1
|
Li S, Ge X, Bai G, Chen C. Selection of Reference Genes for Expression Normalization by RT-qPCR in Dracocephalum moldavica L. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2024; 46:6284-6299. [PMID: 38921046 PMCID: PMC11202811 DOI: 10.3390/cimb46060375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2024] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Dracocephalum moldavica is widely used as an ornamental, medicine, and perfume in industry. Real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) is widely and accurately utilized for gene expression evaluations. Selecting optimal reference genes is essential for normalizing RT-qPCR results. However, the identification of suitable reference genes in D. moldavica has not been documented. A total of 12 reference genes in D. moldavica were identified by PEG6000 (15%) treatment under hypertonia conditions in different tissues (roots, stem, leaves, flower, seeds and sepal) and during three stages of flower development, then used to validate the expression stability. There were four algorithms (delta Ct, geNorm, NormFinder, and BestKeeper) used to analyze the stability. Finally, the RefFinder program was employed to evaluate the candidate reference genes' stability. The results showed that ACTIN, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), and EF1α (elongation factor-1α) were stable reference genes under the PEG6000 treatment. Heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) was the most stable gene across different flower development stages. ADP-ribosylation factor (ARF) was the most stable gene in different tissues and total samples. This study provides reliable gene expression studies for future research in D. moldavica.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Chen Chen
- Shaanxi Engineering Research Centre for Conservation and Utilization of Botanical Resources, Xi’an Botanical Garden of Shaanxi Province, Institute of Botany of Shaanxi Province, No. 17 Cuihua South Road, Xi’an 710061, China; (S.L.); (X.G.); (G.B.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhang JZ, Li XZ, Yin YB, Luo SC, Wang DX, Zheng H, Liu YX. High-throughput sequencing-based analysis of the composition and diversity of the endophyte community in roots of Stellera chamaejasme. Sci Rep 2024; 14:8607. [PMID: 38615120 PMCID: PMC11016073 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-59055-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Stellera chamaejasme (S. chamaejasme) is an important medicinal plant with heat-clearing, detoxifying, swelling and anti-inflammatory effects. At the same time, it is also one of the iconic plants of natural grassland degradation in northwest China, playing a key role in the invasion process. Plant endophytes live in healthy plant tissues and can synthesize substances needed for plant growth, induce disease resistance in host plants, and enhance plant resistance to environmental stress. Therefore, studying the root endophytes of S. chamaejasme is of great significance for mining beneficial microbial resources and biological prevention and control of S. chamaejasme. This study used Illumina MiSeq high-throughput sequencing technology to analyze the composition and diversity of endophytes in the roots of S. chamaejasme in different alpine grasslands (BGC, NMC and XGYZ) in Tibet. Research results show that the main phylum of endophytic fungi in the roots of S. chamaejasme in different regions is Ascomycota, and the main phyla of endophytic bacteria are Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria and Firmicutes (Bacteroidota). Overall, the endophyte diversity of the NMC samples was significantly higher than that of the other two sample sites. Principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) and permutational multivariate analysis of variance (PERMANOVA) results showed significant differences in the composition of endophytic bacterial and fungal communities among BGC, NMC and XGYZ samples. Co-occurrence network analysis of endophytes showed that there were positive correlations between fungi and some negative correlations between bacteria, and the co-occurrence network of bacteria was more complex than that of fungi. In short, this study provides a vital reference for further exploring and utilizing the endophyte resources of S. chamaejasme and an in-depth understanding of the ecological functions of S. chamaejasme endophytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Ze Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biodiversity and Environment on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, Ministry of Education, School of Ecology and Environment, Tibet University, Lhasa, China
| | - Xin-Zhong Li
- Key Laboratory of Biodiversity and Environment on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, Ministry of Education, School of Ecology and Environment, Tibet University, Lhasa, China
| | - Ye-Bing Yin
- Key Laboratory of Biodiversity and Environment on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, Ministry of Education, School of Ecology and Environment, Tibet University, Lhasa, China
| | - Si-Cen Luo
- Key Laboratory of Biodiversity and Environment on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, Ministry of Education, School of Ecology and Environment, Tibet University, Lhasa, China
