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Lin T, Guo Y, Hu J, Rao W, Wei H, Chen X, Yang G, Fan G. Toxicity risk assessment of flupyradifurone for the predatory pirate bug, Orius strigicollis (Poppius) (Heteroptera: Anthocoridae), a biological control agent of Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Liviidae). ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 267:115632. [PMID: 37890245 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Liviidae), commonly known as the Asian citrus psyllid, is a prominent citrus tree pest that serves as a vector for Asian huanglongbing (HLB). The substantial costs incurred by the citrus industry as a consequence of this disease have spurred considerable interest in the combined control of D. citri using insecticides and natural enemies. However, the successful implementation of such integrated pest management strategies is dependent on ensuring the compatibility of using natural enemies in the presence of insecticides. In this regard, we evaluated the lethal and sublethal effects of flupyradifurone on Orius strigicollis (Poppius) (Heteroptera: Anthocoridae), an important predatory biological control agent, in which we assessed the risk of exposure to flupyradifurone under both in- and off-field scenario. The median lethal rate (LR50) value of flupyradifurone against O. strigicollis (9.089 g a.i. ha-1), was found to be significantly lower than the maximum field recommended rate (MFRR, 170 g a.i. ha-1). Additionally, at 0.254 g a.i. ha-1, flupyradifurone was established to significantly prolong the developmental duration of O. strigicollis from the first to third instar nymphs. Although we detected no significant difference in the survival of immature O. strigicollis subjected to 0.064 g a.i. ha-1 and control treatments, survival was significantly lower in 0.127 and 0.254 g a.i. ha-1 treatments. Moreover, whereas there were no significant differences in adult longevity between the 0.127 g a.i. ha-1 and control treatments, we recorded a significant reduction in fecundity. Furthermore, there were reductions in peak life expectancy, reproductive value, finite rate of increase, intrinsic rate of increase, and net reproduction rate in response to exposure to increasing flupyradifurone rate. Additionally, at 0.127 g a.i. ha-1, the mean generation time was significantly longer than that under control conditions. Following simulated exposure to flupyradifurone for 100 days, population of O. strigicollis in the 0.064 g a.i. ha-1 and control treatments were found to be significantly larger than those exposed to 0.127 g a.i. ha-1. On the basis on LR50 evaluations, whereas the risk of exposure risk was unacceptable for O. strigicollis under in-field scenario, it remained acceptable off-field. Nonetheless, the sublethal effect of prolonged exposure to residual flupyradifurone could pose an unacceptable off-field risk to O. strigicollis (e.g., in adjacent habitats). Consequently, the effects of different flupyradifurone exposure scenarios on O. strigicollis should be thoroughly assessed, and reducing the dosage of flupyradifurone could be advantageous for the control of D. citri when combine with augmentative release of O. strigicollis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Lin
- Fujian Engineering Research Center for Green Pest Management, Fujian Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Integrated Management of Crop Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350013, China; Fuzhou Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Pests of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Fujian 350013, China; State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Yaqing Guo
- Fujian Engineering Research Center for Green Pest Management, Fujian Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Integrated Management of Crop Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350013, China; Fuzhou Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Pests of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Fujian 350013, China
| | - Jinfeng Hu
- Fujian Engineering Research Center for Green Pest Management, Fujian Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Integrated Management of Crop Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350013, China; Fuzhou Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Pests of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Fujian 350013, China
| | - Wenhua Rao
- Fujian Engineering Research Center for Green Pest Management, Fujian Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Integrated Management of Crop Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350013, China; Fuzhou Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Pests of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Fujian 350013, China
| | - Hui Wei
- Fujian Engineering Research Center for Green Pest Management, Fujian Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Integrated Management of Crop Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350013, China; Fuzhou Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Pests of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Fujian 350013, China
| | - Xiaoyu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Guang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Guocheng Fan
- Fujian Engineering Research Center for Green Pest Management, Fujian Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Integrated Management of Crop Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350013, China; Fuzhou Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Pests of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Fujian 350013, China.
