1
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Flensburg SB, Garm A, Funch P. The contraction-expansion behaviour in the demosponge Tethya wilhelma is light controlled and follows a diurnal rhythm. J Exp Biol 2022; 225:286159. [PMID: 36546534 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.244751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Sponges (phylum Porifera) are metazoans which lack muscles and nerve cells, yet perform coordinated behaviours such as whole-body contractions. Previous studies indicate diurnal variability in both the number of contractions and the expression of circadian clock genes. Here, we show that diurnal patterns are present in the contraction-expansion behaviour of the demosponge Tethya wilhelma, by using infrared videography and a simulated night/day cycle including sunrise and sunset mimics. In addition, we show that this behaviour is at least strongly influenced by ambient light intensity and therefore indicates light-sensing capabilities in this sponge species. This is supported by our finding that T. wilhelma consistently contracts at sunrise, and that this pattern disappears both when the sponge is kept in constant darkness and when it is in constant light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah B Flensburg
- Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 114-116, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Anders Garm
- Marine Biological Section, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 4, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Peter Funch
- Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 114-116, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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2
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Abstract
Demosponges are modular filter-feeding organisms that are made up of aquiferous units or modules with one osculum per module. Such modules may grow to reach a maximal size. Various demosponge species show a high degree of morphological complexity, which makes it difficult to classify and scale them regarding filtration rate versus sponge size. In this regard, we distinguish between: (i) small single-osculum sponges consisting of one aquiferous module, which includes very small explants and larger explants; (ii) multi-oscula sponges consisting of many modules, each with a separate osculum leading to the ambient; and (iii) large single-osculum sponges composed of many aquiferous modules, each with an exhalant opening (true osculum) leading into a common large spongocoel (atrium), which opens to the ambient via a static pseudo-osculum. We found the theoretical scaling relation between the filtration rate (F) versus volume (V) for (i) a single-osculum demosponge to be F = a3V2/3, and hence the volume-specific filtration rate to scale as F/V ≈ V−1/3. This relation is partly supported by experimental data for explants of Halichondria panicea, showing F/V = 2.66V−0.41. However, for multi-oscula sponges, many of their modules may have reached their maximal size and hence their maximal filtration rate, which would imply the scaling F/V ≈ constant. A similar scaling would be expected for large pseudo-osculum sponges, provided their volume was taken to be the structural tissue volume that holds the pumping units, and not the total volume that includes the large atrium volume of water. This may explain the hitherto confusing picture that has emerged from the power-law correlation (F/V = aVb) of many various types of demosponges that show a range of negative b-exponents. The observed sharp decline in the volume-specific filtration rate of demosponges from their very small to larger sizes is discussed.
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3
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Bell JJ, McGrath E, Kandler NM, Marlow J, Beepat SS, Bachtiar R, Shaffer MR, Mortimer C, Micaroni V, Mobilia V, Rovellini A, Harris B, Farnham E, Strano F, Carballo JL. Interocean patterns in shallow water sponge assemblage structure and function. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2020; 95:1720-1758. [PMID: 32812691 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Sponges are a major component of benthic ecosystems across the world and fulfil a number of important functional roles. However, despite their importance, there have been few attempts to compare sponge assemblage structure and ecological functions across large spatial scales. In this review, we examine commonalities and differences between shallow water (<100 m) sponges at bioregional (15 bioregions) and macroregional (tropical, Mediterranean, temperate, and polar) scales, to provide a more comprehensive understanding of sponge ecology. Patterns of sponge abundance (based on density and area occupied) were highly variable, with an average benthic cover between ~1 and 30%. Sponges were generally found to occupy more space (percentage cover) in the Mediterranean and polar macroregions, compared to temperate and tropical macroregions, although sponge densities (sponges m-2 ) were highest in temperate bioregions. Mean species richness standardised by sampling area was similar across all bioregions, except for a few locations that supported very high small-scale biodiversity concentrations. Encrusting growth forms were generally the dominant sponge morphology, with the exception of the Tropical West Atlantic, where upright forms dominated. Annelids and Arthropods were the most commonly reported macrofauna associated with sponges across bioregions. With respect to reproduction, there were no patterns in gametic development (hermaphroditism versus gonochorism), although temperate, tropical, and