| | - Dong-Xu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biodiversity and Environment on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, Ministry of Education, School of Ecology and Environment, Tibet University, Lhasa, China
| | - Heng Zheng
- School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Yi-Xuan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biodiversity and Environment on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, Ministry of Education, School of Ecology and Environment, Tibet University, Lhasa, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Guo L, Li Y, Wei Z, Wang C, Hou X. Reference genes selection of Paeonia ostii 'Fengdan' under osmotic stresses and hormone treatments by RT-qPCR. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:133-143. [PMID: 36315329 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-07938-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tree peony possess significant ornamental, medicinal and oil values. Osmotic stresses including dehydratiuon and salinity limit the expansion of cultivation area of tree peony. Information on reference genes selection under osmotic stress and hormone stimulation of tree peony still limited. This study aimed to determine the stable reference genes suitable for tree peony under osmotic stresses and hormone treatments, and provide a theoretical basis for the molecular biology research. METHODS AND RESULTS Twelve candidate reference genes were evaluated in Paeonia ostii 'Fengdan' under osmotic stress and hormone treatments by RT-qPCR. Delta Ct method, geNorm, and NormFinder were used for the comprehensive expression stability ranking comparison. The results revealed that tubulin-α was the preferred internal reference genes for drought and ABA treatment, tubulin-β was identified as the most suitable reference gene under drought and OPDA induction, 18s-rRNA was regarded as the most stable gene for salinity and JA treatment, eIF-5 A was listed as the most stable gene for JA and MeJA treatments. The experiments also displayed that EF1-α were comparatively unstable under ABA and BR hormone treatments. CONCLUSION These preferred reference genes could be useful in qPCR studies involving osmotic or hormonal stresses in Paeonia ostii 'Fengdan'. It is anticipated that the results will benefit tree peony functional genomics studies and molecular breeding research in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lili Guo
- College of Tree Peony, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan, China
| | - Yuying Li
- College of Tree Peony, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan, China
| | - Zhenzhen Wei
- College of Tree Peony, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan, China
| | - Can Wang
- College of Tree Peony, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan, China
| | - Xiaogai Hou
- College of Tree Peony, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Selection and Validation of Reference Genes for Quantitative Real-Time PCR Analysis of Development and Tissue-Dependent Flower Color Formation in Cymbidium lowianum. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23020738. [PMID: 35054922 PMCID: PMC8776083 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The development and tissue-dependent color formation of the horticultural plant results in various color pattern flowers. Anthocyanins and carotenoids contribute to the red and yellow colors, respectively. In this study, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) is used to analyze the expression profiles of anthocyanin and carotenoids biosynthesis genes in Cymbidium lowianum (Rchb.f.) Rchb.f. Appropriate reference gene selection and validation are required before normalization of gene expression in qRT-PCR analysis. Thus, we firstly selected 12 candidate reference genes from transcriptome data, and used geNorm and Normfinder to evaluate their expression stability in lip (divided into abaxial and adaxial), petal, and sepal of the bud and flower of C. lowianum. Our results show that the two most stable reference genes in different tissues of C. lowianum bud and flower are EF1δ and 60S, the most unstable reference gene is 26S. The expression profiles of the CHS and BCH genes were similar to FPKM value profiles after normalization to the two most stable reference genes, EF1δ and 60S, with the upregulated CHS and BCH expression in flower stage, indicating that the ABP and CBP were activated across the stages of flower development. However, when the most unstable reference gene, 26S, was used to normalize the qRT-PCR data, the expression profiles of CHS and BCH differed from FPKM value profiles, indicating the necessity of selecting stable reference genes. Moreover, CHS and BCH expression was highest in the abaxial lip and adaxial lip, respectively, indicating that the ABP and CBP were activated in abaxial and adaxial lip, respectively, resulting in a presence of red or yellow segments in abaxial and adaxial lip. This study is the first to provide reference genes in C. lowianum, and also provide useful information for studies that aim to understand the molecular mechanisms of flower color formation in C. lowianum.
