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Panagiotopoulou O, Robinson D, Iriarte-Diaz J, Ackland D, Taylor AB, Ross CF. Dynamic finite element modelling of the macaque mandible during a complete mastication gape cycle. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2023; 378:20220549. [PMID: 37839457 PMCID: PMC10577025 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2022.0549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional finite element models (FEMs) are powerful tools for studying the mechanical behaviour of the feeding system. Using validated, static FEMs we have previously shown that in rhesus macaques the largest food-related differences in strain magnitudes during unilateral postcanine chewing extend from the lingual symphysis to the endocondylar ridge of the balancing-side ramus. However, static FEMs only model a single time point during the gape cycle and probably do not fully capture the mechanical behaviour of the jaw during mastication. Bone strain patterns and moments applied to the mandible are known to vary during the gape cycle owing to variation in the activation peaks of the jaw-elevator muscles, suggesting that dynamic models are superior to static ones in studying feeding biomechanics. To test this hypothesis, we built dynamic FEMs of a complete gape cycle using muscle force data from in vivo experiments to elucidate the impact of relative timing of muscle force on mandible biomechanics. Results show that loading and strain regimes vary across the chewing cycle in subtly different ways for different foods, something which was not apparent in static FEMs. These results indicate that dynamic three-dimensional FEMs are more informative than static three-dimensional FEMs in capturing the mechanical behaviour of the jaw during feeding by reflecting the asymmetry in jaw-adductor muscle activations during a gape cycle. This article is part of the theme issue 'Food processing and nutritional assimilation in animals'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Panagiotopoulou
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Dale Robinson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3053, Australia
| | - Jose Iriarte-Diaz
- Department of Biology, University of the South, Sewanee, TN 37383, USA
| | - David Ackland
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3053, Australia
| | - Andrea B. Taylor
- Department of Foundational Biomedical Sciences, Touro University California, Vallejo, CA 94592, USA
| | - Callum F. Ross
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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2
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Demuth OE, Herbst E, Polet DT, Wiseman ALA, Hutchinson JR. Modern three-dimensional digital methods for studying locomotor biomechanics in tetrapods. J Exp Biol 2023; 226:jeb245132. [PMID: 36810943 PMCID: PMC10042237 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.245132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Here, we review the modern interface of three-dimensional (3D) empirical (e.g. motion capture) and theoretical (e.g. modelling and simulation) approaches to the study of terrestrial locomotion using appendages in tetrapod vertebrates. These tools span a spectrum from more empirical approaches such as XROMM, to potentially more intermediate approaches such as finite element analysis, to more theoretical approaches such as dynamic musculoskeletal simulations or conceptual models. These methods have much in common beyond the importance of 3D digital technologies, and are powerfully synergistic when integrated, opening a wide range of hypotheses that can be tested. We discuss the pitfalls and challenges of these 3D methods, leading to consideration of the problems and potential in their current and future usage. The tools (hardware and software) and approaches (e.g. methods for using hardware and software) in the 3D analysis of tetrapod locomotion have matured to the point where now we can use this integration to answer questions we could never have tackled 20 years ago, and apply insights gleaned from them to other fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver E. Demuth
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EQ, UK
| | - Eva Herbst
- Palaeontological Institute and Museum, University of Zurich, 8006 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Delyle T. Polet
- Structure and Motion Laboratory, Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, North Mymms, AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Ashleigh L. A. Wiseman
- McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3ER, UK
| | - John R. Hutchinson
- Structure and Motion Laboratory, Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, North Mymms, AL9 7TA, UK
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3
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Jannel A, Salisbury SW, Panagiotopoulou O. Softening the steps to gigantism in sauropod dinosaurs through the evolution of a pedal pad. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabm8280. [PMID: 35947665 PMCID: PMC9365286 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abm8280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