polar macroregions had an increasingly higher percentage of viviparous species, respectively, with viviparity being the sole gamete development mechanism reported for polar sponges to date. Seasonal reproductive timing was the most common in all bioregions, but continuous timing was more common in the Mediterranean and tropical bioregions compared to polar and temperate bioregions. We found little variation across bioregions in larval size, and the dominant larval type across the globe was parenchymella. No pattens among bioregions were found in the limited information available for standardised respiration and pumping rates. Many organisms were found to predate sponges, with the abundance of sponge predators being higher in tropical systems. While there is some evidence to support a higher overall proportion of phototrophic species in the Tropical Austalian bioregion compared to the Western Atlantic, both also have large numbers of heterotrophic species. Sponges are important spatial competitors across all bioregions, most commonly being reported to interact with anthozoans and algae. Even though the available information was limited for many bioregions, our analyses demonstrate some differences in sponge traits and functions among bioregions, and among macroregions. However, we also identified similarities in sponge assemblage structure and function at global scales, likely reflecting a combination of regional- and local-scale biological and physical processes affecting sponge assemblages, along with common ancestry. Finally, we used our analyses to highlight geographic bias in past sponge research, and identify gaps in our understanding of sponge ecology globally. By so doing, we identified key areas for future research on sponge ecology. We hope that our study will help sponge researchers to consider bioregion-specific features of sponge assemblages and key sponge-mediated ecological processes from a global perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- James J Bell
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Emily McGrath
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington, New Zealand.,Cawthron Institute, 98 Halifax St E, The Wood, Nelson, 7010, New Zealand
| | - Nora M Kandler
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Joseph Marlow
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington, New Zealand.,British Antarctic Survey, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ET, U.K
| | - Sandeep S Beepat
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Ramadian Bachtiar
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Megan R Shaffer
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Charlotte Mortimer
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Valerio Micaroni
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Valeria Mobilia
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Alberto Rovellini
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Benjamin Harris
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Elizabeth Farnham
- Ministry of Primary Industries, PO Box 2526, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Francesca Strano
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - José Luis Carballo
- Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Avenida Joel Montes Camarena, s/n. apartado postal 811, Mazatlán, 82000, Mexico
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4
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Luter HM, Kenkel CD, Terzin M, Peirce T, Laffy PW, Gibb K, Webster NS. Gene correlation networks reveal the transcriptomic response to elevated nitrogen in a photosynthetic sponge. Mol Ecol 2020; 29:1452-1462. [PMID: 32223031 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2018] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Nutrient levels in coastal environments have been increasing globally due to elevated inputs of sewage and terrigenous sediments carrying fertilizers. Yet, despite their immense filtering capacities, marine sponges appear to be less affected by elevated nutrients than sympatric benthic organisms, such as corals. While the molecular-level stress response of sponges to elevated seawater temperatures and other toxicants has been defined, this study represents the first global gene expression analysis of how sponges respond to elevated nitrogen. Gene correlation network analysis revealed that sponge gene modules, coded by colours, became either highly upregulated (Blue) or downregulated (Turquoise, Black, Brown) as nitrogen treatment levels increased. Gene Ontology enrichment analysis of the different modules revealed genes involved in cell signalling, immune response and flagella motility were affected by increasing nitrogen levels. Notably, a decrease in the regulation of NF-kappaB signalling and an increase in protein degradation was identified, which is comparable to metabolic pathways associated with the sponge thermal stress response. These results highlight that Cymbastela stipitata can rapidly respond to changes in the external environment and identifies pathways that probably contribute to the ability of C. stipitata to tolerate short-term nutrient pulses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi M Luter
- NAMRA and the Research Institute for the Environment & Livelihoods, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, NT, Australia.,Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, QLD, Australia
| | - Carly D Kenkel
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, QLD, Australia.,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Marko Terzin
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, QLD, Australia.,Marine Biology Research Group, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tyler Peirce