Collapse
|
5
|
Selection of the reference genes for quantitative gene expression by RT-qPCR in the desert plant Stipagrostis pennata. Sci Rep 2021; 11:21711. [PMID: 34741052 PMCID: PMC8571334 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-00833-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The desert pioneer plant Stipagrostis pennata plays an important role in sand fixation, wind prevention, and desert ecosystem recovery. An absence of reference genes greatly limits investigations into the regulatory mechanism by which S. pennata adapts to adverse desert environments at the molecular and genetic levels. In this study, eight candidate reference genes were identified from rhizosheath development transcriptome data from S. pennata, and their expression stability in the rhizosheaths at different development stages, in a variety of plant tissues, and under drought stress was evaluated using four procedures, including geNorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper, and RefFinder. The results showed that GAPDH and elF were the most stable reference genes under drought stress and in rhizosheath development, and ARP6 and ALDH were relatively stable in all plant tissues. In addition, elF was the most suitable reference gene for all treatments. Analysis of the consistency between the reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) and RNA sequencing data showed that the identified elF and GAPDH reference genes were stable during rhizosheath development. These results provide reliable reference genes for assuring the accuracy of RT-qPCR and offer a foundation for further investigations into the genetic responses of S. pennata to abiotic stress.
Collapse
|
6
|
Fu Y, Niu F, Jia H, Wang Y, Guo B, Wei Y. Reference gene selection for real-time quantitative PCR assays in different tissues of Huperzia serrata based on full-length transcriptome sequencing. PLANT DIRECT 2021; 5:e362. [PMID: 34849452 PMCID: PMC8611506 DOI: 10.1002/pld3.362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Huperzia serrata (H. serrata) produces various types of effective lycopodium alkaloids, especially Huperzine A (HupA), which is a promising drug for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Numerous studies focused on the chemistry, bioactivities, toxicology, and clinical trials of HupA; however, the public genomic and transcriptomic resources are very limited for H. serrata research, especially for the selection of optimum reference genes. Based on the full-length transcriptome datasets and previous studies, 10 traditional and three new candidate reference genes were selected in different tissue of H. serrata. Then, two optimal reference genes GAPDHB and HisH2A were confirmed by four analysis methods. In order to further verify the accuracy of the two reference genes, they were used to analyze the expression patterns of four HupA-biosynthetic genes (lysine decarboxylas, RS-norcoclaurine 6-O-methyltransferase, cytochrome P45072A1, and copper amine oxidase). The data suggested that the expression pattern of HupA-biosynthetic genes was consistent with them in transcriptome sequencing in different tissue of H. serrata. This study identified that GAPDHB and HisH2A provides the reliable normalization for analyzing the HupA biosynthetic gene expression in different tissues of H. serrata on the transcriptional level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanping Fu
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Shannxi Province, Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Ministry of Education), College of Life ScienceNorthwest UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Fei Niu
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Shannxi Province, Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Ministry of Education), College of Life ScienceNorthwest UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Hui Jia
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Shannxi Province, Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Ministry of Education), College of Life ScienceNorthwest UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Yanli Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Shannxi Province, Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Ministry of Education), College of Life ScienceNorthwest UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Bin Guo
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Shannxi Province, Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Ministry of Education), College of Life ScienceNorthwest UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Yahui Wei
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Shannxi Province, Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Ministry of Education), College of Life ScienceNorthwest UniversityXi'anChina
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Study on Gas Chromatographic Fingerprint of Essential Oil from Stellera chamaejasme Flowers and Its Repellent Activities against Three Stored Product Insects. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26216438. [PMID: 34770847 PMCID: PMC8587308 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26216438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to establish the chromatographic fingerprints of the essential oil (EO) from Stellera chamaejasme flowers collected from various natural sites by gas chromatography (GC) combined with chemometric methods. The EO was obtained by hydrodistillation, and its chemical composition was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Most components were identified as ketones and the relatively high-content components were fitone (38.973%), n-hentriacontane (5.807%), myristic acid (4.944%) and phytol (3.988%). In addition, the repellent activities of the EO from S. chamaejasme flowers and its four main chemical compounds were evaluated against three stored product pests (Tribolium castaneum, Lasioderma serricorne, Liposcelis bostrychophila) for the first time. In this work, the EO and the four chemical compounds showed a repellent effect against three storage pests after 2 and 4 h exposure. The experimental method and repellent activity of S. chamaejasme flower EO could provide a basis for the development of botanical pesticide and the utilization of the rich plant resources of S. chamaejasme in the future.