How sauropod dinosaurs were able to withstand the forces associated with their immense size represents one of the most challenging biomechanical scenarios in the evolution of terrestrial tetrapods, but also one lacking robust biomechanical testing. Here, we use finite element analyses to quantify the biomechanical effects of foot skeletal postures with and without the presence of a soft tissue pad in sauropodomorphs. We find that none of the models can maintain bone stresses that fall within optimal bone safety factors in the absence of a soft tissue pad. Our findings suggest that a soft tissue pad in sauropods would have reduced bone stresses by combining the mechanical advantages of a functionally plantigrade foot with the plesiomorphic skeletally digitigrade saurischian condition. The acquisition of a developed soft tissue pad by the Late Triassic-Early Jurassic may represent one of the key adaptations for the evolution of gigantism that has become emblematic of these dinosaurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andréas Jannel
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Steven W. Salisbury
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Olga Panagiotopoulou
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
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Wiseman ALA, Demuth OE, Hutchinson JR. A Guide to Inverse Kinematic Marker-Guided Rotoscoping using IK Solvers. Integr Org Biol 2022; 4:obac002. [PMID: 35261964 PMCID: PMC8896983 DOI: 10.1093/iob/obac002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
X-ray Reconstruction of Moving Morphology (XROMM) permits researchers to see beneath the skin, usually to see musculoskeletal movements. These movements can be tracked and later used to provide information regarding the mechanics of movement. Here, we discuss “IK marker-guided rotoscoping”—a method that combines inverse kinematic solvers with that of traditional scientific rotoscoping methods to quickly and efficiently overlay 3D bone geometries with the X-ray shadows from XROMM data. We use a case study of three Nile crocodiles’ (Crocodylus niloticus) forelimbs and hindlimbs to evaluate this method. Within these limbs, different marker configurations were used: some configurations had six markers, others had five markers, and all forelimb data only had three markers. To evaluate IK marker-guided rotoscoping, we systematically remove markers in the six-marker configuration and then test the magnitudes of deviation in translations and rotations of the rigged setup with fewer markers versus those of the six-marker configuration. We establish that IK marker-guided rotoscoping is a suitable method for “salvaging” data that may have too few markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashleigh L A Wiseman
- Structure and Motion Laboratory, Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, UK
- McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Oliver E Demuth
- Structure and Motion Laboratory, Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, UK
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - John R Hutchinson
- Structure and Motion Laboratory, Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, UK
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5
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Tamagnini D, Canestrelli D, Meloro C, Raia P, Maiorano L. New Avenues for Old Travellers: Phenotypic Evolutionary Trends Meet Morphodynamics, and Both Enter the Global Change Biology Era. Evol Biol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11692-021-09545-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AbstractEvolutionary trends (ETs) are traditionally defined as substantial changes in the state of traits through time produced by a persistent condition of directional evolution. ETs might also include directional responses to ecological, climatic or biological gradients and represent the primary evolutionary pattern at high taxonomic levels and over long-time scales. The absence of a well-supported operative definition of ETs blurred the definition of conceptual differences between ETs and other key concepts in evolution such as convergence, parallel evolution, and divergence. Also, it prevented the formulation of modern guidelines for studying ETs and evolutionary dynamics related to them. In phenotypic evolution, the theory of morphodynamics states that the interplay between evolutionary factors such as phylogeny, evo-devo constraints, environment, and biological function determines morphological evolution. After introducing a new operative definition, here we provide a morphodynamics-based framework for studying phenotypic ETs, discussing how understanding the impact of these factors on ETs improves the explanation of links between biological patterns and processes underpinning directional evolution. We envisage that adopting a quantitative, pattern-based, and multifactorial approach will pave the way to new potential applications for this field of evolutionary biology. In this framework, by exploiting the catalysing effect of climate change on evolution, research on ETs induced by global change might represent an ideal arena for validating hypotheses about the predictability of evolution.