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, QLD, Australia.,AIMS@JCU, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
| | - Patrick W Laffy
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, QLD, Australia
| | - Karen Gibb
- Research Institute for the Environment & Livelihoods, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, NT, Australia
| | - Nicole S Webster
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, QLD, Australia.,Australian Centre for Ecogenomics, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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5
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Cummings VJ, Beaumont J, Mobilia V, Bell JJ, Tracey D, Clark MR, Barr N. Responses of a common New Zealand coastal sponge to elevated suspended sediments: Indications of resilience. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 155:104886. [PMID: 32072988 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2020.104886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Suspended sediments can affect the health of marine benthic suspension feeders, with concomitant effects on community diversity, abundance and ecosystem function. Suspended sediment loads can become elevated through trawling and dredging, and via resuspension of bottom sediments and/or direct input from land during storms. We assessed the functioning (survival, respiration, morphology) of a common New Zealand cushion sponge, Crella incrustans (Carter, 1885), during four weeks of exposure to a gradient of suspended sediment concentrations (SSC). Survival was high, and oxygen consumption was not affected. Sponges did, however, develop apical fistules, a phenomenon never-before observed in this species. Although sediments accumulated internally within the sponges, around a third had cleared these sediments two weeks after the elevated SSCs were removed. The environments these sponges inhabit may predispose them to coping with high SSCs. Such experiments are useful for defining SSC tolerances, which may influence how such impacts can be managed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vonda J Cummings
- National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA), Wellington, New Zealand.
| | - Jennifer Beaumont
- National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA), Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Valeria Mobilia
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand
| | - James J Bell
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Dianne Tracey
- National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA), Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Malcolm R Clark
- National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA), Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Neill Barr
- National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA), Wellington, New Zealand
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6
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Morganti TM, Ribes M, Yahel G, Coma R. Size Is the Major Determinant of Pumping Rates in Marine Sponges. Front Physiol 2019; 10:1474. [PMID: 31920688 PMCID: PMC6917621 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Sponges play an important ecological function in many benthic habitats. They filter large volumes of water, retain suspended particles with high efficiency, and process dissolved compounds. Nevertheless, the factors that regulate sponge pumping rate and its relation to environmental factors have been rarely studied. We examined, in situ, the variation of pumping rates for five Mediterranean sponge species and its relationship to temperature, particulate food abundance and sponge size over two annual cycles. Surprisingly, temperature and food concentration had only a small effect on pumping rates, and the seasonal variation of pumping rates was small (1.9-2.5 folds). Sponge size was the main determinant of the specific pumping rate (pumping normalized to sponge volume or mass). Within the natural size distribution of each species, the volume-specific pumping rate [PR V , ml min-1 (cm sponge)-3] decreased (up to 33 folds) with the increase in sponge volume (V, cm3), conforming to an allometric power function (PR V = aVb ) with negative exponents. The strong dependence of the size-specific pumping rate on the sponge size suggests that the simplistic use of this value to categorize sponge species and predict their activity may be misleading. For example, for small specimens, size-specific pumping rates of the two low-microbial-abundance (LMA) species (allometric exponent b of -0.2 and -0.3) were similar to those of two of the high-microbial-abundance (HMA) species (b of -0.5 and -0.7). However, for larger specimens, size-specific pumping rates were markedly different. Our results suggest that the pumping rate of the sponges we studied can be approximated using the measured allometric constants alone in conjunction with surveys of sponge abundance and size distribution. This information is essential for the quantification of in situ feeding and respiration rates and for estimates of the magnitude of sponge-mediated energy and nutrient fluxes at the community level. Further work is required to establish if and to what extent the low seasonal effect and the strong size dependency of pumping rate can be generalized to other sponges and habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Maria Morganti
- Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, HGF MPG Joint Research Group for Deep-Sea Ecology and Technology, Bremen, Germany.,Department of Marine Biology and Oceanography, Institut de Ciències del Mar (ICM-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Ribes