Collapse
|
8
|
Cao Y, Li B, Chen N, Yang D, Li L, Liu T. Evaluation of Reference Genes for Quantitative Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction in Bactrocera dorsalis (Diptera: Tephritidae) Subjected to Various Phytosanitary Treatments. INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12100945. [PMID: 34680714 PMCID: PMC8537244 DOI: 10.3390/insects12100945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary In this study, seven internal reference genes (G6PDH, GAPDH, RPL-32, Rpl-13, Rps-3, α-tub, and 18S) of Bactroceradorsalis under different quarantine treatments (heat treatment, cold treatment, methyl bromide fumigation, and irradiation) were screened. Finally, the most stable internal reference gene was selected, which laid a foundation for the further study of its resistance mechanisms to some abiotic stresses. Abstract Bactrocera dorsalis is a major pest that causes serious damage to many fruits. Although phytosanitary treatment methods have been developed for Bactrocera control, there is a lack of information related to the gene expression pattern of B. dorsalis subjected to phytosanitary treatment conditions. Prior to quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction analysis of the most stable reference genes in B. dorsalis (Diptera: Tephritidae), B. dorsalis third-instar larvae were exposed to various phytosanitary treatments; seven candidate reference genes (18S, G6PDH, GAPDH, RPL-13, RPL-32, RPS-3, and α-Tub) were amplified and their expression stabilities were evaluated using geNorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper, and RefFinder algorithms. Different reference genes were found under different stress conditions. G6PDH was the most stable gene after heat treatment. After cold treatment, α-Tub exhibited the highest expression stability. G6PDH expression stability was the highest after fumigation with methyl bromide. RPL-32 showed the highest expression stability after irradiation treatment. Collectively, RefFinder analysis results revealed G6PDH and RPL-32 as the most suitable genes for analyzing phytosanitary treatment in B. dorsalis. This study provides an experimental basis for further gene expression analyses in B. dorsalis subjected to various phytosanitary treatments, which can aid in the development of novel phytosanitary treatments against insect pests.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Cao
- Institute of Equipment Technology, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100123, China; (Y.C.); (B.L.); (N.C.)
- Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China;
| | - Baishu Li
- Institute of Equipment Technology, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100123, China; (Y.C.); (B.L.); (N.C.)
| | - Naizhong Chen
- Institute of Equipment Technology, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100123, China; (Y.C.); (B.L.); (N.C.)
| | - Ding Yang
- Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China;
| | - Li Li
- Institute of Equipment Technology, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100123, China; (Y.C.); (B.L.); (N.C.)
- Correspondence: (L.L.); (T.L.)
| | - Tao Liu
- Institute of Equipment Technology, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100123, China; (Y.C.); (B.L.); (N.C.)
- Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China;
- Correspondence: (L.L.); (T.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Li Y, Li S, He X, Jiang W, Zhang D, Liu B, Li Q. CO 2 enrichment enhanced drought resistance by regulating growth, hydraulic conductivity and phytohormone contents in the root of cucumber seedlings. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2020; 152:62-71. [PMID: 32388421 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.04.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The coordinated effects of CO2 enrichment and drought stress on cucumber leaves have attracted increasing research attention, but few studies have investigated the effects of CO2 enrichment on the root system under drought stress. So we analyzed the morphological parameters, hydraulic conductivity, aquaporin-related gene expression, and endogenous phytohormone contents in roots of cucumber seedlings cultured under different CO2 concentrations (approximately 400 and 800 ± 40 μmol mol-1) and drought stresses simulated by polyethylene glycol 6000 (0%, 5%, and 10%). The results showed that under drought stress, regardless of the CO2 concentration, the root biomass and hydraulic conductivity decreased, the contents of auxin (IAA), zeatin nucleoside (ZR), and gibberellin (GA) decreased, the abscisic acid (ABA) content and the transcript levels of the aquaporin-related genes CsPIP2-4 increased, and the transcript levels of the aquaporin-related genes CsPIP2-5 and CsPIP2-7 decreased compared with no drought stress. Under moderate drought stress, CO2 enrichment decreased ABA content and the transcript level of CsPIP2-4, increased root biomass and GA content and the transcript level of CsPIP2-7, improved contribution rate of cell-to-cell water transport (mediated by aquaporins) and roots hydraulic conductivity. In summary, drought stress changed the water transport capacity of the roots and inhibited the growth of cucumber seedlings. CO2 enrichment regulated phytohormone contents and aquaporin-related gene expression, maintained the normal contribution rate of cell-to-cell water transport, and improved the root biomass and hydraulic conductivity, thereby alleviated the negative effects of drought stress on cucumber seedlings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yiman Li
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, 271018, China
| | - Shuhao Li
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, 271018, China
| | - Xinrui He
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, 271018, China
| | - Weili Jiang
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, 271018, China
| | - Dalong Zhang
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, 271018, China; State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Taian, Shandong, 271018, China
| | - Binbin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Taian, Shandong, 271018, China.
