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Kalubi J, Riglea T, O'Loughlin EK, Potvin L, O'Loughlin J. Health-Promoting School Culture: How Do We Measure it and Does it Vary by School Neighborhood Deprivation? THE JOURNAL OF SCHOOL HEALTH 2023. [PMID: 36869578 DOI: 10.1111/josh.13304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The context in which school-based health-promoting interventions are implemented is key for the delivery and success of these interventions. However, little is known about whether school culture differs by school deprivation. METHODS Using data from PromeSS, a cross-sectional study of 161 elementary schools in Québec, Canada, we drew from the Health Promoting Schools theoretical framework to develop four measures of health-promoting school culture (i.e., school physical environment, school/teacher commitment to student health, parent/community engagement with the school, ease of principal leadership) using exploratory factor analysis. One-way ANOVA with post-hoc Tukey-Kramer analyses was used to examine associations between each measure and social and material deprivation in the school neighborhood. RESULTS Factor loadings supported the content of the school culture measures and Cronbach's alpha indicated good reliability (range: 0.68-0.77). As social deprivation in the school neighborhood increased, scores for both school/teacher commitment to student health and parent/community engagement with the school decreased. IMPLICATIONS FOR SCHOOL HEALTH POLICY, PRACTICE, AND EQUITY Implementation of health-promoting interventions in schools located in socially deprived neighborhoods may require adapted strategies to address challenges related to staff commitment and parental and community involvement. CONCLUSION The measures developed herein can be used to investigate school culture and interventions for health equity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jodi Kalubi
- École de santé publique de l'Université de Montréal, 7101 avenue du Parc, Montréal, Québec, H3N 1X9, Canada
- Centre de recherche en santé publique (CReSP), Université de Montréal & CIUSSS du Centre-Sud-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, 7101 avenue du Parc, Montréal, Québec, H3N 1X9, Canada
- Carrefour de l'innovation et de l'évaluation en santé, University of Montreal Hospital Research Center (CRCHUM), Tour Saint-Antoine. 850 Rue Saint-Denis, Montréal, Québec, Canada. H2X 0A9; Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, 55 Harbord Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 2W6, Canada
| | - Teodora Riglea
- École de santé publique de l'Université de Montréal, 7101 avenue du Parc, Montréal, Québec, H3N 1X9, Canada
- Carrefour de l'innovation et de l'évaluation en santé, University of Montreal Hospital Research Center (CRCHUM), Tour Saint-Antoine. 850 Rue Saint-Denis, Montréal, Québec, Canada. H2X 0A9; Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, 55 Harbord Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 2W6, Canada
| | - Erin K O'Loughlin
- Carrefour de l'innovation et de l'évaluation en santé, University of Montreal Hospital Research Center (CRCHUM), Tour Saint-Antoine. 850 Rue Saint-Denis, Montréal, Québec, Canada. H2X 0A9; Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, 55 Harbord Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 2W6, Canada
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, 55 Harbord Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 2W6, Canada
| | - Louise Potvin
- École de santé publique de l'Université de Montréal, 7101 avenue du Parc, Montréal, Québec, H3N 1X9, Canada
- Centre de recherche en santé publique (CReSP), Université de Montréal & CIUSSS du Centre-Sud-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, 7101 avenue du Parc, Montréal, Québec, H3N 1X9, Canada
| | - Jennifer O'Loughlin
- École de santé publique de l'Université de Montréal, 7101 avenue du Parc, Montréal, Québec, H3N 1X9, Canada
- Carrefour de l'innovation et de l'évaluation en santé, University of Montreal Hospital Research Center (CRCHUM), Tour Saint-Antoine. 850 Rue Saint-Denis, Montréal, Québec, Canada. H2X 0A9; Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, 55 Harbord Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 2W6, Canada
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Atak M, Önal AE, Şimşek Z, İşsever H. Health Risks Management Program in Schools: An Operational Study in Türkiye. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:3718. [PMID: 36834416 PMCID: PMC9962220 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20043718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
This study was carried out to improve the quality of school health services with the operational epidemiology method. The study aimed to describe the current status of the School Health Protection and Improvement Program (SHPIP), the difficulties experienced during its implementation, to develop evidence-based solution methods, and to test the proposed solutions, in a district with a population of 400,513, 20.4% of which is of school age between the ages of 5-19. The "Health Risk Management Program at Schools", which consists of the stages of putting the results into practice by sharing the results with the relevant parties, wasdeveloped. In this study, a cross-sectional research design was employed using questionnaire forms, while qualitative data were collected through the use of the phenomenological analysis method, specifically through the conduct of focus group interviews. SHPIP year-end evaluation forms of 191 schools were reviewed retrospectively, questionnaires were applied to 554 school staff and 146 family health center staff between 21 October 2019 and 21 November 2019 using the probabilistic sampling (simple random) method, and semi-structured focus group interviews were conducted with 10 school health study executives. The most common health risks in schools and the risks identified during the execution of school health services were identified. In order to eliminate the lack of in-service training, training modules for "School Health Management Teams" were developed and impact analyses were conducted. After the intervention, a significant difference was found in the compliance of schools with SHPIP, and the application of all components of the school health program increased from 10.0% to 65.6% (p < 0.05). The program has been integrated into the "School Health Protection and Improvement Program" (SHPIP) with the decisions of the District School Health Board and District Hygiene Council.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammed Atak
