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Gütgemann F, Heuvelink A, Müller A, Churin Y, Buter R, Jung A, Feberwee A, Wiegel J, Kumm F, Braun AS, Yue M, Soriano-Vargas E, Swanepoel S, Botteldoorn N, Kirchner M, Kehrenberg C. Recommendation of a standardized broth microdilution method for antimicrobial susceptibility testing of Avibacterium paragallinarum and resistance monitoring. J Clin Microbiol 2024; 62:e0101123. [PMID: 38363142 PMCID: PMC10935639 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01011-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to develop a method for standardized broth microdilution antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) of Avibacterium (Av.) paragallinarum, the causative agent of infectious coryza in chickens. For this, a total of 83 Av. paragallinarum isolates and strains were collected from 15 countries. To select unrelated isolates for method validation steps, macrorestriction analyses were performed with 15 Av. paragallinarum. The visible growth of Av. paragallinarum was examined in six broth media and growth curves were compiled. In Veterinary Fastidious Medium and cation-adjusted Mueller-Hinton broth (CAMHB) + 1% chicken serum + 0.0025% NADH (CAMHB + CS + NADH), visible growth of all isolates was detected and both media allowed adequate bacterial growth. Due to the better readability of Av. paragallinarum growth in microtiter plates, CAMHB + CS + NADH was chosen for AST. Repetitions of MIC testing with five epidemiologically unrelated isolates using a panel of 24 antimicrobial agents resulted in high essential MIC agreements of 96%-100% after 48-h incubation at 35 ± 2°C. Hence, the remaining 78 Av. paragallinarum were tested and demonstrated easily readable MICs with the proposed method. Differences in MICs were detected between isolates from different continents, with isolates from Africa showing lower MICs compared to isolates from America and Europe, which more often showed elevated MICs of aminoglycosides, quinolones, tetracyclines, and/or trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. PCR analyses of isolates used for method development revealed that isolates with elevated MICs of tetracyclines harbored the tetracycline resistance gene tet(B) but none of the other tested resistance genes were detected. Therefore, whole-genome sequencing data from 62 Av. paragallinarum were analyzed and revealed the presence of sequences showing nucleotide sequence identity to the genes aph(6)-Id, aph(3″)-Ib, blaTEM-1B, catA2, sul2, tet(B), tet(H), and mcr-like. Overall, the proposed method using CAMHB + CS + NADH for susceptibility testing with 48-h incubation time at 35 ± 2°C in ambient air was shown to be suitable for Av. paragallinarum. Due to a variety of resistance genes detected, the development of clinical breakpoints is highly recommended. IMPORTANCE Avibacterium paragallinarum is an important pathogen in veterinary medicine that causes infectious coryza in chickens. Since antibiotics are often used for treatment and resistance of the pathogen is known, targeted therapy should be given after resistance testing of the pathogen. Unfortunately, there is currently no accepted method in standards that allows susceptibility testing of this fastidious pathogen. Therefore, we have worked out a method that allows harmonized susceptibility testing of the pathogen. The method meets the requirements of the CLSI and could be used by diagnostic laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Gütgemann
- Institute for Veterinary Food Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | | | - Anja Müller
- Institute for Veterinary Food Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Yury Churin
- Institute for Veterinary Food Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | | | - Arne Jung
- Clinic for Poultry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | | | | | - Franziska Kumm
- Institute for Veterinary Food Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Ann Sophie Braun
- Institute for Veterinary Food Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Min Yue
- Hainan Institute of Zhejiang University, Sanya, China
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Science, Zhejiang University College of Animal Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Edgardo Soriano-Vargas
- Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados en Salud Animal, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca, Mexico
| | | | | | - Miranda Kirchner
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Corinna Kehrenberg
- Institute for Veterinary Food Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
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Che Y, Wu R, Li H, Wang L, Wu X, Chen Q, Chen R, Zhou L. Characterization of the plasmids harbouring the florfenicol resistance gene floR in Glaesserella parasuis and Actinobacillus indolicus. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2023; 35:163-171. [PMID: 37726088 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2023.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to characterize the floR-carrying plasmids originating from Glaesserella parasuis and Actinobacillus indolicus isolated from pigs with respiratory disease in China. METHODS A total of 125 G. parasuis and 28 A. indolicus strains collected between 2009 and 2022 were screened for florfenicol resistance. Characterization of floR-positive isolates and plasmids were determined by antimicrobial susceptibility testing, serotyping, multilocus sequence typing (MLST), conjugation and transformation assays, whole-genome sequencing (WGS), and phylogenetic analysis. RESULTS One A. indolicus and six G. parasuis were identified as positive for floR. The six G. parasuis were assigned to four different serovars, including serovars 6, 7, 9, and unknown. In addition to strain XP11, six floR genes were located on plasmids. The six floR-bearing plasmids could be