonin among the 4 groups (P > .05). CONCLUSIONS TCS of the mesencephalic midline may be useful for detecting depression, which is an early symptom of PD. However, further neuropathological studies are needed to understand the principles underlying the use of platelet serotonin as a peripheral biomarker, as well as the connection between PD and depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Jiao Liu
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin 4th Centre Hospital, Tianjin
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Nanyang Central Hospital, Nanyang
| | - Yong Fang Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun
| | - Wen Xu
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun
| | - Yang Hu
- Wuxi No. 2 People's Hospital, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun
| | - Jing Bai
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun
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Sakalauskas A, Špečkauskienė V, Laučkaitė K, Jurkonis R, Rastenytė D, Lukoševičius A. Transcranial Ultrasonographic Image Analysis System for Decision Support in Parkinson Disease. JOURNAL OF ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE 2018; 37:1753-1761. [PMID: 29331072 DOI: 10.1002/jum.14528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Transcranial ultrasonography (US) is a relatively new neuroimaging modality proposed for early diagnostics of Parkinson disease (PD). The main limitation of transcranial US image-based diagnostics is a high degree of subjectivity caused by low quality of the transcranial images. The article presents a developed image analysis system and evaluates the potential of automated image analysis on transcranial US. METHODS The system consists of algorithms for the segmentation and assessment of informative brain regions (midbrain and substantia nigra) and a decision support subsystem, which is equipped with 64 classification algorithms. Transcranial US images of 191 participants (118 patients with a clinical PD diagnosis and 73 healthy control participants) were analyzed. RESULTS The diagnostic sensitivity and specificity achieved by the proposed system were 85% and 75%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Digital transcranial US image analysis is challenging, and the application of a such system as the sole instrument for decisions in clinical practice remains inconclusive. However, the proposed system could be used as a supplementary tool for automated assessment of US parameters for decision support in PD diagnostics and to reduce observer variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrius Sakalauskas
- Biomedical Engineering Institute, Kaunas University of Technology, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Vita Špečkauskienė
- Department of Physics, Mathematics, and Biophysics, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Kristina Laučkaitė
- Department of Neurology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Academy of Medicine, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Rytis Jurkonis
- Biomedical Engineering Institute, Kaunas University of Technology, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Daiva Rastenytė
- Department of Neurology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Academy of Medicine, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Arūnas Lukoševičius
- Biomedical Engineering Institute, Kaunas University of Technology, Kaunas, Lithuania
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Toomsoo T, Randver R, Liepelt-Scarfone I, Kadastik-Eerme L, Asser T, Rubanovits I, Berg D, Taba P. Prevalence of depressive symptoms and their association with brainstem raphe echogenicity in patients with Parkinson's disease and non-PD controls. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging 2017; 268:45-49. [PMID: 28865346 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2017.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Revised: 05/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Despite advances in diagnostics and clinical recognition, depressive symptoms in Parkinson's disease (PD) exceeding normal limits remain effectively untreated. In this study, we report on the prevalence and severity of depressive symptoms as well as their association with brainstem raphe echogenicity in patients with PD and non-PD controls. The study included 266 Estonian PD patients and 168 age- and education-matched controls. Demographic and clinical data was documented. Brainstem raphe (BR) was visualized by transcranial sonography (TCS). The prevalence of depressive symptoms in the patient sample was found to be significantly higher than in controls. BR echogenicity in both patients and controls was directly related to their total BDI score, although we found a significantly greater reduction of BR echogenicity in patients with PD and depressive symptoms compared to depressed non-PD controls. The present results corroborate the hypothesis that morphological alteration of the BR is involved in the pathogenesis of depressive disorders. TCS of BR could be used as a non-invasive biomarker to improve detection of depressive symptoms in early PD stages where clinicians may not recognize affective disturbances in the context of PD phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toomas Toomsoo
- Neurology Center, East Tallinn Central Hospital, Ravi 18, 10138 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - René Randver
- Neurology Center, East Tallinn Central Hospital, Ravi 18, 10138 Tallinn, Estonia; Institute of Psychology, University of Tartu, Näituse 2-211, 50409 Tartu, Estonia.
| | - Inga Liepelt-Scarfone
- Department of Neurodegeneration, German Center of Neurodegenerative Diseases and Hertie Institute of Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Straße 3, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Liis Kadastik-Eerme
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, University of Tartu, L. Puusepa 8, 51014 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Toomas Asser
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, University of Tartu, L. Puusepa 8, 51014 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Inna Rubanovits
- Neurology Center, East Tallinn Central Hospital, Ravi 18, 10138 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Daniela Berg
- Department of Neurodegeneration, German Center of Neurodegenerative Diseases and Hertie Institute of Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Straße 3, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; Department of Neurology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Str. 3, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Pille Taba
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, University of Tartu, L. Puusepa 8, 51014 Tartu, Estonia
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