| | - Qingming Li
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, 271018, China; State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Taian, Shandong, 271018, China; School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Selection and Validation of Reference Genes for the qRT-PCR Assays of Populus ussuriensis Gene Expression under Abiotic Stresses and Related ABA Treatment. FORESTS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/f11040476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Populus ussuriensis Kom. is one of the most important tree species for forest renewal in the eastern mountainous areas of Northeast China due to its fast growth, high yield, and significant commercial and ecological value. The selection of optimal reference genes for the normalization of qRT-PCR data is essential for the analysis of relative gene expression. In this study, fourteen genes were selected and assessed for their expression stability during abiotic stress (drought, high salinity, and cold stress) and after the treatment with the drought-related hormone ABA. Three algorithms were used, geNorm, NormFinder, and BestKeeper, and a comprehensive ranking of candidate reference genes was produced based on their output. The most appropriate reference genes were UBQ10 and RPL24 for drought and ABA treatment, UBQ10 and TUB3 for cold stress, and UBQ10 and 60S rRNA for high salinity. Overall, UBQ10 was the most stable reference gene for use as an internal control, whereas PP2A was the least stable. The expression of two target genes (P5CS2 and GI) was used to further verify that the selected reference genes were suitable for gene expression normalization. This work comprehensively assesses the stability of reference genes in Populus ussuriensis and identifies suitable reference genes for normalization during qRT-PCR analysis.
Collapse
|
11
|
Zhong M, Yang X, Hu Y, Huang L, Peng Y, Li Z, Liu Q, Wang X, Zhang X, Nie G. Identification of candidate reference genes for quantitative RT-PCR in Miscanthus sinensis subjected to various abiotic stresses. Mol Biol Rep 2020; 47:2913-2927. [PMID: 32222917 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-020-05392-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) has been widely used for studying gene expression at the transcript level. Its accuracy usually relies on the reference genes that are utilized for data normalization. Miscanthus sinensis, a perennial C4 grass with high biomass and strong resistance to adversities, is often utilized as a high value energy crop. However, no reliable reference genes have been investigated for normalizing gene expression for this species. In this study, 12 candidate reference genes were selected to identify their stability under five different abiotic stress treatments (drought, salt, cadmium, chromium and arsenic) by using geNorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper and RefFinder softwares. The results showed that 18S rRNA and Unigene33312 were the best reference genes under drought treatments. Unigene33312 and Unigene33024 were found to be the most stably expressed genes under salt stress and Cd stress. Moreover, Unigene33024 and PP2A were the most suitable reference genes under Cr stress and Unigene33024 and Sb09g019750 were deemed more suitable reference genes under As stress. In total, considering all the samples, Unigene33024 and PP2A were the most stable genes while ACTIN and Unigene26576 were the least stable reference genes for internal control. The expression patterns of two target genes (Cu/Zn SOD and CAT) were used to further verify those selected reference genes under different conditions. The results showed that the most and the least stable reference genes had clearly different expression patterns. This work comprehensively estimated the stability of reference genes in M. sinensis which may give insight to the reference genes selection in other tissues as well as other related varieties. These suggested reference genes would assist in further putative gene expression validation in M. sinensis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Minyi Zhong
- Department of Grassland Science, Animal Science and Technology College, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Xinying Yang
- Department of Grassland Science, Animal Science and Technology College, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Yiyue Hu
- Department of Grassland Science, Animal Science and Technology College, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Linkai Huang
- Department of Grassland Science, Animal Science and Technology College, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Yan Peng
- Department of Grassland Science, Animal Science and Technology College, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhou Li
- Department of Grassland Science, Animal Science and Technology College, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Qiuxu Liu
- Department of Grassland Science, Animal Science and Technology College, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Xia Wang
- Department of Grassland Science, Animal Science and Technology College, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Xinquan Zhang
- Department of Grassland Science, Animal Science and Technology College, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China.
