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Valencia-Mejía E, León-Wilchez YY, Monribot-Villanueva JL, Ramírez-Vázquez M, Bonilla-Landa I, Guerrero-Analco JA. Isolation and Identification of Pennogenin Tetraglycoside from Cestrum nocturnum (Solanaceae) and Its Antifungal Activity against Fusarium kuroshium, Causal Agent of Fusarium Dieback. Molecules 2022; 27:1860. [PMID: 35335224 PMCID: PMC8951829 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27061860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Antifungal assay-guided fractionation of the methanolic crude extract of Cestrum nocturnum (Solanaceae), popular known as 'lady of the night', led the isolation and identification of the steroidal saponin named pennogenin tetraglycoside, which was identified for the first time in this plant species by spectroscopic means. The crude extract, fractions and pennogenin tetraglycoside exhibited mycelial growth inhibition of Fusarium solani and F. kuroshium. F. solani is a cosmopolitan fungal phytopathogen that affects several economically important crops. However, we highlight the antifungal activity displayed by pennogenin tetraglycoside against F. kuroshium, since it is the first plant natural product identified as active for this phytopathogen. This fungus along with its insect symbiont known as Kuroshio shot hole borer (Euwallacea kuroshio) are the causal agents of the plant disease Fusarium dieback that affects more than 300 plant species including avocado (Persea americana) among others of ecological relevance. Scanning electron microscopy showed morphological alterations of the fungal hyphae after exposure with the active fractions and 12 phenolic compounds were also identified by mass spectrometry dereplication as part of potential active molecules present in C. nocturnum leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Valencia-Mejía
- Laboratorio de Química de Productos Naturales, Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados, Instituto de Ecología A.C. (INECOL)—Clúster Científico y Tecnológico BioMimic, Carretera Antigua a Coatepec N. 351, Xalapa 91073, Veracruz, Mexico; (E.V.-M.); (Y.Y.L.-W.); (J.L.M.-V.)
| | - Yeli Y. León-Wilchez
- Laboratorio de Química de Productos Naturales, Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados, Instituto de Ecología A.C. (INECOL)—Clúster Científico y Tecnológico BioMimic, Carretera Antigua a Coatepec N. 351, Xalapa 91073, Veracruz, Mexico; (E.V.-M.); (Y.Y.L.-W.); (J.L.M.-V.)
| | - Juan L. Monribot-Villanueva
- Laboratorio de Química de Productos Naturales, Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados, Instituto de Ecología A.C. (INECOL)—Clúster Científico y Tecnológico BioMimic, Carretera Antigua a Coatepec N. 351, Xalapa 91073, Veracruz, Mexico; (E.V.-M.); (Y.Y.L.-W.); (J.L.M.-V.)
| | - Mónica Ramírez-Vázquez
- Unidad de Microscopía Avanzada, Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados, Instituto de Ecología A.C. (INECOL)—Clúster Científico y Tecnológico BioMimic, Carretera Antigua a Coatepec N. 351, Xalapa 91073, Veracruz, Mexico;
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Circuito Exterior, Cd. Universitaria, Copilco, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
| | - Israel Bonilla-Landa
- Laboratorio de Química Orgánica, Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados, Instituto de Ecología A.C. (INECOL)—Clúster Científico y Tecnológico BioMimic, Carretera Antigua a Coatepec N. 351, Xalapa 91073, Veracruz, Mexico;
| | - José A. Guerrero-Analco
- Laboratorio de Química de Productos Naturales, Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados, Instituto de Ecología A.C. (INECOL)—Clúster Científico y Tecnológico BioMimic, Carretera Antigua a Coatepec N. 351, Xalapa 91073, Veracruz, Mexico; (E.V.-M.); (Y.Y.L.-W.); (J.L.M.-V.)
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van Rooyen E, Paap T, de Beer W, Townsend G, Fell S, Nel WJ, Morgan S, Hill M, Roets F. The polyphagous shot hole borer beetle: Current status of a perfect invader in South Africa. S AFR J SCI 2021. [DOI: 10.17159/sajs.2021/9736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The polyphagous shot hole borer (PSHB) beetle is a recent invader in South Africa. Together with its fungal symbiont, Fusarium euwallaceae, it can rapidly kill highly susceptible host plants. Its impact is most profound in urban areas, but it has also been found infesting important forestry, agricultural crop and native species. Since its first detection in 2012, PSHB has spread to all but one province in the country. The beetle–fungus complex has several biological traits that enhance its anthropogenically mediated dispersal, establishment and survival in novel environments – factors that have likely facilitated its rapid spread across the country. We review the history of the PSHB invasion in South Africa, its taxonomic status and the reasons for its rapid spread. We highlight its potential impact and challenges for its management. Finally, we provide an updated distribution map and list of confirmed host plants in South Africa. Of the 130 plant species identified as hosts, 48 of these (19 indigenous and 29 introduced) are reproductive hosts able to maintain breeding PSHB populations. These reproductive hosts may succumb to beetle infestations and act as ‘pest-amplifiers’. The economic impact on urban forests, plantation forestry and agricultural crops may be severe, but the ecological impact of PSHB invasion in native ecosystems should not be underestimated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elmar van Rooyen
- Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Trudy Paap
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Wilhelm de Beer
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Garyn Townsend
- Centre for Biological Control, Department of Zoology and Entomology, Rhodes University, Makhanda, South Africa
| | - Shawn Fell
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Wilma J. Nel
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Seamus Morgan
- Department of Genetics, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Martin Hill
- Centre for Biological Control, Department of Zoology and Entomology, Rhodes University, Makhanda, South Africa
| | - Francois Roets
- Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
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Boland JM, Woodward DL. Thick bark can protect trees from a severe ambrosia beetle attack. PeerJ 2021; 9:e10755. [PMID: 33628637 PMCID: PMC7894111 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.10755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Thick bark has been shown to protect trees from wildfires, but can it protect trees from an ambrosia beetle attack? We addressed this question by examining the distribution of holes of the invasive Kuroshio Shot Hole Borer (KSHB, Euwallacea kuroshio; Coleoptera: Scolytinae) in the bark of Goodding's black willow (Salix gooddingii), one of the KSHB's most-preferred hosts. The study was conducted in the Tijuana River Valley, California, in 2016-17, during the peak of the KSHB infestation there. Using detailed measurements of bark samples cut from 27 infested trees, we tested and found support for two related hypotheses: (1) bark thickness influences KSHB attack densities and attack locations, i.e., the KSHB bores abundantly through thin bark and avoids boring through thick bark; and (2) bark thickness influences KSHB impacts, i.e., the KSHB causes more damage to thinner-barked trees than to thicker-barked trees. Our results indicate that thick bark protects trees because it limits the density of KSHB entry points and thereby limits internal structural damage to low, survivable levels. This is the first study to identify bark thickness as a factor that influences the density of KSHB-or any ambrosia beetle-in its host tree, and the first to link bark thickness to rates of host tree mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M. Boland
- Boland Ecological Services, San Diego, CA, United States of America
| | - Deborah L. Woodward
- California Water Quality Control Board, San Diego Region, San Diego, CA, United States of America
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Lynn KMT, Wingfield MJ, Durán A, Marincowitz S, Oliveira LSS, de Beer ZW, Barnes I. Euwallacea perbrevis (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae), a confirmed pest on Acacia crassicarpa in Riau, Indonesia, and a new fungal symbiont; Fusarium rekanum sp. nov. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2020; 113:803-823. [DOI: 10.1007/s10482-020-01392-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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