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Saeed R, Hassan MWU, Jaleel W, Ikhlaq M, Ali Shah SI, Niaz S, Azad R, Akbar R, Mahmood Z, Mukhtar A, Zaka SM, Rasool KG, Husain M, Hassan MM, Aldawood AS, Shakeel M. Influence of natural and non-natural diets on the fitness and rearing of Pectinophora gossypiella Saunders. Sci Rep 2023; 13:13666. [PMID: 37607975 PMCID: PMC10444745 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-40712-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023] Open
Abstract
In order to develop integrated management approaches for Pectinophora gossypiella, basic studies are crucial. The two-sex life table is the most important tool for describing the fitness and population parameters of both sexes (male and female) of an insect, while the traditional life table only explains the female sex of an insect. However, no study has reported on the biology of P. gossypiella using two-sex life table tools. Therefore, this study explains the rearing dynamics of P. gossypiella on a cotton seed-based artificial diet and a natural diet (mature cotton bolls). According to the results, the oviposition period of P. gossypiella was recorded to be longer on the artificial diet (9.07 ± 0.24) compared to the natural diet (7.40 ± 0.11). The total fecundity of P. gossypiella was greater on the artificial diet (125.94 ± 3.06) in comparison to the natural diet (60.37 ± 1.10). The population parameters, including intrinsic rate of increase, finite rate of increase, gross reproductive rate, and net reproductive rate of P. gossypiella were highest on the artificial diet in comparison to the natural diet. This study concluded that the cotton seed-based artificial diet was most suitable for the rearing of P. gossypiella. In the future, P. gossypiella may be studied in depth in light of the findings in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabia Saeed
- Entomology Section, Central Cotton Research Institute, Multan, Punjab, 60000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Waqar Ul Hassan
- Entomology Section, Central Cotton Research Institute, Multan, Punjab, 60000, Pakistan
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, 60800, Pakistan
| | - Waqar Jaleel
- Entomology Section, Central Cotton Research Institute, Multan, Punjab, 60000, Pakistan.
- Horticultural Research Station Bahawalpur, Multan, Punjab, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Ikhlaq
- Horticultural Research Station Bahawalpur, Multan, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Syed Ishfaq Ali Shah
- Entomology Section, Central Cotton Research Institute, Multan, Punjab, 60000, Pakistan
| | - Safia Niaz
- Department of Agricultural Engineering, Fareed Biodiversity and Conservation Centre, Khawaja Fareed University of Engineering and Information Technology, Rahim Yar Khan, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Rashid Azad
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Basic and Applied Sciences, The University of Haripur, Haripur, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, 22062, Pakistan
| | - Rasheed Akbar
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Basic and Applied Sciences, The University of Haripur, Haripur, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, 22062, Pakistan
- Institute of Environment and Ecology, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Zahid Mahmood
- Entomology Section, Central Cotton Research Institute, Multan, Punjab, 60000, Pakistan
| | - Adeel Mukhtar
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, 60800, Pakistan
| | - Syed Muhammad Zaka
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, 60800, Pakistan.