- Department of Marine Biology and Oceanography, Institut de Ciències del Mar (ICM-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gitai Yahel
- The Faculty of Marine Science, Ruppin Academic Center, Michmoret, Israel
| | - Rafel Coma
- Department of Marine Ecology, Centre d'Estudis Avançats de Blanes (CEAB-CSIC), Girona, Spain
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7
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Achlatis M, Pernice M, Green K, de Goeij JM, Guagliardo P, Kilburn MR, Hoegh-Guldberg O, Dove S. Single-cell visualization indicates direct role of sponge host in uptake of dissolved organic matter. Proc Biol Sci 2019; 286:20192153. [PMID: 31795848 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2019.2153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Marine sponges are set to become more abundant in many near-future oligotrophic environments, where they play crucial roles in nutrient cycling. Of high importance is their mass turnover of dissolved organic matter (DOM), a heterogeneous mixture that constitutes the largest fraction of organic matter in the ocean and is recycled primarily by bacterial mediation. Little is known, however, about the mechanism that enables sponges to incorporate large quantities of DOM in their nutrition, unlike most other invertebrates. Here, we examine the cellular capacity for direct processing of DOM, and the fate of the processed matter, inside a dinoflagellate-hosting bioeroding sponge that is prominent on Indo-Pacific coral reefs. Integrating transmission electron microscopy with nanoscale secondary ion mass spectrometry, we track 15N- and 13C-enriched DOM over time at the individual cell level of an intact sponge holobiont. We show initial high enrichment in the filter-feeding cells of the sponge, providing visual evidence of their capacity to process DOM through pinocytosis without mediation of resident bacteria. Subsequent enrichment of the endosymbiotic dinoflagellates also suggests sharing of host nitrogenous wastes. Our results shed light on the physiological mechanism behind the ecologically important ability of sponges to cycle DOM via the recently described sponge loop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Achlatis
- School of Biological Sciences, Coral Reef Ecosystems Laboratory, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia.,Global Change Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Mathieu Pernice
- Faculty of Science, Climate Change Cluster (C3), University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Kathryn Green
- Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Jasper M de Goeij
- Department of Freshwater and Marine Ecology, University of Amsterdam, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, 1090 GE Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Paul Guagliardo
- Centre for Microscopy, Characterisation and Analysis, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Matthew R Kilburn
- Centre for Microscopy, Characterisation and Analysis, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Ove Hoegh-Guldberg
- School of Biological Sciences, Coral Reef Ecosystems Laboratory, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia.,Global Change Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Sophie Dove
- School of Biological Sciences, Coral Reef Ecosystems Laboratory, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
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8
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Achlatis M, Pernice M, Green K, Guagliardo P, Kilburn MR, Hoegh-Guldberg O, Dove S. Single-cell measurement of ammonium and bicarbonate uptake within a photosymbiotic bioeroding sponge. THE ISME JOURNAL 2018; 12:1308-1318. [PMID: 29386628 PMCID: PMC5932049 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-017-0044-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Some of the most aggressive coral-excavating sponges host intracellular dinoflagellates from the genus Symbiodinium, which are hypothesized to provide the sponges with autotrophic energy that powers bioerosion. Investigations of the contribution of Symbiodinium to host metabolism and particularly inorganic nutrient recycling are complicated, however, by the presence of alternative prokaryotic candidates for this role. Here, novel methods are used to study nutrient assimilation and transfer within and between the outer-layer cells of the Indopacific bioeroding sponge Cliona orientalis. Combining stable isotope labelling, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and nanoscale secondary ion mass spectrometry (NanoSIMS), we visualize and measure metabolic activity at the individual cell level, tracking the fate of 15N-ammonium and 13C-bicarbonate within the intact holobiont. We found strong uptake of both inorganic sources (especially 13C-bicarbonate) by Symbiodinium cells. Labelled organic nutrients were translocated from Symbiodinium to the Symbiodinium-hosting sponge cells within 6 h, and occasionally to other sponge cells within 3 days. By contrast, prokaryotic symbionts were not observed to participate in inorganic nutrient assimilation in the outer layers of the sponge. Our findings strongly support the metabolic interaction between the sponge and dinoflagellates, shedding light on the ecological advantages and adaptive capacity of photosymbiotic bioeroding sponges in oligotrophic marine habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Achlatis
- School of Biological Sciences, Coral Reef Ecosystems Laboratory, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia.