| | - Gang Nie
- Department of Grassland Science, Animal Science and Technology College, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Wu X, Zhou X, Ding X, Chu M, Liang C, Pei J, Xiong L, Bao P, Guo X, Yan P. Reference gene selection and myosin heavy chain (MyHC) isoform expression in muscle tissues of domestic yak (Bos grunniens). PLoS One 2020; 15:e0228493. [PMID: 32027673 PMCID: PMC7004298 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0228493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Domestic yak (Bos grunniens) is the most crucial livestock in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, providing meat and other necessities for local people. The skeletal muscle of adult livestock is composed of muscle fibers, and fiber composition in muscle has influence on meat qualities, such as tenderness, pH, and color. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) is a powerful tool to evaluate the gene expression of muscle fiber, but the normalization of the data depends on the stability of expressed reference genes. Unfortunately, there is no consensus for an ideal reference gene for data normalization in muscle tissues of yak. In this study, we aimed to assess the stability of 14 commonly used candidate reference genes by using five algorithms (GeNorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper, Delat Ct and Refinder). Our results suggested UXT and PRL13A were the most stable reference genes, while the most commonly used reference gene, GAPDH, was most variably expressed across different muscle tissues. We also found that the extensor digitorum lateralis (EDL), trapezius pars thoracica (TPT), and psoas major (PM) muscle had the higher content of type I muscle fibers and the lowest content of type IIB muscle fibers, while gluteobiceps (GB) muscle had the highest content of type IIB muscle fibers. Our study provides the suitable reference genes for accurate analysis of yak muscle fiber composition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyun Wu
- Key Lab of Yak Breeding Engineering, Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xuelan Zhou
- Key Lab of Yak Breeding Engineering, Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xuezhi Ding
- Key Lab of Yak Breeding Engineering, Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Min Chu
- Key Lab of Yak Breeding Engineering, Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Chunnian Liang
- Key Lab of Yak Breeding Engineering, Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jie Pei
- Key Lab of Yak Breeding Engineering, Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Lin Xiong
- Key Lab of Yak Breeding Engineering, Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Pengjia Bao
- Key Lab of Yak Breeding Engineering, Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xian Guo
- Key Lab of Yak Breeding Engineering, Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- * E-mail: (PY); (XG)
| | - Ping Yan
- Key Lab of Yak Breeding Engineering, Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- * E-mail: (PY); (XG)
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Jin Y, Liu F, Huang W, Sun Q, Huang X. Identification of reliable reference genes for qRT-PCR in the ephemeral plant Arabidopsis pumila based on full-length transcriptome data. Sci Rep 2019; 9:8408. [PMID: 31182737 PMCID: PMC6557819 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-44849-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Arabidopsis pumila, an annual ephemeral plant, plays important roles in preventing wind and sand erosion, water and soil conservation, and microhabitat improvement in the North of Xinjiang, China. Studies of adaptive mechanisms in harsh desert environments at the genetic and genomic levels can be used to more effectively develop and protect this species. The quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) method is one of the essential means to achieve these goals, and the selection of an appropriate reference gene is the prerequisite for qRT-PCR. In this study, 10 candidate reference genes were identified from the full-length transcriptome data of A. pumila, and their expression stabilities under four abiotic stresses (drought, heat, cold and salt) and in seven different tissues (roots, hypocotyl, cotyledon, leaves, stems, flowers and siliques) were evaluated with four programmes geNorm, NormFinder, Bestkeeper and RefFinder. Although the most stable reference genes were variable under different treatments using different software, comprehensive ranking revealed that