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Sanz-Idirin A, Arroyave-Tobon S, Linares JM, Arrazola PJ. Load bearing performance of mechanical joints inspired by elbow of quadrupedal mammals. BIOINSPIRATION & BIOMIMETICS 2021; 16:046025. [PMID: 33652422 DOI: 10.1088/1748-3190/abeb57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
One of the biggest issues of the mechanical cylindrical joints is related to premature wear appearing. Application of bioinspiration principles in an engineering context taking advantage of smart solutions offered by nature in terms of kinematic joints could be a way of solving those problems. This work is focussed on joints of one degrees of freedom in rotation (revolute or ginglymus joints in biological terms), as this is one of the most common type of mechanical joints. This type of joints can be found in the elbow of some quadrupedal mammals. The articular morphology of the elbow of these animals differs in the presence/absence of a trochlear sulcus. In this study, bio-inspired mechanical joints based on these morphologies (with/without trochlear sulcus) were designed and numerically tested. Their load bearing performance was numerically analysed. This was done through contact simulations using the finite element method under different external loading conditions (axial load, radial load and turnover moment). Results showed that the tested morphologies behave differently in transmission of external mechanical loads. It was found that bio-inspired joints without trochlea sulcus showed to be more specialized in the bearing of turnover moments. Bio-inspired joints with trochlea sulcus are more suitable for supporting combined loads (axial and radial load and turnover moments). Learning about the natural rules of mechanical design can provide new insights to improve the design of current mechanical joints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aliona Sanz-Idirin
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ISM, Marseille, France
- Escuela Politécnica Superior de Mondragón Unibertsitatea, Loramendi 4, 20500, Mondragón, Spain
| | | | | | - Pedro José Arrazola
- Escuela Politécnica Superior de Mondragón Unibertsitatea, Loramendi 4, 20500, Mondragón, Spain
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7
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Van Houtte J, Vandenberghe F, Zheng G, Huysmans T, Sijbers J. EquiSim: An Open-Source Articulatable Statistical Model of the Equine Distal Limb. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:623318. [PMID: 33763462 PMCID: PMC7982960 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.623318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Most digital models of the equine distal limb that are available in the community are static and/or subject specific; hence, they have limited applications in veterinary research. In this paper, we present an articulatable model of the entire equine distal limb based on statistical shape modeling. The model describes the inter-subject variability in bone geometry while maintaining proper jointspace distances to support model articulation toward different poses. Shape variation modes are explained in terms of common biometrics in order to ease model interpretation from a veterinary point of view. The model is publicly available through a graphical user interface (https://github.com/jvhoutte/equisim) in order to facilitate future digitalization in veterinary research, such as computer-aided designs, three-dimensional printing of bone implants, bone fracture risk assessment through finite element methods, and data registration and segmentation problems for clinical practices.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Guoyan Zheng
- Center for Image-Guided Therapy and Interventions, Institute for Medical Robotics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Toon Huysmans
- imec-Vision Lab, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Section on Applied Ergonomics and Design, Faculty of Industrial Design Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands
| | - Jan Sijbers
- imec-Vision Lab, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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Abstract
X-Ray Reconstruction of Moving Morphology (XROMM), though traditionally used for studies of in vivo skeletal kinematics, can also be used to precisely and accurately measure ex vivo range of motion from cadaveric manipulations. The workflow for these studies is holistically similar to the in vivo XROMM workflow but presents several unique challenges. This paper aims to serve as a practical guide by walking through each step of the ex vivo XROMM process: how to acquire and prepare cadaveric specimens, how to manipulate specimens to collect X-ray data, and how to use these data to compute joint rotational mobility. Along the way, it offers recommendations for best practices and for avoiding common pitfalls to ensure a successful study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armita R Manafzadeh
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
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9
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Strickson EC, Hutchinson JR, Wilkinson DM, Falkingham PL. Can skeletal surface area predict in vivo foot surface area? J Anat 2020; 236:72-84. [PMID: 31713855 PMCID: PMC6904632 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The surface area of feet in contact with the ground is a key morphological feature that influences animal locomotion. Underfoot pressures (and consequently stresses experienced by the foot), as well as stability of an animal during locomotion, depend on the size and shape of this area. Here we tested whether the area of a skeletal foot could predict in vivo soft tissue foot surface area. Computed tomography scans of 29 extant tetrapods (covering mammals, reptiles, birds and amphibians) were used to produce models of both the soft tissues and the bones of their feet. Soft tissue models were oriented to a horizontal plane, and their outlines projected onto a surface to produce two-dimensional silhouettes. Silhouettes of skeletal models were generated either from bones in CT pose or with all autopodial bones aligned to the horizontal plane. Areas of these projections were calculated using alpha shapes (mathematical tight-fitting outline). Underfoot area of soft tissue was approximately 1.67 times that of skeletal tissue area (~ 2 times for manus, ~ 1.6 times for pes, if analysed separately). This relationship between skeletal foot area and soft tissue area, while variable in some of our study taxa, could provide information about the size of the organisms responsible for fossil trackways, suggest what size of tracks might be expected from potential trackmakers known only from skeletal remains, and aid in soft tissue reconstruction of skeletal remains for biomechanical modelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Catherine Strickson