transformed into Pasteurella multocida and divided into two different types, including ∼5000 bp and ∼6000 bp plasmids. The ∼5000 bp plasmids consisting of rep, lysR, mobB, and floR genes, exhibited high similarity among Pasteurellaceae bacteria. Furthermore, the ∼6000 bp plasmids, consisting of rep, lysR, mobC, mobA/L, and floR genes, showed high similarity between G. parasuis and Actinobacillus Spp. Notably, WGS results showed that the floR modules of the two types of plasmids could be transferred and integrated into the diverse Pasteurellaceae- origined plasmids. CONCLUSION This study firstly reported the characterization of floR-carrying plasmids from A. indolicus and a non-virulent serovar of G. parasuis in pigs in China and elucidated the transmission mechanism of the floR resistance gene among the Pasteurellaceae family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongliang Che
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, China; Fujian Animal Diseases Control Technology Development Center, Fuzhou, China
| | - Renjie Wu
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, China; Fujian Animal Diseases Control Technology Development Center, Fuzhou, China
| | - Hongjie Li
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, China
| | - Longbai Wang
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, China; Fujian Animal Diseases Control Technology Development Center, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xuemin Wu
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, China; Fujian Animal Diseases Control Technology Development Center, Fuzhou, China
| | - Qiuyong Chen
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, China; Fujian Animal Diseases Control Technology Development Center, Fuzhou, China
| | - Rujing Chen
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, China; Fujian Animal Diseases Control Technology Development Center, Fuzhou, China
| | - Lunjiang Zhou
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, China; Fujian Animal Diseases Control Technology Development Center, Fuzhou, China.
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Mugabi R, Silva APSP, Hu X, Gottschalk M, Aragon V, Macedo NR, Sahin O, Harms P, Main R, Tucker AW, Li G, Clavijo MJ. Molecular characterization of Glaesserella parasuis strains circulating in North American swine production systems. BMC Vet Res 2023; 19:135. [PMID: 37641044 PMCID: PMC10464461 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-023-03698-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glaesserella parasuis is the causative agent of Glässer's disease in pigs. Serotyping is the most common method used to type G. parasuis isolates. However, the high number of non-typables (NT) and low discriminatory power make serotyping problematic. In this study, 218 field clinical isolates and 15 G. parasuis reference strains were whole-genome sequenced (WGS). Multilocus sequence types (MLST), serotypes, core-genome phylogeny, antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes, and putative virulence gene information was extracted. RESULTS In silico WGS serotyping identified 11 of 15 serotypes. The most frequently detected serotypes were 7, 13, 4, and 2. MLST identified 72 sequence types (STs), of which 66 were novel. The most predominant ST was ST454. Core-genome phylogeny depicted 3 primary lineages (LI, LII, and LIII), with LIIIA sublineage isolates lacking all vtaA genes, based on the structure of the phylogenetic tree and the number of virulence genes. At least one group 1 vtaA virulence genes were observed in most isolates (97.2%), except for serotype 8 (ST299 and ST406), 15 (ST408 and ST552) and NT (ST448). A few group 1 vtaA genes were significantly associated with certain serotypes or STs. The putative virulence gene lsgB, was detected in 8.3% of the isolates which were predominantly of serotype 5/12. While most isolates carried the bcr, ksgA, and bacA genes, the following antimicrobial resistant genes were detected in lower frequency; blaZ (6.9%), tetM (3.7%), spc (3.7%), tetB (2.8%), bla-ROB-1 (1.8%), ermA (1.8%), strA (1.4%), qnrB (0.5%), and aph3''Ia (0.5%). CONCLUSION: This study showed the use of WGS to type G. parasuis isolates and can be considered an alternative to the more labor-intensive and traditional serotyping and standard MLST. Core-genome phylogeny provided the best strain discrimination. These findings will lead to a better understanding of the molecular epidemiology and virulence in G. parasuis that can be applied to the future development of diagnostic tools, autogenous vaccines, evaluation of antibiotic use, prevention, and disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Mugabi
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Ana Paula S Poeta Silva
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Xiao Hu
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Marcelo Gottschalk
- Groupe de Recherche Sur Les Maladies Infectieuses du Porc, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - Virginia Aragon
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Unitat Mixta d'Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, UniversitatAutònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Campus, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
- Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), IRTA, UniversitatAutònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Campus, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
- WOAH Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nubia R Macedo
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Orhan Sahin
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | | | - Rodger Main
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Alexander W Tucker
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0ES, UK
| | - Ganwu Li
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Maria J Clavijo
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA.
