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Ojaveer H, Einberg H, Lehtiniemi M, Outinen O, Zaiko A, Jelmert A, Kotta J. Quantifying impacts of human pressures on ecosystem services: Effects of widespread non-indigenous species in the Baltic Sea. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 858:159975. [PMID: 36347283 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Ecosystem services (ES) are the benefits natural ecosystems provide to society, such as food provisioning, water supply, climate regulation and recreational benefits. Biological invasions are a major driver of global change, and several non-indigenous species (NIS) may alter key ecological feedbacks with ultimate consequences to ES, livelihoods and human wellbeing. Nonetheless, the effects of NIS on ES supply remain largely unquantified. Here we present the first quantitative case study assessing the impacts of widespread NIS on ES in the Baltic Sea, by developing and employing a robust and repeatable data-driven approach. All NIS with a sufficient knowledge base pose large and highly significant effects on ES, resulting on average 55 % change in the intensity of ES. Most impacts affected regulation services, concerning both abiotic and biotic realms, with little evidence on cultural and provisioning services. The methodology can be easily employed beyond the current study realm e.g. to better understand the roles of human pressures on ES in any ecosystem. Importantly, the study also identified major biases not only in the availability of taxonomic and sub-regional evidence, but also in the different study types employed to create the evidence base.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henn Ojaveer
- Pärnu College, University of Tartu, Ringi 35, 80012 Pärnu, Estonia; National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet Building 201, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Heli Einberg
- Pärnu College, University of Tartu, Ringi 35, 80012 Pärnu, Estonia
| | - Maiju Lehtiniemi
- Finnish Environment Institute, Marine Research Center, Latokartanonkaari 11, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Okko Outinen
- Finnish Environment Institute, Marine Research Center, Latokartanonkaari 11, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anastasija Zaiko
- Biosecurity Group, Cawthron Institute, 98 Halifax Street East, 7010 Nelson, New Zealand; Institute of Marine Science, University of Auckland, Private Bag, 92019, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Anders Jelmert
- Institute of Marine Research, Flødevign Research Station, Nye Flødevign 25, N-4817, Norway
| | - Jonne Kotta
- Estonian Marine Institute, University of Tartu, Mäealuse 14, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia
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Coastal Migration Index for Coastal Flooding Events Increased by Sea Level Rise due to Climate Change: Mexico and Cuba Case Studies. WATER 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/w13213090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents a coastal migration index (CMI) useful for decision-making in the current scenario of sea-level rise (SLR) due to climate change. The CMI includes coastal human population density, degree of urbanization, and coastal-flooding penetration. Quantitative and qualitative statistical techniques and the geographic information system ArcGIS View 9.0 were used. Further, a panel of fifteen international experts in coastal management issues was consulted to establish and validate the CMI. Results led to three index components based on 22 indicators. CMI was applied in the state of Tamaulipas, Mexico and in Santiago de Cuba province, Cuba. According to CMI estimates, the risk levels associated with SLR for human settlements analyzed in Mexico and Cuba were 5.3% and 11.0%, respectively. The most severely affected communities will require resettlement. Meanwhile, the CMI determined that 15.8% of the Mexican territory studied will be able to withstand the effects of SLR through the management of engineering works that will protect human settlements. The CMI determined that 79.0%, in the case of Tamaulipas, as well as 89.0% of the Cuban territory, will not require new policies or guidelines to promote conservation and protection of coastal natural resources. Lastly, the method used allowed for creation of a CMI stoplight map useful to coastal decision-makers to adopt sound management actions.
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