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia.
- Global Change Institute, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia.
| | - Mathieu Pernice
- Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia.
| | - Kathryn Green
- Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Paul Guagliardo
- Centre for Microscopy, Characterisation and Analysis, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Matthew R Kilburn
- Centre for Microscopy, Characterisation and Analysis, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Ove Hoegh-Guldberg
- School of Biological Sciences, Coral Reef Ecosystems Laboratory, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
- Global Change Institute, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Sophie Dove
- School of Biological Sciences, Coral Reef Ecosystems Laboratory, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
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9
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Fang JKH, Schönberg CHL, Mello-Athayde MA, Achlatis M, Hoegh-Guldberg O, Dove S. Bleaching and mortality of a photosymbiotic bioeroding sponge under future carbon dioxide emission scenarios. Oecologia 2018; 187:25-35. [PMID: 29574578 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-018-4105-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The bioeroding sponge Cliona orientalis is photosymbiotic with dinoflagellates of the genus Symbiodinium and is pervasive on the Great Barrier Reef. We investigated how C. orientalis responded to past and future ocean conditions in a simulated community setting. The experiment lasted over an Austral summer under four carbon dioxide emission scenarios: a pre-industrial scenario (PI), a present-day scenario (PD; control), and two future scenarios of combined ocean acidification and ocean warming, i.e., B1 (intermediate) and A1FI (extreme). The four scenarios also simulated natural variability of carbon dioxide partial pressure and temperature in seawater. Responses of C. orientalis generally remained similar between the PI and PD treatments. C. orientalis under B1 displayed a dramatic increase in lateral tissue extension, but bleached and displayed reduced rates of respiration and photosynthesis. Some B1 sponge replicates died by the end of the experiment. Under A1FI, strong bleaching and subsequent mortality of all C. orientalis replicates occurred at an early stage of the experiment. Mortality arrested bioerosion by C. orientalis under B1 and A1FI. Overall, the absolute amount of calcium carbonate eroded by C. orientalis under B1 or A1FI was similar to that under PI or PD at the end of the experiment. Although bioerosion rates were raised by short-term experimental acidification in previous studies, our findings from the photosymbiotic C. orientalis imply that the effects of bioerosion on reef carbonate budgets may only be temporary if the bioeroders cannot survive long-term in the future oceans.
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Affiliation(s)
- James K H Fang
- Coral Reef Ecosystems Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia. .,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia. .,Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
| | - Christine H L Schönberg
- School of Earth and Environment and Oceans Institute, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Matheus A Mello-Athayde
- Coral Reef Ecosystems Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Michelle Achlatis
- Coral Reef Ecosystems Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Ove Hoegh-Guldberg
- Coral Reef Ecosystems Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia.,Global Change Institute, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Sophie Dove
- Coral Reef Ecosystems Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
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10
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Strehlow BW, Pineda MC, Duckworth A, Kendrick GA, Renton M, Abdul Wahab MA, Webster NS, Clode PL. Sediment tolerance mechanisms identified in sponges using advanced imaging techniques. PeerJ 2017; 5:e3904. [PMID: 29158962 PMCID: PMC5694653 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.3904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Terrestrial runoff, resuspension events and dredging can affect filter-feeding sponges by elevating the concentration of suspended sediments, reducing light intensity, and smothering sponges with sediments. To investigate how sponges respond to pressures associated with increased sediment loads, the abundant and widely distributed Indo-Pacific species Ianthella basta was exposed to elevated suspended sediment concentrations, sediment deposition, and light attenuation for 48 h (acute exposure) and 4 weeks (chronic exposure). In order to visualise the response mechanisms, sponge tissue was examined by 3D X-ray microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Acute exposures resulted in sediment rapidly accumulating in the aquiferous system of I. basta, although this sediment was fully removed within three days. Sediment removal took longer (>2 weeks) following chronic exposures, and I. basta also exhibited tissue regression and a smaller aquiferous system. The application of advanced imaging approaches revealed that I. basta employs a multilevel system for sediment rejection and elimination, containing both active and passive components. Sponges responded to sediment stress through (i) mucus production, (ii) exclusion of particles by incurrent pores, (iii) closure of oscula and pumping cessation, (iv) expulsion of particles from the aquiferous system, and (v) tissue regression to reduce the volume of the aquiferous system, thereby entering a dormant state. These mechanisms would result in tolerance and resilience to exposure to variable and high sediment loads associated with both anthropogenic impacts like dredging programs and natural pressures like flood events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian W Strehlow
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia.,Centre for Microscopy, Characterisation and Analysis, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia.,Oceans Institute, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia.,Australian Institute of Marine Science, Cape Ferguson, QLD, Australia.,Western Australian Marine Science Institution, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Mari-Carmen Pineda
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Cape Ferguson, QLD, Australia.,Western Australian Marine Science Institution, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Alan Duckworth
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Cape Ferguson, QLD, Australia.,Western Australian Marine Science Institution, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Gary A Kendrick
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia.,Oceans Institute, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia.,Western Australian Marine Science Institution, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Michael Renton
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia.,School of Agriculture and Environment, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Muhammad Azmi Abdul Wahab
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Cape Ferguson, QLD, Australia.,Western Australian Marine Science Institution, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Nicole S Webster
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Cape Ferguson, QLD, Australia.,Western Australian Marine Science Institution, Crawley, WA, Australia.,Australian Centre for Ecogenomics, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Peta L Clode
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia.,Centre for Microscopy, Characterisation and Analysis, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia.,Oceans Institute, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
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11
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Sponge bioerosion on changing reefs: ocean warming poses physiological constraints to the success of a photosymbiotic excavating sponge. Sci Rep 2017; 7:10705. [PMID: 28878236 PMCID: PMC5587736 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10947-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Excavating sponges are prominent bioeroders on coral reefs that in comparison to other benthic organisms may suffer less or may even benefit from warmer, more acidic and more eutrophic waters. Here, the photosymbiotic excavating sponge Cliona orientalis from the Great Barrier Reef was subjected to a prolonged simulation of both global and local environmental change: future seawater temperature, partial pressure of carbon dioxide (as for 2100 summer conditions under "business-as-usual" emissions), and diet supplementation with particulate organics. The individual and combined effects of the three factors on the bioerosion rates, metabolic oxygen and carbon flux, biomass change and survival of the sponge were monitored over the height of summer. Diet supplementation accelerated bioerosion rates. Acidification alone did not have a strong effect on total bioerosion or survival rates, yet it co-occurred with reduced heterotrophy. Warming above 30 °C (+2.7 °C above the local maximum monthly mean) caused extensive bleaching, lower bioerosion, and prevailing mortality, overriding the other factors and suggesting a strong metabolic dependence of the sponge on its resident symbionts. The growth, bioerosion capacity and likelihood of survival of C. orientalis and similar photosymbiotic excavating sponges could be substantially reduced rather than increased on end-of-the-century reefs under "business-as-usual" emission profiles.