- School of Natural Sciences and PsychologyFaculty of ScienceSchool of Biological and Environmental SciencesLiverpoolUK
| | - John R. Hutchinson
- Structure and Motion LaboratoryDepartment of Comparative Biomedical SciencesThe Royal Veterinary CollegeHatfieldUK
| | | | - Peter L. Falkingham
- School of Natural Sciences and PsychologyFaculty of ScienceSchool of Biological and Environmental SciencesLiverpoolUK
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10
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Kaashoek M, Hobbs SJ, Clayton HM, Aerts P, Nauwelaerts S. Orientation and location of the finite helical axis of the equine forelimb joints. J Morphol 2019; 280:712-721. [DOI: 10.1002/jmor.20978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sarah Jane Hobbs
- Centre for Applied Sport and Exercise SciencesUniversity of Central Lancashire Preston Lancashire United Kingdom
| | - Hilary Mary Clayton
- Department of Large Animal Clinical SciencesMichigan State University East Lansing Michigan
| | - Peter Aerts
- Department of BiologyUniversiteit Antwerpen Antwerp Belgium
- Department of Movement and Sports SciencesGhent University Gent Belgium
| | - Sandra Nauwelaerts
- Department of BiologyUniversiteit Antwerpen Antwerp Belgium
- Centre for Research and Conservation,Koninklijke Maatschappij voor Dierkunde(KMDA) Antwerp Belgium
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11
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Weiss M, Hainke K, Grund S, Gerlach K, Mülling CKW, Geiger SM. Does the range of motion in the bovine interphalangeal joints change with flooring condition? A pilot study using biplane high-speed fluoroscopic kinematography. J Dairy Sci 2018; 102:1443-1456. [PMID: 30591344 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-14844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This study had 2 objectives. The first objective was to investigate motion patterns and the range of motion of the bovine proximal and distal interphalangeal joints on concrete during the stance phase. The second objective was to determine whether the range of motion and the locomotive stability of the interphalangeal joints differ on concrete and 3 different commercially available rubber mats (Karera, Kura, and Pedikura; Kraiburg Elastik GmbH & Co. KG, Tittmoning, Germany). Biplane high-speed fluoroscopic kinematography (72 ± 2.5 kV and 112.5 ± 12.5 mA, refresh rate 500 frames per second, shutter 0.5 ms) was applied to record 1 stance phase of the right forelimb of 2 Holstein Friesian heifers (15 mo old, 440 ± 10 kg; ± standard deviation) on each flooring. Three-dimensional digital animations were generated with a marker-supported manual animation technique based on the recordings and computer tomographic bone models. The mean maximum range of motion of each of the 4 interphalangeal joints in terms of flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, and internal/external rotation were calculated as well as the mean number of local extrema as a measure of stability during the stance phase. The main degree of freedom in all interphalangeal joints was flexion and extension with a range of motion of 17.7 to 25.9°. The second largest degree of freedom differed between abduction/adduction (7.7-10.0°) and internal/external rotation (6.5-9.6°) depending on the joint. Remarkably, although smaller, these extrasagittal directions still contribute to the overall motion to a considerable degree. In addition, the interphalangeal joints of the lateral digit showed a tendency to move less during the stance phase than their medial counterparts. Comparing concrete to the rubber mats, the interphalangeal joints tend to have to cover a larger range of motion on concrete with the exception of the distal interphalangeal joint in terms of flexion/extension. The unyielding surface of concrete seems to force the flexible parts of the animal-ground-interaction into extended motion. Furthermore, there tends to be more instability in all 3 degrees of freedom in all 4 joints on concrete, implying a greater effort of the soft tissues to achieve a balanced motion. Detailed biomechanical research contributes to the development of adequate flooring systems by evaluating the mechanical strain on claws and joints and working toward lameness prevention and thus animal welfare.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Weiss
- Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Leipzig University, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - K Hainke
- Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Leipzig University, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - S Grund
- Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Leipzig University, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - K Gerlach
- Department for Horses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - C K W Mülling
- Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Leipzig University, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - S M Geiger
- Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Leipzig University, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany; Institute of Topographic Anatomy, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, A-1210 Vienna.