UEP and HAF1 under drought stress, UBQ9 and GAPDH under heat stress, UBC35 and GAPDH under cold stress, GAPDH and ACT1 under salt stress, and ACT1 and GAPDH in different tissues were the most stable reference genes. Moreover, GAPDH and UBQ9 were the most suitable reference gene combinations for all samples. The expression pattern of the K+ uptake permease gene KUP9 further validated that the selected reference genes were suitable for normalization of gene expression. The identification of reliable reference genes guarantees more accurate qRT-PCR quantification for A. pumila and facilitates functional genomics studies of ephemeral plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuhuan Jin
- Special Plant Genomics Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832000, China
| | - Fang Liu
- Special Plant Genomics Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832000, China.,State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Special Plant Genomics Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832000, China
| | - Qi Sun
- Special Plant Genomics Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832000, China
| | - Xianzhong Huang
- Special Plant Genomics Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832000, China.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Identification of Suitable Reference Genes for RT-qPCR Assays in Liriodendron chinense (Hemsl.) Sarg. FORESTS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/f10050441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The precision and reliability of reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) depend mainly on suitable reference genes; however, reference genes have not yet been identified for Liriodendron chinense (Hemsl.) Sarg. In this study, the expression stability of 15 candidate reference genes, ACT7, ACT97, UBQ1, eIF2, eIF3, HIS, BIG, AGD11, EFG, GAPDH, CYP, RPL25, UBC, RPB1, and TUB, was tested across multiple organs of L. chinense using four algorithms, geNorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper, and RefFinder. To understand the difference between the selected reference genes and the unsuitable candidate reference genes, the expression level of a target gene, LcPAT7, was normalized across various plant samples. ACT97 and eIF3 represented the best combination across all samples tested, while AGD11 and UBQ1 were unsuitable for normalization in this case. In the vegetative organ subset, ACT97, ACT7, and GAPDH showed the highest expression stability. For floral organs, UBC and eIF3 were the most stable reference genes. Unsuitable reference genes underestimated the expression levels of a target gene, LcPAT7. This study identified two reference genes (ACT97 and eIF3) for the precise and reliable normalization of L. chinense RT-qPCR data across various organs. Our work provides an effective framework for quantifying gene expression in L. chinense.
Collapse
|
15
|
Selection of reference genes for qPCR normalization in buffalobur (Solanum rostratum Dunal). Sci Rep 2019; 9:6948. [PMID: 31061419 PMCID: PMC6502881 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43438-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Buffalobur (Solanum rostratum Dunal), which belongs to the Solanaceae family, is a worldwide noxious invasive weed and is listed as one of the top 10 alien invasive species in China. It is harmful to humans and livestock because the entire plant is covered with spines containing toxins. Many studies have analysed the gene expression in this weed species under different stress conditions using quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR). However, until now, there has been no report on suitable reference genes in buffalobur. Herein, 14 candidate reference genes were selected and evaluated for their expression stability in buffalobur in different tissues, at different developmental stages, and in response to several stress conditions using the geNorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper and RefFinder statistical algorithms. The results showed that EF1α, ACT and SAND are suitable reference genes across all samples tested. We recommend the normalization of target gene expression under different experimental conditions using these three genes together. Validation of selected reference genes was achieved by assessing the relative expression levels of P5CS and GI. This work identified the appropriate reference genes for transcript normalization in buffalobur, which will be helpful in future genetic studies of this invasive weed.