| | - Khawaja G Rasool
- Plant Protection Department, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, 11451, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mureed Husain
- Plant Protection Department, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, 11451, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Montaser M Hassan
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Basic and Applied Sciences, The University of Haripur, Haripur, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, 22062, Pakistan
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, 21944, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulrahman S Aldawood
- Plant Protection Department, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, 11451, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Shakeel
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Innovation and Application of Guangdong Province, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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Lan R, Ren X, Cao K, Zhou X, Jin L. Demographic Evaluation of the Control Potential of Orius minutus (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) Preying on Dendrothrips minowai Priesner (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) at Different Temperatures. INSECTS 2022; 13:1158. [PMID: 36555068 PMCID: PMC9785448 DOI: 10.3390/insects13121158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Tea thrips (Dendrothrips minowai Priesner) are the main pests that seriously affect the yield and quality of tea, resulting in huge economic losses. The Orius minutus is one of the most important natural enemies or BCA of thrips. However, we are not concerned with its predation ability on tea thrips, nor thermal influence on this pattern and their interaction. Therefore, this study recorded life table data of O. minutus and tea thrips combined with predation rate data to assess the ability of O. minutus to control tea thrips using age-stage, two-sex life tables at five constant temperatures. The results showed that at 25 °C, O. minutus had the highest predation rate on tea thrips, with an average generation time (T) of 22 d, intrinsic rate of increase (r) of 0.12 d-1, fecundity of 64.17, net reproduction rate (R0) of 12.76 offspring, and net predation rate (c0) of 310.92. In addition, around 410,000 adults and 1.98 million eggs were produced within 120 days. While the temperature change was straightforward, temperature effects on insects are not linear. The population size of the O. minutus and tea thrip trended similarly at 15-30 °C and would eliminate dramatically at 35 °C. Meanwhile, the results indicated that O. minutus could effectively inhibit the population growth of tea thrips at 15-30 °C, within 5-19 days at an intervention ratio of 10 adult O. minutus and 200 thrips individuals. The simulations under different mediated temperatures demonstrated that O. minutus is effective against tea thrips over a wide temperature range expected to be potential for biocontrol of tea thrips in tea gardens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongmeng Lan
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang 550025, China
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Xiaoli Ren
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Kunqian Cao
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Xia Zhou
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Linhong Jin
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang 550025, China
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Ren X, Li X, Huang J, Zhang Z, Hafeez M, Zhang J, Chen L, Zhou S, Zhang L, Lu Y. Linking life table and predation rate for evaluating temperature effects on Orius strigicollis for the biological control of Frankliniella occidentalis. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2022.1026115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
IntroductionOrius spp. are generalist predators released in horticultural and agricultural systems to control thrips. Understanding the effects of temperature on the development, predation rate, and population dynamics of Orius is essential for identifying the optimal timing of Orius release for establishing an adequate population to facilitate synchrony with thrips population growth and to prevent thrips outbreaks. The biological control efficiency of natural enemies as well as predator–prey relationships can be precisely described by integrating life table parameters and the predation rate.MethodsIn this study, the demographic features of Orius strigicollis fed on 2nd instar nymphs of western flower thrips (WFT), Frankliniella occidentalis, were compared at 18.5, 23.5, 27, and 33°C using the TWOSEX-MSChart program. The CONSUME-MSChart program was used to examine predation rates under different temperatures (18.5, 23.5, and 27°C).ResultsThe results showed no significant difference in fecundity among those reared at 18.5, 23.5, and 27°C, but fecundity at these temperatures was significantly higher than that at 33°C. The intrinsic rate of increase (r), finite rate of increase (λ), and net reproduction rate (R0) were the highest at 27°C. The net predation rate (C0) and transformation rate (Qp) were significantly higher at 18.5°C (C0 = 168.39 prey/predator, Qp = 8.22) and 23.5°C (C0 = 140.49 prey/predator, Qp = 6.03) than at 27°C (C0 = 138.39 prey/predator, Qp= 3.81); however, the finite predation rate (ω) showed the opposite trend. In addition to temperature, the stage of O. strigicollis at release can affect population dynamics.DiscussionOur study showed that temperature influenced the demographic traits and predation rates of O. strigicollis. When planning a release, the stage of O. strigicollis and temperature should be taken into account to establish an adequate population for the control of WFT.