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12
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Rankin JW, Doney KM, McGowan CP. Functional capacity of kangaroo rat hindlimbs: adaptations for locomotor performance. J R Soc Interface 2018; 15:20180303. [PMID: 29997260 PMCID: PMC6073650 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2018.0303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Many cursorial and large hopping species are extremely efficient locomotors with various morphological adaptations believed to reduce mechanical demand and improve movement efficiency, including elongated distal limb segments. However, despite having elongated limbs, small hoppers such as desert kangaroo rats (Dipodomys deserti) are less efficient locomotors than their larger counterparts, which may be in part due to avoiding predators through explosive jumping movements. Despite potentially conflicting mechanical demands between the two movements, kangaroo rats are both excellent jumpers and attain high hopping speeds, likely due to a specialized hindlimb musculoskeletal morphology. This study combined experimental dissection data with a static analysis of muscle moment generating capacities using a newly developed musculoskeletal model to characterize kangaroo rat hindlimb musculoskeletal architecture and investigate how morphology has evolved to meet hopping and jumping mechanical demands. Hindlimb morphology appears biased towards generating constant moment arms over large joint ranges of motion in this species, which may balance competing requirements by reducing the need for posture and movement specific excitation patterns. The ankle extensors are a major exception to the strong positive relationship exhibited by most muscles between muscle architecture parameters (e.g. Lfibre) and joint moment arms. These muscles appear suited to meeting the high moments required for jumping: the biarticular nature of the ankle extensors is leveraged to reduce MTU strain and create a four-bar linkage that facilitates proximal force transfer. The kangaroo rat hindlimb provides an interesting case study for understanding how morphology balances the sometimes competing demands of hopping and jumping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffery W Rankin
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA
- Pathokinesiology Laboratory, Rancho Los Amigos National Rehabilitation Center, Downey, CA, USA
| | - Kelsey M Doney
- Department of Physical Therapy, Simmons College, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Craig P McGowan
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA
- WWAMI Medical Education Program, The University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA
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13
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Three-dimensional kinematics of the equine metacarpophalangeal joint using x-ray reconstruction of moving morphology – a pilot study. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 2017; 30:248-255. [DOI: 10.3415/vcot-16-06-0095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
SummaryX-ray reconstruction of moving morphology (XROMM) uses biplanar videoradiography and computed tomography (CT) scanning to capture three-dimensional (3D) bone motion. In XROMM, morphologically accurate 3D bone models derived from CT are animated with motion from videoradiography, yielding a highly accurate and precise reconstruction of skeletal kinematics. We employ this motion analysis technique to characterize metacarpophalangeal joint (MCPJ) motion in the absence and presence of protective legwear in a healthy pony. Our in vivo marker tracking precision was 0.09 mm for walk and trot, and 0.10 mm during jump down exercises. We report MCPJ maximum extension (walk: –27.70 ± 2.78° [standard deviation]; trot: –33.84 ± 4.94°), abduction/adduction (walk: 0.04 ± 0.24°; trot: –0.23 ± 0.35°) and external/internal rotations (walk: 0.30 ± 0.32°; trot: –0.49 ± 1.05°) indicating that the MCPJ in this pony is a stable hinge joint with negligible extra-sagittal rotations. No substantial change in MCPJ maximum extension angles or vertical ground reaction forces (GRFv) were observed upon application of legwear during jump down exercise. Neoprene boot application yielded –65.20 ± 2.06° extension (GRFv = 11.97 ± 0.67 N/kg) and fleece polo wrap application yielded –64.23 ± 1.68° extension (GRFv = 11.36 ± 1.66 N/kg), when compared to naked control (-66.11 ± 0.96°; GRFv = 12.02 ± 0.53 N/kg). Collectively, this proof of concept study illustrates the benefits and practical limitations of using XROMM to document equine MCPJ kinematics in the presence and absence of legwear.Supplementary Material to this article is available online at https://doi.org/10.3415/VCOT-16-06-0095.