Collapse
|
16
|
Zhang C, Zheng H, Wu X, Xu H, Han K, Peng J, Lu Y, Lin L, Xu P, Wu X, Li G, Chen J, Yan F. Genome-wide identification of new reference genes for RT-qPCR normalization in CGMMV-infected Lagenaria siceraria. PeerJ 2018; 6:e5642. [PMID: 30345167 PMCID: PMC6188008 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.5642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Lagenaria siceraria is an economically important cucurbitaceous crop, but suitable reference genes (RGs) to use when the plants are infected by cucumber green mottle mosaic virus (CGMMV) have not been determined. Sixteen candidate RGs of both leaf and fruit and 18 candidate RGs mostly from separate RNA-Seq datasets of bottle gourd leaf or fruit were screened and assessed by RT-qPCR. The expression stability of these genes was determined and ranked using geNorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper and RefFinder. Comprehensive analysis resulted in the selection of LsCYP, LsH3, and LsTBP as the optimal RGs for bottle gourd leaves, and LsP4H, LsADP, and LsTBP for fruits. LsWD, LsGAPDH, and LsH3 were optimal for use in both leaves and fruits under the infection of CGMMV. Isopentenyl transferase (IPT) and DNA-directed RNA polymerase (DdRP) were used to validate the applicability of the most stable identified RGs from bottle gourd in response to CGMMV. All the candidate RGs performed in RT-qPCR consistently with the data from the transcriptome database. The results demonstrated that LsWD, LsGAPDH and LsH3 were the most suitable internal RGs for the leaf, and LsH3, LsGAPDH, LsP4H and LsCYP for the fruit.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chenhua Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Sustainable Control of Pest and Disease, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hongying Zheng
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Sustainable Control of Pest and Disease, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA of China and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xinyang Wu
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Sustainable Control of Pest and Disease, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA of China and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Heng Xu
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA of China and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kelei Han
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Sustainable Control of Pest and Disease, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA of China and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiejun Peng
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Sustainable Control of Pest and Disease, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA of China and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuwen Lu
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Sustainable Control of Pest and Disease, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA of China and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lin Lin
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Sustainable Control of Pest and Disease, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA of China and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Pei Xu
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Sustainable Control of Pest and Disease, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Vegetable, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaohua Wu
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Sustainable Control of Pest and Disease, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Vegetable, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guojing Li
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Sustainable Control of Pest and Disease, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Vegetable, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianping Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Sustainable Control of Pest and Disease, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA of China and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fei Yan
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Sustainable Control of Pest and Disease, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA of China and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Yang Z, Shi Y, Zhang Y, Cheng Q, Li X, Zhao C, Zhang D. Different pathways for 4-n-nonylphenol biodegradation by two Aspergillus strains derived from estuary sediment: Evidence from metabolites determination and key-gene identification. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2018; 359:203-212. [PMID: 30036750 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.07.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Nonylphenols (NPs) are known as Endocrine Disputing Chemicals (ECDs) and Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) and have attracted continuous attention. Biodegradation is one of the effective ways for pollutant removal in aquatic, sedimentary and soil environments. In this study, two estuarine derived fungi strains, NPF2 and NPF3, were screened from Moshui river estuarine sediment and identified as genus Aspergillus. The growth curves of the two strains as well as the removal and degradation rates for 4-n-NP in Potato Dextrose(PD)medium were used to evaluate their degradation ability. Both strains showed high efficiency for 4-n-NP degradation with 86.03% and 98.76% removal rates in 3 days for NPF2 and NPF3, respectively. Determination of degradation intermediates by LC-MS suggested that the mechanisms for 4-n-NP biodegradation by NPF2 and NPF3 are quite different. Some key functional genes for the two strains also provided supplementary evidences for the different biodegradation mechanism. On strain NPF2, with participation of Cox1, 2 and 3, 4-n-NP degradation starts from reaction at the terminal of the long alkyl chain. The chain reduces one carbon atom once within a cycle of hydroxylation, subsequent oxidation at α-C position and decarboxylation. However, on NPF3, with involvement of sMO, Cel7A, Cel7B and ATEG-00639, 4-n-NP degradation starts from benzene ring, converting into fatty acids. The latter bio-pathway was the first time reported for NPs degradation on fungi.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zonglin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, Qingdao, 266100, Shandong, PR China
| | - Yaqi Shi
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, Qingdao, 266100, Shandong, PR China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, Qingdao, 266100, Shandong, PR China
| | - Qingzheng Cheng
- Forest Products Development Center, Forest Products Lab, School of Forestry and Wildlife Sciences, Auburn University, United States
| | - Xianguo Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, Qingdao, 266100, Shandong, PR China.
| | - Chunhong Zhao
- Gaomi Environmental Monitoring Station, Shandong, PR China
| | - Dahai Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, Qingdao, 266100, Shandong, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|