- PIC North America, Hendersonville, TN, USA.
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Identification of Glaesserella parasuis and Differentiation of Its 15 Serovars Using High-Resolution Melting Assays. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11070752. [PMID: 35889997 PMCID: PMC9323117 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11070752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Glaesserella parasuis is the etiological agent of Glässer’s disease, which is associated with polyserositis and arthritis and has a significant impact on the economy of the pig production industry. For the optimal surveillance of this pathogen, as well as for the investigation of G. parasuis-associated diseases, it is crucial to identify G. parasuis at the serovar level. In this work, we designed and developed new high-resolution melting (HRM) approaches, namely, the species-specific GPS-HRM1 and two serovar-specific HRM assays (GPS-HRM2 and GPS-HRM3), and evaluated the sensitivity and specificity of the assays. The HRM assays demonstrated good sensitivity, with 12.5 fg–1.25 pg of input DNA for GPS-HRM1 and 125 fg–12.5 pg for GPS-HRM2 and GPS-HRM3, as well as a specificity of 100% for the identification of all recognized 15 G. parasuis serovars. Eighteen clinical isolates obtained between 2014 and 2022 in Switzerland were tested by applying the developed HRM assays, which revealed a heterogeneous distribution of serovars 2, 7, 4, 13, 1, and 14. The combination with virulence marker vtaA (virulence-associated trimeric autotransporters) allows for the prediction of potentially virulent strains. The assays are simple to execute and enable a reliable low-cost approach, thereby refining currently available diagnostic tools.
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Wan X, Wang G, Gao W, Li C, Yan H. Comparative genome analysis of multidrug-resistant and susceptible Glaesserella parasuis strains isolated from diseased pigs in China. Vet Microbiol 2021; 254:109002. [PMID: 33610012 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2021.109002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Glaesserella parasuis (G. parasuis) is a respiratory pathogen of swine and the etiological agent of Glässer's disease. Although the emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) G. parasuis is a critical problem in the swine industry, there are few publications on the genetic basis of antimicrobial resistance of G. parasuis. In this study, comparative genome analyses were used to identify genomic differences between two phenotypically distinct isolates, an MDR isolate (HPS-1) and a susceptible isolate (HPS-2), from diseased swines in China. These isolates were both serovar 4, which is predominant in cases of Glässer's disease and is the most prevalent serovar in China. Based on clusters of orthologous group (COG) annotations, genes assigned to the extracellular structure category were only detected in HPS-1 and genes related to cell motility were more abundant in HPS-1 than in HPS-2. A comparative genomic analysis showed that these two isolates are closely related, although there was a large-scale genomic rearrangement. Eighteen percent of the genome consisted of strain-specific accessory genes of HPS-1. Notably, only the two genes aac(6')-Ie-aph(2'')-Ia and blaROB-1 on a plasmid were specific to HPS-1. We also detected 30,599 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), including nonsynonymous SNPs in the aminoglycoside resistance gene aph(3'')-Ib, the fusidic acid resistance gene fusA, and the two rifampicin resistance genes rpoC and rpoB in HPS-1. These findings improve our understanding of the differences between MDR and susceptible isolates and will aid the development of treatment strategies to decrease the prevalence and disease burden caused by G. parasuis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiulin Wan
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510641, China
| | - Guoxia Wang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510641, China
| | - Wenxuan Gao
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510641, China
| | - Chunling Li
- Institute of Animal Health Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, Guangdong, China.
| | - He Yan
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510641, China.
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