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Yu C, Huang J, Ren X, Fernández-Grandon GM, Li X, Hafeez M, Lu Y. The predatory bug Orius strigicollis shows a preference for egg-laying sites based on plant topography. PeerJ 2021; 9:e11818. [PMID: 34327062 PMCID: PMC8308616 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.11818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Oviposition site selection is an important factor in determining the success of insect populations. Orius spp. are widely used in the biological control of a wide range of soft-bodied insect pests such as thrips, aphids, and mites. Orius strigicollis (Heteroptera: Anthocoridae) is the dominant Orius species in southern China; however, what factor drives its selection of an oviposition site after mating currently remains unknown. Methods Here, kidney bean pods (KBPs) were chosen as the oviposition substrate, and choice and nonchoice experiments were conducted to determine the preferences concerning oviposition sites on the KBPs of O. strigicollis. The mechanism of oviposition behavior was revealed through observation and measurement of oviposition action, the egg hatching rate, and the oviposition time. Results We found that O. strigicollis preferred the seams of the pods for oviposition, especially the seams at the tips of the KBPs. Choice and nonchoice experiments showed that females did not lay eggs when the KBP tail parts were unavailable. The rates of egg hatching on different KBP parts were not significantly different, but the time required for females to lay eggs on the tip seam was significantly lower. Decreased oviposition time is achieved on the tip seam because the insect can exploit support points found there and gain leverage for insertion of the ovipositor. Discussion The preferences for oviposition sites of O. strigicollis are significantly influenced by the topography of the KBP surface. Revealing such behavior and mechanisms will provide an important scientific basis for the mass rearing of predatory bugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chendi Yu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jun Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaoyun Ren
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | | | - Xiaowei Li
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Muhammad Hafeez
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yaobin Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Hafeez M, Li X, Yousaf HK, Khan MM, Imran M, Zhang Z, Huang J, Zhang J, Shah S, Wang L, Fernández-Grandon GM, Ali S, Lu Y. Sublethal effects of bistrifluron on key biological traits, macronutrients contents and vitellogenin (SeVg) expression in Spodoptera exigua (Hübner). PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 174:104802. [PMID: 33838703 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2021.104802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua, is a highly polyphagous pest originated from Southeast Asia but has spread globally, attacking economically important crops and fruits. Bistrifluron insecticide is one of the highly active insect growth regulators that has been reported to inhibit development and longevity in other lepidopteran species and could be used in the control of S. exigua. In the present study, the age-stage, two-sex life table technique was applied to assess the sublethal effects of bistrifluron on biological traits and vitellogenin gene (SeVg) expression when 2nd instar larvae fed to sublethal concentrations (LC10, LC20 and LC40) of bistrifluron. Mean generation time from eggs to adults was longer at LC40 (37.79 ± 0.81 d) and LC20 (37.04 ± 0.72) compared to the LC10 (36.89 ± 0.63 d) and control groups (36.07 ± 0.38 d). Fecundity of female at LC40 (279.17 ± 42.8 eggs), LC20 (347 ± 35.4 eggs) and LC10 (411.58 ± 42.38 eggs) were significantly lower than the control treatment (532.47 ± 7.13). Furthermore, the lower intrinsic rates of increase (LC40; r = 0.1207 ± 0.009, LC20; r = 0.1329 ± 0.009 and LC10; r = 0.14398 ± 0.009 compared to the control r = 0.164 ± 0.0076), was observed along with significantly extended mean generation times (LC40; T = 34.825 ± 0.317 days, LC20; T = 33.27 ± 0.368 days and LC10; T = 31.899 ± 0.398 days compared to the control 30.927 ± 0.255 days). Furthermore, the contents of energy reserve macronutrients (carbohydrate, lipid and protein) significantly reduced in dose and time dependent manner in treated insects as compared to control. Furthermore, the expression level of SeVg mRNA significantly decreased by 43.8% in the female adults when one-day-old second instar larvae were treated with sublethal concentrations of bistrifluron in comparison with the control. Documenting these sublethal effects is a vital, and often overlooked factor, in assessing the overall efficacy of insecticides in the management of pest populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Hafeez
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Hangzhou 310021, PR China
| | - Xiaowei Li
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Hangzhou 310021, PR China
| | | | - Muhammad Musa Khan
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Innovation and Application, Guangdong Province, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Muhammad Imran
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zhijun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Hangzhou 310021, PR China
| | - Jun Huang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Hangzhou 310021, PR China
| | - Jinming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Hangzhou 310021, PR China
| | - Sakhawat Shah
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan, Hubei 430070, PR China
| | - Likun Wang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Hangzhou 310021, PR China
| | | | - Sajjad Ali
- Department of Botany, Bacha Khan University Charsadda, KPK, Pakistan
| | - Yaobin Lu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Hangzhou 310021, PR China.
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