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14
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Geiger SM, Reich E, Böttcher P, Grund S, Hagen J. Validation of biplane high‐speed fluoroscopy combined with two different noninvasive tracking methodologies for measuring
in vivo
distal limb kinematics of the horse. Equine Vet J 2017; 50:261-269. [DOI: 10.1111/evj.12717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. M. Geiger
- Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Leipzig University Leipzig Germany
| | - E. Reich
- Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Leipzig University Leipzig Germany
| | - P. Böttcher
- Small Animal Clinic Department of Veterinary Medicine Freie Universität Berlin Berlin Germany
| | - S. Grund
- Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Leipzig University Leipzig Germany
| | - J. Hagen
- Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Leipzig University Leipzig Germany
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15
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Panagiotopoulou O, Iriarte-Diaz J, Wilshin S, Dechow PC, Taylor AB, Mehari Abraha H, Aljunid SF, Ross CF. In vivo bone strain and finite element modeling of a rhesus macaque mandible during mastication. ZOOLOGY 2017; 124:13-29. [PMID: 29037463 DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2017.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Revised: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Finite element analysis (FEA) is a commonly used tool in musculoskeletal biomechanics and vertebrate paleontology. The accuracy and precision of finite element models (FEMs) are reliant on accurate data on bone geometry, muscle forces, boundary conditions and tissue material properties. Simplified modeling assumptions, due to lack of in vivo experimental data on material properties and muscle activation patterns, may introduce analytical errors in analyses where quantitative accuracy is critical for obtaining rigorous results. A subject-specific FEM of a rhesus macaque mandible was constructed, loaded and validated using in vivo data from the same animal. In developing the model, we assessed the impact on model behavior of variation in (i) material properties of the mandibular trabecular bone tissue and teeth; (ii) constraints at the temporomandibular joint and bite point; and (iii) the timing of the muscle activity used to estimate the external forces acting on the model. The best match between the FEA simulation and the in vivo experimental data resulted from modeling the trabecular tissue with an isotropic and homogeneous Young's modulus and Poisson's value of 10GPa and 0.3, respectively; constraining translations along X,Y, Z axes in the chewing (left) side temporomandibular joint, the premolars and the m1; constraining the balancing (right) side temporomandibular joint in the anterior-posterior and superior-inferior axes, and using the muscle force estimated at time of maximum strain magnitude in the lower lateral gauge. The relative strain magnitudes in this model were similar to those recorded in vivo for all strain locations. More detailed analyses of mandibular strain patterns during the power stroke at different times in the chewing cycle are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Panagiotopoulou
- Moving Morphology & Functional Mechanics Laboratory, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - José Iriarte-Diaz
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Illinois, 801 S. Paulina St., Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Simon Wilshin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire AL9 7TA, United Kingdom
| | - Paul C Dechow
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Dentistry, Texas A&M University, 3302 Gaston Ave., Dallas, TX 75246, USA
| | - Andrea B Taylor
- Department of Basic Science, Touro University, 1310 Club Drive, Mare Island, Vellejo, CA 94592, USA
| | - Hyab Mehari Abraha
- Moving Morphology & Functional Mechanics Laboratory, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Sharifah F Aljunid
- Materialise Unit 5-01, Menara OBYU, No. 4, Jalan PJU 8/8A, Damansara Perdana, 47820 Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Callum F Ross
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, 1027 E. 57th St., Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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16
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Weiss M, Reich E, Grund S, Mülling CKW, Geiger SM. Validation of 2 noninvasive, markerless reconstruction techniques in biplane high-speed fluoroscopy for 3-dimensional research of bovine distal limb kinematics. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:8372-8384. [PMID: 28780107 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-12563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Lameness severely impairs cattle's locomotion, and it is among the most important threats to animal welfare, performance, and productivity in the modern dairy industry. However, insight into the pathological alterations of claw biomechanics leading to lameness and an understanding of the biomechanics behind development of claw lesions causing lameness are limited. Biplane high-speed fluoroscopic kinematography is a new approach for the analysis of skeletal motion. Biplane high-speed videos in combination with bone scans can be used for 3-dimensional (3D) animations of bones moving in 3D space. The gold standard, marker-based animation, requires implantation of radio-opaque markers into bones, which impairs the practicability for lameness research in live animals. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the comparative accuracy of 2 noninvasive, markerless animation techniques (semi-automatic and manual) in 3D animation of the bovine distal limb. Tantalum markers were implanted into each of the distal, middle, and proximal phalanges of 5 isolated bovine distal forelimbs, and biplane high-speed x-ray videos of each limb were recorded to capture the simulation of one step. The limbs were scanned by computed tomography to create bone models of the 6 digital bones, and 3D animation of the bones' movements were subsequently reconstructed using the marker-based, the semi-automatic, and the manual animation techniques. Manual animation translational bias and precision varied from 0.63 ± 0.26 mm to 0.80 ± 0.49 mm, and rotational bias and precision ranged from 2.41 ± 1.43° to 6.75 ± 4.67°. Semi-automatic translational values for bias and precision ranged from 1.26 ± 1.28 mm to 2.75 ± 2.17 mm, and rotational values varied from 3.81 ± 2.78° to 11.7 ± 8.11°. In our study, we demonstrated the successful application of biplane high-speed fluoroscopic kinematography to gait analysis of bovine distal limb. Using the manual animation technique, kinematics can be measured with sub-millimeter accuracy without the need for invasive marker implantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Weiss
- Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, An den Tierkliniken 43, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - E Reich
- Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, An den Tierkliniken 43, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - S Grund
- Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, An den Tierkliniken 43, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - C K W Mülling
- Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, An den Tierkliniken 43, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - S M Geiger
- Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, An den Tierkliniken 43, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.
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