- Department of Public Health, Istanbul Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, 34093 Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Ayşe Emel Önal
- Department of Public Health, Istanbul Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, 34093 Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Zeynep Şimşek
- Faculty of Health Sciences, İstanbul Bilgi University, 34060 Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Halim İşsever
- Department of Public Health, Istanbul Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, 34093 Istanbul, Türkiye
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Kazemitabar M, Garcia D. Translation and psychometric validation of the Persian version of the Questionnaire on Smoking Urges for assessment of craving to smoke among university students. PeerJ 2021; 9:e12531. [PMID: 34900437 PMCID: PMC8627126 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.12531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Even though tobacco is one of the most preventable causes of death worldwide, it endangers more than 8 million people yearly. In this context, meta-analyses suggest that a significant part of the general Iranian population over 15 years of age smoke and that there is a need for good screening tools for smoking cravings and urges in Iran. The present study reported the translation and investigated the psychometric properties (i.e., factor structure, validity, and reliability) of the Persian version of the Questionnaire on Smoking Urges (QSU) with 12 items in the Iranian context. Method The translation process and content validity of the items were examined entirely in an expert panel using the Content Validity Index. The total sample of participants in which the translated version was tested consisted of 392 (172 female, 220 male, Mage = 22.31 years, SD = 2.90) university students who answered the QSU 12-item at the start of their participation in smoking cessation interventions. The QSU 12-item was firstly translated, then piloted using a subsample of 150 university students and finally validity and reliability of the instrument were investigated using a subsample of 242 participants. We tested the proposed models in the literature, that is, a 1-factor solution and a 2-factor solution with six items on each factor (Factor 1: desire/intention to smoke; Factor 2: relief of negative affect or withdrawal symptoms and anticipation of positive outcome). At last, we tested differences across differences in QSU-scores across different subgroups of individuals based on their demographics. Results The results suggested that, in contrast to past studies, a modified 2-factor model, using five items for Factor 1 and 7 items for Factor 2, was the best fitting model (CFI = .95, RMSEA = .09, CI = 90%). Additionally, the QSU 12-item Persian version showed good convergent and divergent validity, internal consistency (Factor 1 = .94, Factor 2 = .97), ICC (average measure ICC = .95, CI = 95%, F(391, 4301) = 20.54, p < .001), concurrent validity (r = .71, p < .01), and discriminant validity (r = −.04, p > .05). Finally, subgroups based on gender, marital status, (un)employment, and educational level did not differed in their responses to the QSU 12-item. Conclusion The Persian version of the QSU 12-item has satisfactory psychometric properties and, with a slight modification, it can be considered as a reliable and valid method to estimate smoking urges in the Iranian population. Moreover, the QSU 12-item seems appropriate to measure urge for smoking among groups of individuals with different sociodemographic backgrounds. Importantly, the QSU 12-item differentiates individuals’ desire and intention to smoke from their anticipated relief of negative affect or withdrawal symptoms, which can be important for personalizing interventions targeting individuals who want to quit smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Kazemitabar
- Department of Psychology, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.,Promotion of Health and Innovation (PHI) Lab, International Network for Well-Being, Iran
| | - Danilo Garcia
- Department of Behavioral Sciences and Learning, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.,Centre for Law and Mental Health (CELAM), University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Promotion of Health and Innovation (PHI) Lab, International Network for Well-Being, Sweden.,Department of Psychology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Psychology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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Kazemitabar M, Garcia D, Chukwuorji JC, Sanmartín R, Lucchese F, Khoshnood K, Cloninger KM. Development and primary validation of the School Health Assessment Tool for Primary Schools (SHAT-PS). PeerJ 2021; 9:e12610. [PMID: 34993021 PMCID: PMC8675247 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.12610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background School health programs need to target all aspects of physical, psychological, and social well-being. Using a slightly modified version of the COSMIN Risk of Bias checklist, we developed and conducted the first validation of the School Health Assessment Tool for Primary Schools (SHAT-PS). Method The exploratory sequential mixed method was used in this study. In the first phase, scientific databases were systematically searched to find school health models and instruments and 65 interviews were conducted with school stakeholders. The Colaizzi’s method was used to code the qualitative data into themes. Then, a pool of items was created for each theme, rechecked by psychometric experts and then validated for content (i.e., relevance, clarity, and comprehensiveness) by psychometric experts and individuals of the target population (i.e., school personnel). In the second phase, classical test theory was utilized to analyze the validity and reliability of the resulting items from phase 1 among 400 individuals working at primary schools. Results The coding of the interviews resulted in ten themes that we labeled based on the theoretical literature: school health policies, community