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12
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Pineda MC, Strehlow B, Kamp J, Duckworth A, Jones R, Webster NS. Effects of combined dredging-related stressors on sponges: a laboratory approach using realistic scenarios. Sci Rep 2017; 7:5155. [PMID: 28701759 PMCID: PMC5507900 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-05251-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Dredging can cause increased suspended sediment concentrations (SSCs), light attenuation and sedimentation in marine communities. In order to determine the combined effects of dredging-related pressures on adult sponges, three species spanning different nutritional modes and morphologies were exposed to 5 treatment levels representing realistic dredging scenarios. Most sponges survived under low to moderate turbidity scenarios (SSCs of ≤ 33 mg L−1, and a daily light integral of ≥0.5 mol photons m−2 d−1) for up to 28 d. However, under the highest turbidity scenario (76 mg L−1, 0.1 mol photons m−2 d−1) there was 20% and 90% mortality of the phototrophic sponges Cliona orientalis and Carteriospongia foliascens respectively, and tissue regression in the heterotrophic Ianthella basta. All three sponge species exhibited mechanisms to effectively tolerate dredging-related pressures in the short term (e.g. oscula closure, mucus production and tissue regression), although reduced lipids and deterioration of sponge health suggest that longer term exposure to similar conditions is likely to result in higher mortality. These results suggest that the combination of high SSCs and low light availability can accelerate mortality, increasing the probability of biological effects, although there is considerable interspecies variability in how adult sponges respond to dredging pressures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari-Carmen Pineda
- Australian Institute of Marine Science (AIMS), Townsville, QLD and Perth, WA, Australia. .,Western Australian Marine Science Institution, Perth, WA, Australia.
| | - Brian Strehlow
- Australian Institute of Marine Science (AIMS), Townsville, QLD and Perth, WA, Australia.,Western Australian Marine Science Institution, Perth, WA, Australia.,School of Biological Sciences, Centre for Microscopy Characterisation and Analysis, and Oceans Institute, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Jasmine Kamp
- James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
| | - Alan Duckworth
- Australian Institute of Marine Science (AIMS), Townsville, QLD and Perth, WA, Australia.,Western Australian Marine Science Institution, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Ross Jones
- Australian Institute of Marine Science (AIMS), Townsville, QLD and Perth, WA, Australia.,Western Australian Marine Science Institution, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Nicole S Webster
- Australian Institute of Marine Science (AIMS), Townsville, QLD and Perth, WA, Australia.,Western Australian Marine Science Institution, Perth, WA, Australia
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13
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Pineda MC, Strehlow B, Sternel M, Duckworth A, Jones R, Webster NS. Effects of suspended sediments on the sponge holobiont with implications for dredging management. Sci Rep 2017; 7:4925. [PMID: 28694508 PMCID: PMC5504051 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-05241-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Dredging can cause high suspended sediment concentrations (SSC) in the water column, posing a hazard to filter feeding organisms like sponges as sediment may clog their aquiferous systems and reduce feeding. In order to provide pressure-response values for sponges to SSC and tease apart the cause:effect pathways of dredging pressures, five heterotrophic and phototrophic species were experimentally exposed to a range of dredging-relevant SSC of up to 100 mg L-1, with light compensation across treatments to ensure that SSC was the primary physical parameter. This study shows that some sponge species exposed to high SSC (≥23 mg L-1) for extended periods (28 d) have lower survival, increased necrosis and depletion of energy reserves. In contrast, SSC of ≤10 mg L-1 caused few, if any, negative effects and is thus suggested as a prudent sub-lethal threshold for sponges. Microbial communities did not change significantly among SSC treatments, although a nutritional shift from mixotrophy towards increased phototrophy was detected for some sponge species exposed to high SSC. Importantly however, it is expected that the combined effect of SSC with low light availability and sediment smothering as occurs during dredging operations will increase the negative effects on sponges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari-Carmen Pineda
- Australian Institute of Marine Science (AIMS), Townsville, QLD and Perth, WA, Australia.
- Western Australian Marine Science Institution, Perth, WA, Australia.
| | - Brian Strehlow
- Australian Institute of Marine Science (AIMS), Townsville, QLD and Perth, WA, Australia
- Western Australian Marine Science Institution, Perth, WA, Australia
- Centre for Microscopy Characterisation and Analysis, School of Plant Biology and Oceans Institute, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | | | - Alan Duckworth
- Australian Institute of Marine Science (AIMS), Townsville, QLD and Perth, WA, Australia
- Western Australian Marine Science Institution, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Ross Jones
- Australian Institute of Marine Science (AIMS), Townsville, QLD and Perth, WA, Australia
- Western Australian Marine Science Institution, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Nicole S Webster
- Australian Institute of Marine Science (AIMS), Townsville, QLD and Perth, WA, Australia
- Western Australian Marine Science Institution, Perth, WA, Australia
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