connections, health education, physical activity, health services, nutrition, psychological services, physical environment, equipment and facilities, and school staff’s health. The items created for each theme ended up in an initial pool of 76 items. In the final stage of phase 1, 69 items remained after the content validity assessment by experts and school personnel. In phase 2, the SHAT-PS items were tested using maximum likelihood exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis. Of the 69 items from phase 1, 22 items were removed due to low factor loadings. The results showed that the 8-factor model was the best solution (chi-square/df = 2.41, CFI = .98, TLI = .97, RMSEA = .06). The discriminant and convergent validity of the SHAT-PS were evaluated as satisfactory and the scale had high internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha for all subscales > .93). The test-retest reliability was satisfactory—the intraclass correlation coefficient pooled was .95 (99% CI [.91–.98]). Moreover, the standard error of measurement resulted in an SEM pooled equal to 4.4. No discrepancy was found between subgroups of gender and subgroups of staffs’ positions at schools. Conclusion The SHAT-PS is a valid and reliable tool that may facilitate school staff, stakeholders and researchers to evaluate the presence of the factors that promote health at primary schools. Nevertheless, in the process of validation, many of the items related to staff’s health were eliminated due to poor factor loadings. Obviously, staff health is an important factor in the measurement of school health. Hence, we recommend that the validity and reliability of the SHAT-PS in other cultures should be done using the original 76-item version.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Kazemitabar
- Department of Psychology, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
- Promotion of Health and Innovation (PHI), International Network for Well-Being, Iran
| | - Danilo Garcia
- Department of Behavioral Sciences and Learning, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- Centre for Ethics, Law and Mental Health (CELAM), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Psychology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Psychology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Promotion of Health and Innovation (PHI), International Network for Well-Being, Sweden
| | - JohnBosco C. Chukwuorji
- Department of Psychology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu, Nigeria
- Department of Psychology, College of Sciences and the Health Professions, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH, United States of America
- Promotion of Health and Innovation Lab (PHI), International Network for Well-Being, Nigeria
| | - Ricardo Sanmartín
- Department of Developmental Psychology and Didactics, Faculty of Education, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Franco Lucchese
- Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, and Health Studies, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Promotion of Health and Innovation (PHI), International Network for Well-Being, Italy
| | - Kaveh Khoshnood
- School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States of America
| | - Kevin M. Cloninger
- Department of Psychology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Anthropedia Foundation, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
- College for Public Health and Justice, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
- Promotion of Health and Innovation Lab (PHI), International Network for Well-Being, United States of Amercia
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Serdà BC, Planas-Lladó A, delValle A, Soler-Masó P. Health promotion in secondary schools: participatory process for constructing a self-assessment tool. Health Promot Int 2021; 37:6338059. [PMID: 34343304 DOI: 10.1093/heapro/daab123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This article presents the process of constructing an effective self-assessment tool for monitoring health promotion in secondary schools (SS). The ultimate aim is to improve adolescents' well-being and quality of life in their reference environment. The design and validation of the instrument were based on participatory action research (involving students, professors, parents, health professionals, youth workers, youth directors, youth managers). A mixed quantitative and qualitative approach was adopted. The construction process included the following five consecutive stages: (i) steering-group creation and definition of objectives; (ii) diagnosing students' health and well-being in SS (case study); (iii) initial design and construction of health promotion indicators; (iv) validation based on expert judgement and (v) validation by means of a pilot test. The final construction of the self-assessment tool included 5 areas (healthy habits, affectivity and socialization, emotional well-being, safety and risks, and specific health situations), 9 objectives and 18 indicators deployed through a rubric. Each indicator is discussed in depth, specifying the most appropriate resources and health promotion activities for its application. The final self-assessment tool is designed to be sensitive to and effective for self-assessment of health promotion in SS. It contributes to improving adolescent health on an individual basis and also has an impact on the school environment. Finally, it also promotes analysis of the health content on the curriculum and the teaching-learning method(s) employed at the school. The self-assessment tool has been published open access and its implementation will continue to increase health promotion in SS in Catalonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernat-Carles Serdà
- Health Sciences Research, Faculty of Nursing, University of Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Anna Planas-Lladó
- Department of Pedagogy, Research Institute of Education, University of Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Arantza delValle
- Psychology Department, University of Girona, Edifici Centre C/ Emili Grahit, 77 Campus Centre 17003 Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Pere Soler-Masó
- Department of Pedagogy, Research Institute of Education, University of Girona, Catalonia, Spain
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